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A homeopatia é uma especialidade odontológica, componente das práticas integrativas e complementares sendo regida pelo princípio da similaridade. Sua prática é geralmente utilizada no controle de doenças, sendo muito indicada naquelas que acometem os idosos de forma crônica, como a Doença de Alzheimer que pode causar a xerostomia (secura bucal) nos pacientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a homeopatia como uma opção terapêutica na secura bucal em pacientes com Doença de Alzheimer. A Homeopatia pode atuar de forma interdisciplinar junto ao tratamento convencional não substituindo um pelo outro, sendo necessário uma anamnese minuciosa para coleta de sintomas, tornando imprescindível incluir manifestações mentais, gerais e locais na repertorização, individualizando-a ao máximo, já que a escolha do medicamento homeopático e o sucesso no tratamento está na dependência da totalidade dos sintomas com as suas modalidades. Entretanto como não há estudos suficientes que relacionam a homeopatia com a melhora da secura bucal em pacientes com Doença de Alzheimer, mais pesquisas são indicadas para comprovar a efetividade no tratamento.

Homeopathy is a dental specialty, a component of integrative and complementary practices, governed by the principle of similarity. Its practice is generally used in the control of diseases, being highly indicated in those that affect the elderly in a chronic way, such as Alzheimer's disease, which can cause xerostomia (dry mouth) in patients. The objective of this work was to carry out a literature review about homeopathy as a therapeutic option for dry mouth in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Homeopathy can act in an interdisciplinary way together with conventional treatment, not substituting one for the other, requiring a thorough anamnesis to collect symptoms, making it essential to include mental, general and local manifestations in the repertorization, individualizing it to the maximum, since the choice of the homeopathic medicine and the success of the treatment depends on the totality of the symptoms with their modalities. However, as there are not enough studies that relate homeopathy with the improvement of dry mouth in patients with Alzheimer's disease, more research is indicated to prove the effectiveness of the treatment

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Dry mouth syndrome or xerostomia is defined as decreased salivary flow or hypofunction of salivary glands. Its origins are multicausal and might be the result of a change in the salivary glands or a systemic imbalance. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the prevalence of self-reported xerostomia and to identify associated factors. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study on the entire population of 293 elderly people over 60 years of age living in a Brazilian municipality. METHODS: Data were gathered from a questionnaire that asked about demographic data, chronic diseases and use of continuous medications, and which used the Xerostomia Inventory (XI) to evaluate dry mouth sensation. Our analysis consisted of multivariate regression and estimation of odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI) in binary logistic regression models. RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported xerostomia was 19.1%. Elderly people with diabetes had higher odds of having self-reported xerostomia (OR: 3.59; 95% CI: 1.48-8.68; P < 0.001) as did those who had chronic diseases and used continuous medication (OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.19-4.67; P = 0.009). Elderly people who used continuous medication for the gastrointestinal tract were more likely to have xerostomia (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.03-1.44; P = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: Elderly people with diabetes and chronic diseases who were using continuous medication were more likely to have dry mouth. Use of continuous medications for the gastrointestinal tract led to a greater chance of having self-reported xerostomia.

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Introdução: O idoso tem tendência à secura da cavidade oral, a qual está ligada à atrofia da mucosa oral e das glândulas salivares. Objetivo: O presente estudo objetiva, por meio de uma revisão de literatura, estudar a xerostomia e os substitutos artificiais atualmente utilizados para a saliva. Revisão de literatura: Os benefícios na área da saúde das propriedades farmacológicas com produtos apícolas estão sendo estudados devido à sua eficiência, para o crescente desenvolvimento de nutracêuticos e alimentos funcionais. Própolis e seus extratos têm inúmeras aplicações no tratamento de várias doenças devido ao seu efeito antisséptico, anti-inflamatório, antioxidante, antibacteriano, antifúngico, antiúlcera, anticancerígeno, e propriedades imunomoduladoras. No campo odontológico tem atraído a atenção, reduzindo a inflamação resultante de procedimentos cirúrgicos e como agente antimicrobiano no controle da placa bacteriana. Considerações finais: Os sintomas da boca seca (xerostomia e hipossialia) incluem: distúrbios do paladar, mau hálito, intolerância a prótese dentária, com um risco aumentado para infecções, incluindo candidíase e lesões nas mucosas, doença periodontal, desmineralização dos dentes, susceptibilidade a cárie dentária e perda dentária, principalmente nos idosos. Por isso a importância em estudar um novo substituto salivar (APIS saliva) a base de própolis, para amenizar e substituir a falta de saliva na cavidade oral.

