RESUMO

Dangerous driving can cause accidents, injuries and loss of life. An efficient assessment helps to identify the absence or degree of dangerous driving to take the appropriate decisions while driving. Previous studies assess dangerous driving through two approaches: (i) using electronic devices or sensors that provide objective variables (acceleration, turns and speed), and (ii) analyzing responses to questionnaires from behavioral science that provide subjective variables (driving thoughts, opinions and perceptions from the driver). However, we believe that a holistic and more realistic assessment requires a combination of both types of variables. Therefore, we propose a three-phase fuzzy system with a multidisciplinary (computer science and behavioral sciences) approach that draws on the strengths of sensors embedded in smartphones and questionnaires to evaluate driver behavior and social desirability. Our proposal combines objective and subjective variables while mitigating the weaknesses of the disciplines used (sensor reading errors and lack of honesty from respondents, respectively). The methods used are of proven reliability in each discipline, and their outputs feed a combined fuzzy system used to handle the vagueness of the input variables, obtaining a personalized result for each driver. The results obtained using the proposed system in a real scenario were efficient at 84.21%, and were validated with mobility experts' opinions. The presented fuzzy system can support intelligent transportation systems, driving safety, or personnel selection.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Today's cars have dozens of sensors to monitor vehicle performance through different systems, most of which communicate via vehicular networks (CAN). Many of these sensors can be used for applications other than the original ones, such as improving the driver experience or creating new safety tools. An example is monitoring variables that describe the driver's behavior. Interactions with the pedals, speed, and steering wheel, among other signals, carry driving characteristics. However, not always all variables related to these interactions are available in all vehicles; for example, the excursion of the brake pedal. Using an acquisition module, data from the in-vehicle sensors were obtained from the CAN bus, the brake pedal (externally instrumented), and the driver's signals (instrumented with an inertial sensor and electromyography of their leg), to observe the driver and car information and evaluate the correlation hypothesis between these data, as well as the importance of the brake pedal signal not usually available in all car models. Different sets of sensors were evaluated to analyze the performance of three classifiers when analyzing the driver's driving mode. It was found that there are superior results in classifying identity or behavior when driver signals are included. When the vehicle and driver attributes were used, hits above 0.93 were obtained in the identification of behavior and 0.96 in the identification of the driver; without driver signals, accuracy was more significant than 0.80 in identifying behavior. The results show a good correlation between vehicle data and data obtained from the driver, suggesting that further studies may be promising to improve the accuracy of rates based exclusively on vehicle characteristics, both for behavior identification and driver identification, thus allowing practical applications in embedded systems for local signaling and/or storing information about the driving mode, which is important for logistics companies.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Mobile phone use (MPU) while driving is an important road safety challenge worldwide. Naturalistic driving studies (NDS) emerged as one of the most sophisticated methodologies to investigate driver behavior; however, NDS have not been implemented in low- or middle-income countries. The aim of this research is to investigate MPU while driving and compare the results to those reported in international studies. An analysis of 61.32 h and 1350 km driven in Curitiba (Brazil) showed that MPU lasted for an average of 28.51 s (n = 627) and occurred in 58.71% of trips (n = 201) with an average frequency of 8.37 interactions per hour (n = 201). The proportion of the trip time using a mobile phone was 7.03% (n = 201), and the average instantaneous speed was 12.77 km/h (n = 627) while using the phone. Generally, drivers spent less time on more complex interactions and selected a lower speed when using the phone. MPU was observed more during short duration than longer trips. Drivers in this study engaged in a larger number of MPU compared to drivers from Netherlands and the United States; and the percentage of trip time with MPU was between North American and European values.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Os estudos sobre o comportamento humano no trânsito são recorrentes no campo da psicologia. Dentre as abordagens que se dedicam ao tema encontrase a Psicologia Ambiental e a perspectiva ecológica de James Jerome Gibson sobre a percepção. O autor elaborou uma teoria que busca a compreensão da relação entre as pessoas e o ambiente de forma direta, a teoria das affordances. A partir do entendimento de affordances como informações disponíveis no ambiente para a ação, propõe-se esta teoria como um novo olhar sobre o comportamento dos condutores. Representa uma alternativa para a compreensão da relação entre o comportamento dos motoristas e o ambiente de trânsito. Assim, a partir do entendimento dos principais conceitos da teoria, a proposta deste ensaio é convidar o leitor a pensar a relação entre ambiente de trânsito e comportamento dos motoristas como intrinsicamente relacionados, buscando evidenciar a reciprocidade da relação entre o agente (motorista) e o ambiente (no caso, o de trânsito)

Studies on human behavior in traffic are recurrent in the field of psychology. Among the approaches that focus on this topic is Environmental Psychology and the ecological perspective of James Jerome Gibson on perception. The author has developed a theory that seeks to understand the relationship between people and environment in a direct way, the theory of affordances. From the understanding of affordances as available information in the environment for action, the theory is proposed as a new perspective on drivers' behavior. It represents an alternative for understanding the relationship between driver behavior and the traffic environment. Thus, from the understanding of the main concepts of the theory, this study invites the reader to think about the relation between the traffic environment and the behavior of the drivers as intrinsically related, seeking to show a reciprocity of the relation between the agent (driver) and the environment (in this case, traffic)

