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Asymmetric studies can indicate disturbances in the developmental process. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is considered an indicator of stress. The Sanmartinero (SM) creole bovine is native to the department of Meta (Colombian Orinoquia) and its adaptation process has allowed it to live in extreme tropical environments. The aim of this cross-sectional and descriptive study was to present the current state of the knowledge of asymmetries in some cephalic characters of the SM creole bovine. A total of 94 animals were studied (18 uncastrated males and 76 females) from three different farms, with an age range of 0.5-10 years. For each animal, two measurements of the ear (width and length) and two measurements of the horn (perimeter and length) were obtained in vivo. The degree of asymmetry was calculated as (R - L)/(R + L). Bilateral differences pointed towards a fluctuating asymmetry (e.g., a random variation in the trait that is expected to be perfectly symmetrical) biased towards right for ear width and horn perimeter, and towards left for ear and horn length. Since the development of these structures-ears and horns-is under the control of the same set of genes, the fluctuating asymmetry could constitute a reflection of a normal condition.
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In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in optimizing the protocols intended to sperm cryopreservation in domestic animals. These protocols include initial cooling, freezing, and thawing. While different attempts have been devised to improve sperm cryopreservation, the efficiency of this reproductive biotechnology is still far from being optimal. Furthermore, while much attention in improving cooling/freezing, less emphasis has been made in how thawing can be ameliorated. Despite this, the conditions through which, upon thawing, sperm return to physiological temperatures are much relevant, given that these cells must travel throughout the female genital tract until they reach the utero-tubal junction. Moreover, the composition of the media used for artificial insemination (AI) may also affect sperm survival, which is again something that one should bear because of the long journey that sperm must make. Furthermore, sperm quality and functionality decrease dramatically during post-thawing incubation time. Added to that, the deposition of the thawed sperm suspension devoid of seminal plasma in some species during an AI is accompanied by a leukocyte migration to the uterine lumen and with it the activation of immune mechanisms. Because few reviews have focused on the evidence gathered after sperm thawing, the present one aims to compile and discuss the available information concerning ruminants, pigs and horses.
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Animais Domésticos , Criopreservação , Inseminação Artificial , Preservação do Sêmen , Animais , Criopreservação/veterinária , Criopreservação/métodos , Preservação do Sêmen/veterinária , Preservação do Sêmen/métodos , Masculino , Inseminação Artificial/veterinária , Espermatozoides/fisiologia , Temperatura , Crioprotetores/farmacologia , Fatores de Tempo , Cavalos/fisiologiaRESUMO
Partially Saturated Vertical Constructed Wetlands (PSV-CWs) are novel wastewater treatment systems that work through aerobic and anaerobic conditions that favor the removal of pollutants found in high concentrations, such as rivers contaminated with domestic wastewater and landfill leachate. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of PSV-CWs using monocultures and polycultures of Typha latifolia and Heliconia psittacorum to treat river waters contaminated with leachates from open dumps and domestic wastewater. Six experimental units of PSV-CWs were used; two were planted with Typha latifolia monoculture, two with Heliconia psittacorum monoculture and two with polycultures of both plants. The results indicated better organic matter and nitrogen removal efficiencies (p < 0.05) in systems with polycultures (TSS:95%, BOD5:83%, COD:89%, TN:82% and NH4+:99%). In general, the whole system showed high average removal efficiencies (TSS:93%, BOD5:79%, COD:85%, TN:79%, NH4+:98% and TP:85%). Regarding vegetation, both species developed better in units with monocultures, being Typha latifolia the one that reached a more remarkable development. However, both species showed high resistance to the contaminated environment. These results showed higher removals than those reported in the literature with conventional Free Flow Vertical Constructed Wetlands (FFV-CWs), so PSV-CWs could be a suitable option to treat this type of effluent.
The research addresses the contamination of water resources in developing countries by landfill leachate and domestic wastewater discharges. It proposes treatment through Partially Saturated Vertical Constructed Wetlands (PSV-CWs), which, despite the limited information available, have been shown to be effective in removing pollutants in effluents with high concentrations. In addition to evaluating PSV-CWs, the study examines the impact of different types of vegetation on pollutant removal efficiency, concluding that PSV-CWs are a promising and viable option for the treatment of these effluents.