Introduction: The elderly tends to dry the oral cavity, and it is linked to the atrophy of the oral mucosa and salivary glands. Objective: This study aims, through a literature review, to study xerostomia and the artificial substitutes currently used for saliva. Literature review: The health benefits of pharmacological properties with bee products are being studied because of their efficiencies, for the growing development of nutraceuticals and functional foods. Propolis and its extracts have numerous applications in the treatment of various diseases due to their antiseptic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-ulcer, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties. In the dental field has attracted attention, reducing inflammation resulting from surgical procedures and as an antimicrobial agent in plaque control. Final considerations: Dry mouth symptoms (xerostomia and hyposialia) include taste disturbances, bad breath, intolerance to dental prostheses, increased risk of infection, including candidiasis and mucosal lesions, periodontal disease, tooth demineralization, tooth decay susceptibility and dental loss, especially in the elderly. Therefore, the importance in studying a new salivary substitute (APIS saliva) based on propolis, to soften and replace the lack of saliva in the oral cavity.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to systematically review the literature to estimate the overall prevalence of xerostomia/hyposalivation in epidemiological studies. An electronic search was carried out up to February 2018 with no language restrictions. A total of 5760 titles were screened and just twenty-nine papers were included in review and the meta-analysis after a two independently reviewers applied the selection criteria. Data were extracted from PubMed and Web of Science databases. Eligibility criteria included original investigations from observational population-based studies that reported the prevalence of xerostomia or data that allowed the calculation of prevalence of xerostomia and/or hyposalivation. Studies conducted in samples with specific health conditions, literature reviews, case reports and anthropological studies, as conferences or comments were excluded. Sample size, geographic location of the study, study design, age of the studied population, diagnosis methods, and evaluation criteria used to determine xerostomia e/or hyposalivation were extracted for meta-analysis and meta-regression. Multivariate meta-regression analysis was performed to explore heterogeneity among studies. The overall estimated prevalence of dry mouth was 22.0% (95%CI 17.0-26.0%). Higher prevalence of xerostomia was observed in studies conducted only with elderly people. Despite diverse approaches to the condition's measurement, just over one in four people suffer from xerostomia, with higher rates observed among older people. Moreover, the measurement methods used currently may over- or underestimate xerostomia. These findings highlight the need for further work on existing and new clinical measure and will be useful to determine which one is more reliable in clinical and epidemiological perspectives.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo é revisar sistematicamente a literatura afim de estimar a prevalência global de xerostomia/hiposalivação em estudos epidemiológicos. Uma busca eletrônica foi conduzida até Fevereiro de 2018 sem restrições de linguagem. Um total de 5760 títulos foram inicialmente identificados e somente vinte e nove artigos foram incluídos na revisão e meta-análise após dois revisores independentes aplicarem os critérios de seleção. Os artigos foram extraídos das bases de dados PubMed/Medline e Web of Science. Os critérios de elegibilidade incluíram investigações originais de estudos observacionais de base populacional os quais reportaram a prevalência de xerostomia ou dados que permitissem o cálculo da prevalência de xerostomia e/ou hiposalivação. Estudos realizados em populações com condições de saúde específicas, revisões de literatura, relato de casos e estudos antropológicos, assim como, conferências ou comentários foram excluídos. Tamanho amostral, localização geográfica aonde foi realizado o estudo, desenho do estudo, idade da população estudada, métodos de diagnóstico e o critério de avaliação para determiner xerostomia e/ou hiposalivação foram extraídos para a meta-análise e metaregressão. Análise de meta-regressão multípla foi realizada para explorar a heterogeneidade entre os estudos. A prevalência global estimada de boca seca foi de 22.0% (95%IC 17.0-26.0%). Uma maior prevalência de xerostomia foi observada em estudos realizados exclusivamente em populações idosas. Apesar de diferentes abordagens utilizadas para mensurar as condições de interesse, cerca de uma em quatro pessoas é acometida por xerostomia, com taxas mais elevadas sendo observadas na população idosa. Além disso, os métodos de mensuração podem ter super- ou subestimado os valores de xerostomia. Os achados do presente estudo salientam a necessidade de mais estudos acerca das existentes e novas formas de avaliação clínica, os quais serão úteis para determinar qual é a mais confiável para as perspectivas clínicas e epidemiológicas.