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the use of the stimulants amphetamines and cocaine by truck drivers in Brazil was related to travel length. METHODS: Truck drivers were randomly stopped by the Federal Highway Police on interstate roads in Sao Paulo State during morning hours from 2008 to 2011 and invited to participate in the project "Comandos de Saúde nas Rodovias" (Health Commands on the Roads). Participants were asked about the use of drugs, travel distance, and age, and gender was recorded. Samples of urine were collected and analyzed for amphetamine, benzoylecgonine (a metabolite of cocaine), and carboxytetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH; a metabolite of cannabis) by immunological screening and quantification by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. RESULTS: Current use of amphetamine, cocaine, and cannabis was reported by 5.7%, 0.7%, and 0.3% of the truck drivers, respectively. Amphetamine, benzoylecgonine, and THC-COOH were found in urine samples from 5.4%, 2.6,% and in 1.0% of the drivers, respectively. There was a significant association between the positive cases for amphetamine and reported travel length; 9.9% of urine samples from drivers who reported travel length of more than 270 km were positive for amphetamine, and 10.9% of those drivers reported current use of amphetamines. In most cases, appetite suppressants containing amphetamines had been used, but the purpose was most often to stay awake and alert while driving. Truck drivers with travel length of more than 270 km had significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for having a urine sample that was positive for amphetamine when adjusted for age as confounding factor (OR = 9.41, 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.97-22.26). No significant association was found between the use of cocaine or cannabis and travel length. CONCLUSION: Truck drivers who reported driving more than 270 km had significantly higher frequencies of urine samples positive for amphetamine and reported significantly more frequent current use of amphetamines than those who reported shorter driving distances.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e a validação de uma medida de justificativas de motoristas para o cometimento de infrações de trânsito. O instrumento foi baseado no modelo do desengajamento moral, que descreve processos de autoinfluência que neutralizam os próprios padrões morais para justificar atos transgressivos por meio de quatro esquemas em oito mecanismos. No Estudo 1 a Escala de Justificativas de Motoristas (EJM) foi aplicada em 100 motoristas, verificando-se correlações positivas de seus escores com o cometimento de infrações. No Estudo 2 os itens passaram por uma validação de juízes, foram aprimorados e aplicados em 547 motoristas. Identificou-se uma estrutura de fatores que reflete parcialmente o modelo: Reconstrução da Conduta, Minimização da Culpa e Distorção do Agente da Ação. Os resultados dos dois estudos sugerem que a EJM apresenta validade semântica, de conteúdo e construto e boa consistência interna, podendo ser utilizada para investigar fenômenos de transgressão notrânsito...

This paper describes the development and validation process of a measure of drivers’ justifications for traffic violations. The instrument was based on the moral disengagement model for transgressive actions, which describes processes of self-influence by neutralizing one’s moral standards through four sets in eight mechanisms. In Study 1, 100 drivers responded the Driver’s Justifications Scale (EJM) and results showed a positive correlation with a measure of traffic violations. In Study 2, the items were improved, evaluated by experts and the scale was completed by 547 drivers. The obtained factors partially reflect the original model: Reconstructing the Conduct; Minimizing Guilt; and Distorting Conduct’s Agent. Results of both studies suggest EJM has semantic, content, and construct validity, good internal reliability and can be used in studies of traffic violations...

Este trabajo describe el proceso de desarrollo y validez de una medida de las justificativas de conductores a violaciones de tráfico. El instrumento tiene como base el modelo de desenganche moral, que describe procesos de auto influencia en el cual se pueden neutralizar los patrones morales para justificar actos transgresivos por intermedio de cuatro esquemas con ocho mecanismos. En el Estudio 1, 100 conductores contestaron a la Escala de Justificaciones de Conductores (EJM) y los resultados mostraron correlación positiva con una medida de violaciones de tráfico. En el Estudio 2 se mejoraron los ítems, evaluados por expertos, y la escala fue respondida por 547 conductores. Los factores obtenidos reflejan parcialmente el modelo original: Reconstrucción de la Conducta; Minimización de la Culpa y la Distorsión del Agente de la Conducta. Los resultados de ambos estúdios sugieren que la EJM tiene validez semántica, de contenido y de constructo, buena consistencia interna y puede ser utilizada en estudios de violaciones detráfico...

Assuntos

RESUMO

La deseabilidad social del conductor se refiere a las descripciones positivamente sesgadas que las personas hacen al evaluar su propio comportamiento al conducir. Se trata de un factor que puede afectar la validez de los auto-informes, por ello, resulta necesario evaluar su presencia y posibles efectos. Este trabajo analiza las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Deseabilidad Social del Conductor (DSDS) en una muestra argentina de población general. Se aplicó a una muestra de 332 conductores de la ciudad de Mar del Plata la escala DSDS en diferentes condiciones de administración, conjuntamente con un cuestionario de datos socio-descriptivos y medidas de estilos de conducción (MDSI) y personalidad (ZQPK-50). Los resultados indican un comportamiento globalmente satisfactorio de la versión en español de la DSDS. Se obtuvo evidencia interna y externa de validez. No obstante, los resultados sugieren que podría tratarse tanto de una medida específica de sesgo de deseabilidad como de una medida relacionada con estilo de conducción.