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Morbillivirus canis (canine distemper virus (CDV)) is recognized as a multihost pathogen responsible for a transmissible disease affecting both domestic and wild animals. A considerable portion of wildlife populations remain unvaccinated due to a lack of safety and immunogenicity data on existing vaccines for the prevention of CDV infection in these species. This review aimed to assess the current state of CDV vaccination research for both domestic and wild animals and to explore novel vaccine candidates through in vivo studies. It also sought to synthesize the scattered information from the extensive scientific literature on CDV vaccine research, identify key researchers in the field, and highlight areas where research on CDV vaccination is lacking. A scoping review was conducted across four databases following the PRISMA-ScR protocol, with information analyzed using absolute and relative frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for study number proportions. Among the 2321 articles retrieved, 68 met the inclusion criteria and focused on CDV vaccines in various animal species, such as dogs, ferrets, minks, and mice. Most of the scientific community involved in this research was in the USA, Canada, France, and Denmark. Various vaccine types, including MLV CDV, recombinant virus, DNA plasmids, inactivated CDV, and MLV measles virus (MeV), were identified, along with diverse immunization routes and schedules employed in experimental and commercial vaccines. Safety and efficacy data were summarized. Notably, 37 studies reported postimmunization CDV challenge, primarily in dogs, revealing the survival rates of vaccinated animals. In summary, CDV vaccines generally demonstrate an acceptable safety profile in dogs and show promise as a means of controlling CDV. However, significant gaps in vaccine research persist, particularly concerning wildlife reservoirs, indicating the need for further investigation.
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Animais Domésticos , Animais Selvagens , Vírus da Cinomose Canina , Cinomose , Vacinação , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Animais Selvagens/virologia , Vírus da Cinomose Canina/imunologia , Vírus da Cinomose Canina/genética , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Cinomose/prevenção & controle , Cinomose/imunologia , Cinomose/virologia , Vacinação/veterinária , Cães , Furões , Camundongos , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Vison/virologia , Vison/imunologiaRESUMO
Introduction: Psychosocial stress during pregnancy has long-lasting and important consequences in the following generations, as it can affect intrauterine development. The impact on the developing immune system is notoriously important due to the associated morbidity and mortality in the first years of life. Little attention has been given to the role of violence during pregnancy (VDP), especially its impact on infant infectious morbidity. Methods: We analyzed data from two Brazilian birth cohorts (n = 2,847) in two distinct cities (Ribeirão Preto and São Luís), collected during pregnancy and at the beginning of the second year of life. The association between VDP and infection in infancy was analyzed with structural equation modeling, using the WHO-VAW questionnaire as exposure and a latent variable for infection as the outcome. Results: VDP was reported by 2.48% (sexual), 11.56% (physical), and 45.90% (psychological) of the mothers. The models presented an adequate fit. In the city of São Luís, VDP was significantly associated with the latent construct for infection (standardized beta = 0.182; p = 0.022), while that was not the case for the Ribeirão Preto sample (standardized beta = 0.113; p = 0.113). Further analyses showed a gradient effect for the different dimensions of the exposure, from psychological to physical and sexual violence. Conclusion: Our results suggest an association of VDP with infant morbidity in a poorer socioeconomic setting, and highlight the importance of considering the different dimensions of intimate partner violence. These findings may have important implications for the comprehension of global health inequalities and of the effects of gender-based violence.
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Background: Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and vectored by triatomines, affects millions of people worldwide. In endemic countries including Mexico, infections in domestic animals, such as dogs, may affect the risk of human disease when they serve as a source of infection to vectors that subsequently infect humans. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 296 dogs from two cities near the northern and southern borders of Mexico: Reynosa, Tamaulipas, and Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas. Infection was measured based on testing of blood using T. cruzi quantitative PCR (qPCR) and up to three antibody detection assays. The StatPak immunochromatographic assay was used to screen samples and the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and multiplex microsphere immunoassay (MIA) tests were used as secondary tests on all samples that screened positive and a subset of negatives. Serologic positivity was defined based on reactivity on at least two independent tests. Results: Of the 280 samples tested for parasite DNA, two (0.7%) were positive, one of which (0.4%) was confirmed as T. cruzi discrete typing unit TcIV. Overall, 72 (24.3%) samples were reactive for T. cruzi antibodies via StatPak of which 8 were also positive using MIA and 2 were also positive using IFA (including one of the PCR-positive dogs). Overall, nine dogs (3.4%) met study criteria of positivity based on either/both serology or PCR tests. Positive dogs were found in both regions of Mexico; five (2.7%) from Reynosa and four (3.6%) from Tuxtla Gutierrez. We found no association between infection status and state of origin, sex, age group, breed group, neighborhood, and whether other pets lived in the home. Conclusion: Our results re-emphasize dogs' utility as sentinels for T. cruzi in Mexico and underscore the need for improved veterinary diagnostic tests and parasite surveillance at the household level in endemic countries.