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Introducción: Dentro de los fenómenos clínicos estudiados asociados a la Fibromialgia (FM) se ha descrito el Síndrome Sicca, cuyo término engloba xeroftalmia, xerostomía, xerodermia y xerovagina. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la frecuencia de xerostomía en pacientes con diagnóstico de fibromialgia y describir las características clínicas de dichos pacientes. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de FM según criterios ACR 1990 y 2010, en quienes se evalúo la presencia de xerostomía mediante las preguntas correspondientes al dominio de los criterios clasificatorios 2002 ACR-EULAR de Sjögren y se realizó sialometría no estimulada para medición de flujo salival. Resultados: Se reclutaron 50 pacientes, el 100% fueron mujeres. La media de edad fue 47 años (DS+-8,5), siendo la media tiempo de evolución de la FM de 6 años (DS+-4,5). En total 29 pacientes (51%) refirieron xerostomía y de este grupo sólo 4 sialometrías fueron positivas. El tabaquismo fue más prevalente en las pacientes con FM que no referían xerostomía con respecto a las que sí referían xerostomía (31,8 % vs 6,9%, p 0,02), sin encontrarse diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las características clínicas evaluadas. Conclusión: La prevalencia de xerostomía fue del 51%. No se demostró una disminución del flujo salival objetiva en la mayoría de los pacientes con FM.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determinate the frecuency of xerostomia in patients with diagnosis of Fibromyalgia (FM) and describe their clinical characteristics. Material and methods: Patients were included according 1990 and 2010 ACR Classification criteria. All of them were evaluated for xerostomia and a sialometry was performed in order to determinate the decrease of salival flow. Results: Fifty patients were recruited during the study. The 100% of them were women. The mean age was 47 years old (DS+-8.5), while the mean time of evolution of FM was 6 years (SD +-4.5). Twenty nine patients reported xerostomia of which 4 presented positive sialometry. Smoking was more prevalent in patients with FM who did not report xerostomia with respect of those who reported xerostomia (31.8% vs 6.9%, p 0.02). Conclusion: The frequency of xerostomia was 51%. No statistically significant associations were found in patients who reported xerostomia. A decrease in objective salivary flow was not demonstrated in patients with FM.

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Introducción: El Síndrome de Boca Ardiente, constituye un trastorno sensitivo-doloroso de la cavidad bucal, caracterizado por síntomas crónicos de ardor o dolor en presencia de una mucosa bucal clínicamente normal, capaz de conducir a importantes alteraciones psicosociales. Objetivo: Caracterizar epidemiológica y clínicamente a los pacientes con Síndrome de Boca Ardiente atendidos en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Freyre de Andrade en el período de 2008 a 2014. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal, en 36 pacientes con Síndrome de Boca Ardiente desde febrero de 2009 hasta junio de 2014. Se estudiaron las variables: edad, sexo, síntomas y su localización, factores de riesgo sistémicos y locales y subtipo clínico. Resultados: El 77,8 por ciento de los afectados eran del sexo femenino y 22,2 por ciento del masculino; mientras que 72,2 por ciento pertenecían al grupo de 60 años y más. El 66,6 por ciento mantenía tratamiento con medicamentos xerostomizantes y 27,8 por ciento de los pacientes presentó factores protésicos como factor de riesgo local; 13,8 por ciento presentaba síntomas difusos en la cavidad bucal; en 44,4 por ciento la lengua fue el lugar referido y la mucosa del carrillo en 25 por ciento; mientras 66,7 por ciento perteneció al subtipo II. Conclusiones: En los pacientes con Síndrome de Boca Ardiente estudiados predomina el sexo femenino y el grupo de 60 años y más; los factores de riesgo de mayor frecuencia son los medicamentos xerostomizantes, la posmenopausia y los trastornos psicológicos. El síntoma ardor bucal es el más referido, la lengua la más afectada y la mayoría de los pacientes pertenecen al subtipo II(AU)