Driver Social Desirability refers to positive biased self-descriptions given by drivers. As it could affect self-reported results, its assessment is necesary. The present study analyzes the psychometric properties of the Driver Social Desirability Scale (DSDS) in an Argentine sample. A sample of 332 drivers from Mar del Plata city was collected in different administration conditions. Participants answer a descriptive socio-demographic questionnaire, driving style measures (MDSI), and personality measures (ZKPQ-50) under four different administration conditions. A 2x2 quasiexperimental factor design was used to assess possible effects of social desirability bias. The first manipulated factor was type of administration (self-administration vs. face-to-face administration). The second manipulated factor was the anonymity of responses (anonimous vs. non- anonimous conditions). Results indicated good overall properties for the argentinean version of the DSDS. Evidence on the external and internal validity of DSDS was also gathered. However, results obtained suggest that DSDS could assess a extremely careful and law abiding driving style besides driver social desirability.

Assuntos

RESUMO

La deseabilidad social del conductor se refiere a las descripciones positivamente sesgadas que las personas hacen al evaluar su propio comportamiento al conducir. Se trata de un factor que puede afectar la validez de los auto-informes, por ello, resulta necesario evaluar su presencia y posibles efectos. Este trabajo analiza las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Deseabilidad Social del Conductor (DSDS) en una muestra argentina de población general. Se aplicó a una muestra de 332 conductores de la ciudad de Mar del Plata la escala DSDS en diferentes condiciones de administración, conjuntamente con un cuestionario de datos socio-descriptivos y medidas de estilos de conducción (MDSI) y personalidad (ZQPK-50). Los resultados indican un comportamiento globalmente satisfactorio de la versión en español de la DSDS. Se obtuvo evidencia interna y externa de validez. No obstante, los resultados sugieren que podría tratarse tanto de una medida específica de sesgo de deseabilidad como de una medida relacionada con estilo de conducción.(AU)

Driver Social Desirability refers to positive biased self-descriptions given by drivers. As it could affect self-reported results, its assessment is necesary. The present study analyzes the psychometric properties of the Driver Social Desirability Scale (DSDS) in an Argentine sample. A sample of 332 drivers from Mar del Plata city was collected in different administration conditions. Participants answer a descriptive socio-demographic questionnaire, driving style measures (MDSI), and personality measures (ZKPQ-50) under four different administration conditions. A 2x2 quasiexperimental factor design was used to assess possible effects of social desirability bias. The first manipulated factor was type of administration (self-administration vs. face-to-face administration). The second manipulated factor was the anonymity of responses (anonimous vs. non- anonimous conditions). Results indicated good overall properties for the argentinean version of the DSDS. Evidence on the external and internal validity of DSDS was also gathered. However, results obtained suggest that DSDS could assess a extremely careful and law abiding driving style besides driver social desirability.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma adaptação do DBQ (Driver Behavior Questionnarie) para o Brasil, e verificar se a estrutura fatorial do estudo original se confirmava. O questionário composto de 67 itens, nomeado Questionário do Comportamento do Motorista (QCM) foi aplicado a uma amostra não probabilística de 504 motoristas do Distrito Federal, sendo 154 homens e 348 mulheres, com idade média de 23 anos, portadores da Carteira Nacional de Habilitação (CNH). A análise fatorial mostrou a existência de três fatores, mantendo-se a estrutura fatorial do estudo original, sendo o primeiro denominado de erros (13 itens, alfa=0,80), os fatores lapsos e violações com 13 itens cada (alfa=0,79). O instrumento final ficou composto por 39 itens e explicou 26,8 por cento da variância total. Destaca-se a relevância social deste estudo, pois o mesmo fornece dados que podem auxiliar os profissionais e psicólogos do trânsito, na obtenção de ferramentas voltadas para a área do planejamento e da educação para o trânsito.(AU)

The goal of this study was to make an adaptation of DBQ (Driver Behavior Questionnaire) to Brazil and verify if the factorial structure of the original study would be confirmed. The questionnaire, comprised by 67 items, named Questionário do Comportamento do Motorista in Portuguese (abbreviation QCM), was applied to a non-probabilistic sampling of 504 drivers from the Federal District, 154 men and 348 women, average age 23, bearing the National Driving License (Carteira Nacional de Habilitação, abbreviation CNH in Portuguese). The factorial analysis showed the existence of three factors, keeping the original study's factorial structure. These factors were named errors (13 items, alpha = 0,80), and the lapses and violations factors (13 items each, alpha = 0,79). The final instrument was comprised by 39 items and explained 26,8 percent of total variance. We highlight the social relevance of this study, since it provides data that may assist traffic professionals and psychologists in the obtention of tools geared towards the area of traffic planning and education.(AU)

Assuntos