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Doença de Chagas , Doenças do Cão , Trypanosoma cruzi , Animais , Cães , Doença de Chagas/veterinária , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolamento & purificação , Trypanosoma cruzi/genética , México/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Masculino , Feminino , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangueRESUMO
Over the past two decades, femicide-the gender-based killing of women or girls-has become an issue of international concern. Yet relatively little data on perpetrators exist. Current research primarily focuses on individual risk factors with less attention on community and societal factors. We use a social capital approach to examine femicide by analyzing the extent to which crime perpetrators experience and perceive social punishment (exclusion) from their social networks. Using a quota sampling strategy, we administered a cross-sectional questionnaire to perpetrators of femicide (N = 71), male-male homicide (N = 73), and other serious crimes (N = 64) across four prisons in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Other crime perpetrators served as a control to the two lethal crime groups. Perceived social capital scores were assigned based on responses to two scales adapted from the World Bank's "Integrated Questionnaire for the Measurement of Social Capital." Before committing murder, femicide and homicide perpetrators' scores were not statistically different. Yet after the crime, femicide perpetrators retained significantly greater scores than homicide perpetrators. The perceived social capital scores of other crime perpetrators did not change after the commission of their crimes. As a secondary objective, we examined the individual and social contexts of femicide perpetrators. Most (85%) of the femicide perpetrators could name at least one other person in their social network whom they knew to be physically violent during disagreements with their partner, while 11% stated that "everyone" they knew used violence during disagreements. Although the penalty for committing femicide and homicide is ostensibly equivalent-a life sentence of 50 years-we found that the informal social punishment femicide perpetrators perceived is less severe than that experienced by homicide perpetrators. These data indicate a lack of social punishment for femicide, compared to other crimes, showing social legitimization of the crime. These findings support the development of community-level interventions to prevent femicide.
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Clostridium perfringens inhabits the guts of humans and animal species. C. perfringens can proliferate and express an arsenal of toxins, promoting the development of multiple gut illnesses. Healthy animals carrying C. perfringens represents a risk of transmission to other animals or humans through close contact and an increased likelihood of acquisition of toxin plasmids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of C. perfringens carriage in domestic and farm animals in the central highlands of Colombia. C. perfringens was detected in six animal species using PCR targeting alpha toxin (cpa) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S-rRNA) genes from 347 fecal samples collected in two Departments: 177 from farm animals of Boyacá and 170 from domestic animals of both Cundinamarca and Boyacá. The overall frequency of C. perfringens detection was 22.1% (n = 77/347), with the highest frequency observed in cats 34.2% (n = 41/120), followed by dogs 30.0% (n = 15/50). The lowest frequency was detected in ruminants: goats 11.1% (n = 3/27), sheep 8.0% (n = 4/50) and cattle 6.0% (n = 6/50). Domestic animals showed a higher frequency of C. perfringens carriage than farm animals. This difference could be associated with dietary patterns, as domestic animals have diets rich in proteins and carbohydrates, while ruminants have low-carbohydrate diets, resulting in high production of endopeptidase-type enzymes and differences in pH due to the anatomy of gastrointestinal tract, which can influence bacterial proliferation. These findings indicate a potential risk of transmission of C. perfringens among animals and from animals to humans through close contact.