Introduction: Burning Mouth Syndrome is a sensitive-painful disorder of the oral cavity, characterized by chronic symptoms of burning or pain in the presence of a clinically normal oral mucosa, capable of leading to important psychosocial changes. Objective: To characterize, from the epidemiological point of view, the patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome treated in "Freyre de Andrade" Clinical Surgical Teaching Hospital from 2008 to 2014. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 36 patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome from February 2009 to June 2014. The following variables were studied: age; sex; symptoms and their localization; and systemic and local risk factors, as well as clinical subtype. Results: The 77,8 percent of people affected were female and the 22,2 percent were male, whereas the 72,2 percent belonged to the group of 60 years and over. The 66,6 percent followed treatment with xerostomizing drugs; the 27,8 percent of patients presented factors related to prosthetic use as a local risk factor; the 13,8 percent presented diffuse symptoms in the oral cavity; the 44,4 percent of patients reported symptoms in the tongue, and the 25 percent presented symptoms in the mucosa of the cheek; whereas the 66,7 percent belonged to the subtype II. Conclusions: Burning Mouth Syndrome predominates in the female sex and the group of 60 years and over in the patients studied. The most frequent risk factors are the xerostomizing drugs, menopause, and psychological disorders. Burning mouth is the most referred symptom, the tongue is the most affected site, and most of the patients belong to subtype II(AU)

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the associated factors of changes in symptoms of xerostomia (SOX) in adults aged 20-59. METHODS: A prospective population-based study was conducted in 2009 (n = 1720) and 2012 (n = 1222) in the urban area of Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. Information on SOX was collected in both years together with age, family income, years of schooling, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, changes in the body mass index (BMI; kg/m²), medicine use, self-reported diagnosis of chronic diseases, change in hypertension status and in the use and need for dentures, and number of remaining teeth. Associated factors with changes in SOX were investigated using multinomial logistic regression, considering those who had never reported this symptom as the reference. RESULTS: Prevalence of regular SOX was equal to 3.8% (95% CI: 2.9-5.1) and irregular (one period only) equal to 12.2% (95% CI: 10.2-14.5). Age, smoking habit, medicine use, self-reported diagnosis of depression, and weight gain increased the probability of regular SOX, whereas highest schooling level was associated with lower probability of this symptom. CONCLUSIONS: General and psychosocial health influenced the number of episodes of xerostomia symptoms, calling for multidisciplinary actions to prevent common risk behaviors for oral and general diseases.

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BACKGROUND: Benzodiazepines (BZDs), the most commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs with anxiolytic action, may cause hyposalivation. It has been previously shown that BZDs can cause hypertrophy and decrease the acini cell number. In this study, we investigated the effects of BZDs and pilocarpine on rat parotid glands, specifically on acinar, ductal, and myoepithelial cells. METHODS: Ninety male Wistar rats were divided into nine groups. Control groups received a saline solution for 30 days (C30) and 60 days (C60), and pilocarpine (PILO) for 60 days. Experimental groups received lorazepam (L30) and midazolam (M30) for 30 days. Another group (LS60 or MS60) received lorazepam or midazolam for 30 days, respectively, and saline for additional 30 days. Finally, other groups (LP60 or MP60) received either lorazepam or midazolam for 30 days, respectively, and pilocarpine for additional 30 days. The expression of calponin in myoepithelial cells and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in acinar and ductal cells were evaluated. RESULTS: Animals treated with lorazepam showed an increase in the number of positive staining cells for calponin as compared to control animals (p < 0.05). Midazolam administered with pilocarpine (MP60) induced an increase in the proliferation of acinar and ductal cells and a decrease in the positive staining cells for calponin as compared to midazolam administered with saline (MS60). CONCLUSION: We found that myoepithelial cells might be more sensitive to the effects of BZD than acinar and ductal cells in rat parotid glands.

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Introduction: Several factors affect the salivary flow and cause xerostomia, i.e. aging, diets, radiation, various pathologies and the use of drugs. Objective: This study aimed to investigate drugs with potential xerostomic effect in institutionalized elderly patients. Material and methods: 235 elderly were investigated, of both sexes, of which 123 were women (52.3%) and 112 (47.7%) were men. In addition to the gender and age, the use of medications containing side effects of xerostomia/dry mouth/ hyposalivation or hyposialia was investigated. Such drugs were separated according to their medical area of expertise: Cardiology, Gastroenterology, Allergy, Neurology and pulmonology Results: When investigated the amount of drugs used for female patients, it was observed that 83 (67.5%) used up to five drugs, 35 (28.4%) between 6 and 10 and medicines, and 5 (4.1%) more than 10 drugs. When analyzed the amount of drugs used for male patients, it was observed that 88(78.6%) used up to five drugs, 17 (15.2%) were between 6 and 10 7 medicines, and (6.2%) more than 10 drugs. By analyzing the drugs with xerostomic potential, we found 354 medicines. Among these, 181 (51.1%) were used in Neurology, 45 (12.7%) had been prescribed in Cardiology, 33 (9.2%) were used drugs for allergic conditions, 80 (22.3%) were prescribed in gastroenterology and 15 (4.3%) in pulmonology. Conclusion: It can be concluded that many medications used to treat institutionalized elderly had xerostomic potential effect, notably those used in Neurology. Polypharmacy is also present, especially in the older age group.

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Las glándulas salivales son glándulas exocrinas, y su función principal es producir saliva. Se distinguen tres pares de glándulas salivales: las parótidas, situadas bajo el oído; las submaxilares, que se localizan en la mandíbula inferior; y las sublinguales, debajo de la lengua. Existen otras de pequeño tamaño dispersas por toda la cavidad bucal, en labios, lengua, etc., las cuales están asociadas al tejido conjuntivo, para captar los nutrientes que necesitan de los vasos sanguíneos, y presentan también conexiones con el propio sistema nervioso. La xerostomía o síndrome de boca seca, se define como la disminución del flujo salival en condiciones de reposo. El origen de esta entidad clínica es multicausal, pudiendo ser el resultado de una alteración localizada sobre las glándulas productoras de la saliva, o bien el resultado de un desequilibrio o alteración de índole sistémica. La evaluación del grado de disfunción de las glándulas salivares ha constituido un objetivo básico para la ciencia en primer lugar. Resulta esencial la elaboración de un historial clínico, acompañado de una entrevista personal al paciente, un examen clínico para el diagnóstico y evaluación de la enfermedad y, entre los exámenes complementarios, las pruebas cuantitativas y cualitativas. Para el tratamiento hay que tener en cuenta la prevención primaria, revisión del tratamiento farmacológico, la estimulación salival, así como los sustitutos de salivas o saliva artificial.

Salivary glands are exocrine glands, and their main function is producing saliva. The three most important pairs of salivary glands are: the parotid ones, located below the ear; the submaxillary ones, located on the lower mandible; and the sublingual ones, located under the tongue. There are several little size others spread out over all the oral cavity, lips, tongue, etc., associated to the conjunctive tissue to capture the nutrients the blood vessels need; they also have connections with the proper nervous system. Xerostomia or the dry mouth syndrome is defined as the decrease of the salivary flow in resting conditions. The origin of this clinical entity is multicausal, and may be the result of an alteration located on the glands producing saliva or the result of a systemic unbalance or modification. Evaluating the dysfunction level of the salivary glands has being a main objective for the science. It is essential to work out a clinical history together with a patient personal interview, a clinical examination for the disease diagnosis and evaluation and, among the complementary tests, the quantitative and qualitative ones. For the treatment, primary prevention, reviewing the pharmacologic treatments, saliva stimulation, and also saliva substitutes or artificial saliva have to be taken into account.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Saliva plays an important role in oral health; it is involved in lubrication of the oral mucosa, protection against infections, transport of nutrients and digestive enzymes, remineralization of teeth, as well as aiding in chewing, swallowing and speech. Reductions in the amount of saliva are known to increase the risk of oral diseases. This study investigated the factors associated to salivary flow alterations and its relationship with age, burning mouth syndrome, psychiatric and sleep disorders, systemic diseases and chronic drug use. METHODS: A total of 30 patients complaining of dry mouth without unbalanced systemic diseases were included. Questionnaires regarding socio-demographic data, xerostomia, burning mouth, depression and anxiety symptoms, and sleep disturbances were applied. Measures of salivary flow rates were obtained using spit method. Correlation of hyposalivation and quantitative data was determined using a multivariate regression model. RESULTS: The age range was 31-83 years, hyposalivation was correlated positively with sleep disorder (β=0.079, 95% CI, to 0,124) and negatively with burning mouth (β=-0.043, 95% CI, -0.083 to -0.002). CONCLUSION: These results provide evidences regarding the association between reduced salivary flow and burning mouth, sleep disorders and chronic use of psychotropic medicines, and we highlighted the important role of antidepressants on modulation of burning mouth sensation...

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A saliva tem um papel importante na saúde bucal; está envolvida na lubrificação da mucosa oral, na proteção contra infecções, no transporte de nutrientes e enzimas digestivas, na remineralização dentária e também auxilia na mastigação, deglutição e fala. Sabe-se que reduções na quantidade de saliva aumentam o risco de doenças bucais. Este estudo investigou os fatores associados a alterações no fluxo salivar e seu relacionamento com idade, síndrome de ardência bucal, distúrbios psiquiátricos e do sono, doenças sistêmicas e uso crônico de medicamentos. MÉTODOS: Foi incluído um total de 30 pacientes com queixa de xerostomia sem doenças sistêmicas desequilibradas. Foram aplicados questionários sobre dados sociodemográficos, xerostomia, ardência bucal, sintomas de depressão e ansiedade e distúrbios do sono. As medidas de fluxo salivar foram obtidas pelo método spit. A correlação entre hipo-salivação e dados quantitativos foi determinada por um modelo univariado de regressão. RESULTADOS: A idade various de 31;83 anos, hipo-salivação foi correlacionada positivamente com distúrbios do sono (β=0,079, 95% CI, 0,033 a 0,124) e negativamente com ardência bucal (β=-0,043, 95% CI, -0,083 a -0,002). CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados trazem evidências sobre a associação entre fluxo salivar reduzido e ardência bucal, distúrbios do sono e uso crônico de psicotrópicos, e destacamos o importante papel dos antidepressivos na modulação da sensação de ardência bucal...

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of sicca symptoms, dry eye, and secondary Sjögren's syndrome and to evaluate the severity of dry eye in patients with mixed connective tissue disease. METHODS: In total, 44 consecutive patients with mixed connective tissue disease (Kasukawa's criteria) and 41 healthy controls underwent Schirmer's test, a tear film breakup time test, and ocular surface staining to investigate dry eye. In addition, the dry eye severity was graded. Ocular and oral symptoms were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Salivary gland scintigraphy was performed in all patients. Classification of secondary Sjögren's syndrome was assessed according to the American-European Consensus Group criteria. RESULTS: The patients and controls had comparable ages (44.7±12.4 vs. 47.2±12.2 years) and frequencies of female gender (93 vs. 95%) and Caucasian ethnicity (71.4 vs. 85%). Ocular symptoms (47.7 vs. 24.4%) and oral symptoms (52.3 vs. 9.7%) were significantly more frequent in patients than in controls. Fourteen (31.8%) patients fulfilled Sjögren's syndrome criteria, seven of whom (50%) did not have this diagnosis prior to study inclusion. A further comparison of patients with mixed connective tissue disease with or without Sjögren's syndrome revealed that the former presented significantly lower frequencies of polyarthritis and cutaneous involvement than did the patients without Sjögren's syndrome. Moderate to severe dry eye was found in 13 of 14 patients with mixed connective tissue disease and Sjögren's syndrome (92.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Sjögren's syndrome, particularly with moderate to severe dry eye, is frequent in patients with mixed connective tissue disease. These findings alert the physician regarding the importance of the appropriate diagnosis of this syndrome in such patients. .

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The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between glycemic control of type 1 diabetic (DM1) patients and hyposalivation and xerostomia. This observational transversal study used a quantitative approach with a sample of 25 DM1 patients enrolled at the Diabetes Association of Joinville (ADIJO) in 2008. Variables assessed were sialometry through stimulated salivary flow, complaints of xerostomia, and testing for glycemic control: fasting capillary glycemia (FCG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were used to verify a possible association among the variables. Most subjects (64 percent; 16/25) showed concomitant hyposalivation and xerostomia. No significant statistical difference between glycemic control (FCG and HbA1c), hyposalivation, and xerostomia (p=0.54) was found. A high prevalence of hyposalivation and xerostomia was found to be more closely related to higher FCG values at the moment of blood testing than to higher values of HbA1c.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre el control glucémico de los pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 (DM1) e hiposalivación y xerostomía. Este estudio observacional de cohorte transversal utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo con una muestra de 25 pacientes con DM1 inscritos en la Asociación de Diabetes de Joinville (ADIJO) el 2008. Las variables evaluadas fueron sialometría a través del flujo salival estimulado, quejas de la xerostomía, y las pruebas para el control glucémico: glucosa capilar en ayunas (GCA) y hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c). Se utilizaron las pruebas de Mann-Whitney, chi-cuadrado y exacta de Fisher para verificar una posible asociación entre las variables. La mayoría de los sujetos (64 por ciento, 16/25) mostró hiposalivación concomitante y xerostomía. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el control glucémico (GCA y HbA1c), hiposalivación y xerostomía (p=0,54). Una alta prevalencia de hiposalivación y xerostomía se encontró estrechamente relacionada con los valores altos de GCA mas que con valores altos de HbA1c en el momento del análisis sanguíneo.

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Objetivo: avaliar fatores associados ao diagnóstico de ardência bucal como xerostomia, hipossalivação, sintomas depressivos, ansiedade, transtornos de sono, doenças sistêmicas e uso contínuo de medicamentos. Métodos: foram avaliados 22 pacientes atendidos em nível ambulatorial através de escalas validadas e questionário sociodemográfico, seguido de medidas de fluxo salivar espontâneo e estimulado através do método de expectoração salivar. Na análise estatística descritiva foi utilizado SPSS 16.0. Resultados: a amostra foi composta por 4 homens e 18 mulheres com idade média de 61,6+2,83 anos. As médias de fluxo salivar espontâneo e estimulado foram 0,27+0,06 ml/min e 0,84+0,08 ml/min, respectivamente. A hipossalivação esteve presente em 54,5% dos casos, sendo que a xerostomia foi referida por 31,3% dos pacientes. Sintomas depressivos leves foram observados em 22,7% da amostra. Na avaliação de ansiedade-traço 31,8% apresentaram sintomas de ansiedade moderada, 63,6%, sintomas de ansiedade elevada e 4,5%, ansiedade muito elevada. Quanto à avaliação de ansiedade-estado 27,3% apresentaram sintomas de ansiedade moderada e 72,7% sintomas de ansiedade elevada. Setenta e sete por cento apresentaram alterações de sono. Os exames sorológicos não apresentaram alterações significativas. Conclusão: estes resultados sugerem associação entre os parâmetros comportamentais avaliados e os sintomas bucais, sendo necessário o aumento da amostra para que possamos confirmar estatisticamente essa tendência.

Aim: to evaluate factors associated with the diagnosis of burning mouth, such as dry mouth, hyposalivation, depressive symptoms, anxiety, sleep disorders, systemic diseases, and continuous use of medications. Methods: twenty-two patients recruited from outpatient clinics were assessed using validated scales and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Patients’ spontaneous and stimulated salivary flow rates were also measured using saliva expectoration. SPSS 16.0 was used in the descriptive statistical analysis. Results: the sample consisted of 4 men and 18 women whose mean age was 61.6±2.83 years. The mean of spontaneous and stimulated salivary flow rates were 0.27+0.06 mL/min and 0.84+0.08 mL/min, respectively. Hyposalivation was present in 54.5% of cases, and dry mouth was reported by 31.3% of patients. Mild depressive symptoms were observed in 22.7% of the sample. When assessing anxiety-trait, we found that 31.8% had moderate symptoms of anxiety, 63.6% had symptoms of high anxiety, and 4.5% had very high anxiety. The assessment of anxiety-status showed that 27.3% and 72.7% had moderate and elevated anxiety symptoms, respectively. Seventy-seven percent had sleep disorders. Serological tests showed no significant changes. Conclusion: Our findings suggest an association between the behavioral parameters evaluated and the oral symptoms, indicating the need for a larger sample to confirm this trend using statistical analysis.

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OBJETIVO: determinar la prevalencia de xerostomía en relación con el uso de medicamentos en los adultos de 20 años y más del Consultorio Médico 64-02 de Guanabacoa, de julio a diciembre del año 2007. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y se utilizó muestreo bietápico. La presencia de xerostomía, basada en definición utilizada por otros autores, se determinó con 3 preguntas, además: edad, sexo, uso, cantidad y tipos de medicamentos, según cuestionario. RESULTADOS: se procesó la información en Excel, utilizando el porcentaje para resumirla. Los resultados se presentan en tablas. Se relacionaron las variables, con la X² y diferencia de proporciones (p<0,05), con el programa Epidat. De 511 individuos estudiados, 176 (34,4 por ciento) percibieron xerostomía. El sexo femenino fue el más afectado, se incrementa con la edad, fue mayor en el grupo de 60 años y más. CONCLUSIONES: los medicamentos más utilizados fueron: antihipertensivos y antiasmáticos. Todos los que usaron hipoglicemiantes y antialérgicos, percibieron xerostomia, y se incrementó según el número de medicamentos usados(AU)

OBJECTIVE: to determine the prevalence of xerostomia in connection with the use of drugs in adults aged 20 and over at the Family Physician's office 64-02 in Guanabacoa from July to December 2007. METHODS: a descriptive study was undertaken and a bistage sampling was used. The presence of xerostomia based on the definition used by other authors was determined by 3 questions in addition to age, sex, use, amount and type of drugs according to the questionnaire. RESULTS: the information was processed in Excel, using percentage to resume it. The results were presented in tables. The variables were related to X2 and the difference of proportions (p<0.05) by using the Epidat program. Of 511 studied individuals, 176 (34.4 percent) perceived xerostomia. Females were the most affected. It increases with age, and the group aged 60 and over was the most affected. CONCLUSIONS: the most used drugs were the antihypertensive and antiasthma drugs. All those who took glycemia-lowering and antiallergic drugs perceived xerostomia and it rose according to the number of drugs used(AU)

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Introducción y objetivo: Debido al aumento de la población anciana en nuestra sociedad, aquejada por disminución variable del flujo salival, influyendo en su calidad de vida, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la prevalencia de la disminución salival y xerostomÍa en relación con distintos factores causales.Materiales y métodos: A 126 individuos edén tul os , mayores de 50 años de edad (x 62,41 ::1:::8,24), de ambos sexos, se realizó una historia clínica diseñada al efecto, registrando los factores locales y generales predisponentes. Los resultados se analizaron estadísticamente (p< 0,05). Resultados: 40,5% presentó xerostomía, con mayor cantidad de casos a mayor edad y sexo femenino, con diferencias significativas en mujeres de 60 a 69 años de edad. El 34,9% estaba aparentemente sano y e165,1 % padecía una o más enfermedades sistémicas y el 53,3% usaba cotidianamente medicación (x 2,14::1::: 1,10 drogas diarias).Discusión: Escaso flujo salival y sensación de sequedad oral se relacionaron con problemas médicos y uso de medicamentos, con diferencias significativas. El estudio mostró al aumento de la edad y el sexo femenino como factores en la disminución del flujo salival y xerostomía, pudiendo ser afectado por la edad, los enfermedades y/ o la medicación, que se acentúan con la edad. Conclusiones: La xerostomía no es una enfermedad sino una manifestación clínica de sensación de sequedad oral con o sin hiposialia. De etiología diversa, al ser identificada permite un plan de tratamiento que deberán proyectar juntos distintos profesionales de la salud.

Introduction: Because of an increasing number of older people in our community presenting with a variable decrease of salivary flow which affects their quality of life, we aimed to analyze the prevalence of salivary decrease and xerostomia in relation to various causing factors. Purpose.-The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of a decrease of normal salivary secretion and xerostomia in relation to various factors in the older population of our community. Material and method.- One hundred and twenty-six edentulous male and female subjects older than 50 years (62.41 8,24) were entered . A chart was specially designed for this study where both local and general predisposing factors were...

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