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Infecções por Clostridium , Clostridium perfringens , Animais , Clostridium perfringens/genética , Clostridium perfringens/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Clostridium/veterinária , Infecções por Clostridium/transmissão , Infecções por Clostridium/microbiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Animais Domésticos/microbiologia , Portador Sadio/veterinária , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Bovinos , Humanos , Cabras , Ovinos , Zoonoses/transmissão , Zoonoses/microbiologia , GatosRESUMO
Os maus-tratos infantis são considerados um problema de saúde a nível mundial. Diante dessa realidade, destaca-se a relevante atuação dos profissionais de saúde na identificação, diagnóstico, notificação e, consequentemente, na redução no número de casos. O Cirurgião-Dentista apresenta-se em uma posição privilegiada no que diz respeito à identificação de casos de violência, visto que a maioria das lesões de ordem física a crianças e adolescentes se apresenta em região de cabeça e pescoço. Dessa forma, objetiva-se identificar as experiências e conduta dos cirurgiões-dentistas do Rio Grande do Norte sobre maus-tratos infantis. Foi realizado um estudo exploratório de caráter quantitativo mediante aplicação de um formulário eletrônico, com questões semiestruturadas, enviado aos dentistas com inscrições ativas no Conselho Regional de Odontologia do Rio Grande do Norte. Foi obtido um total de 100 questionários respondidos. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se a estatística descritiva e testes de associação. Os resultados revelaram que 14% dos profissionais relataram ter visto caso suspeito de abuso físico, porém nenhum destes realizou notificação no último semestre. Apesar das médias das respostas terem sido superiores a 6 quanto à disposição para detecção, capacidade de diagnóstico e de identificação dos maus-tratos, esses resultados não corroboram com o número de profissionais que considera necessário maior qualificação em diagnóstico ou que desconhecem qualquer meio de notificação. A capacitação técnico-científica para a identificação e diagnóstico diferencial é importante e a responsabilidade pela notificação de casos suspeitos às autoridades é imprescindível para o exercício da profissão em consonância com os valores de cidadania e justiça
Child abuse is considered a global health problem. Given this reality, the relevant role of health professionals in identifying, diagnosing, reporting and, consequently, reducing the number of cases stands out. The dentist is in a privileged position with regard to identifying cases of violence, given that the majority of physical injuries to children and adolescents occur in the head and neck region. Thus, the objective is to identify the experiences and conduct of dentists in Rio Grande do Norte regarding child abuse. An exploratory quantitative study was carried out using an electronic form, with semi-structured questions, sent to dentists with active registrations at the Rio Grande do Norte Regional Dentistry Council. A total of 100 completed questionnaires were obtained. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and association tests were used. The results revealed that 14% of professionals reported having seen a suspected case of physical abuse, but none of them reported it in the last semester. Although the response averages were higher than 6 in terms of willingness to detect, diagnose and identify abuse, these results do not corroborate the number of professionals who consider it necessary to have greater qualifications in diagnosis or who are unaware of any means of reporting. Technical-scientific training for identification and differential diagnosis is important and the responsibility for reporting suspected cases to the authorities is essential for exercising the profession in line with the values of citizenship and justice
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Despite the majority of Brazilians identifying as black, racial disparities are significant. Black women encounter disproportionate difficulties, with greater rates of homicide, unemployment, and poverty. After the Maria da Penha Law (2006), which is regarded as one of the most comprehensive laws to address domestic violence, there has been a notable increase in femicide among black women and a decrease in cases among white women. This paper aims to analyze the differences between white and black survivors of domestic violence in terms of the access and support they received from the violence against women multi agency network in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. To this end, in-depth interviews (IDI) were conducted with nine white and nine black women who were seeking help in the justice system in June of 2018. The IDI were analyzed under critical path and structural racism theories, in order to understand how inequality markers such as race might affect the institutional response to the survivor's help seeking. The results indicated that black women received less information and support while seeking institutional help, as they faced more obstacles compared to white women. Among the interviewees critical paths, the access to the services was denied by providers 13 times for black women in contrast with 1 access denial for white women-also considering cases that discontinued the needed assistance due to institutional violence. The observed obstacles lived by black women in the multiagency network not only resulted in the path for these women toward support being longer but in many cases being repeated unsuccessfully multiple times. This study concludes that thus all women face obstacles while seeking help in formal institutions, black women may face greater barriers in this path due to how structural racism is reproduced in the services that should guarantee rights.
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Tick-borne diseases are important for animal and human health, because they can cause death if not diagnosed and treated early. Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) can cause high morbidity in dog populations. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is among the most virulent infectious in humans; dogs are also susceptible to infection. The aims of this study were to evaluate the presence of Ehrlichia canis and Rickettsia spp. infections in domestic dogs, and to identify tick species parasitizing dogs among urban areas of two municipalities (Sobral and Alcântaras) in the Ceará State, Northeastern Brazil. A total of 208 domiciled dogs was sampled. After clinical evaluation, blood samples and ticks were collected and submitted to Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) targeting E. canis DNA. Serum samples were screened by Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays (IFA) for antibodies against different strains of Rickettsia spp. previously recognized in Brazil. The results of this study indicate the molecular detection of E. canis in the state of Ceará, Brazil, where the proportion of canine infection in Sobral (9.9%) was higher than in Alcântaras (5.6%). Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato was the prevalent tick species infesting the dogs in both municipalities (43.5 and 53.3%, respectively). Our serological results indicate that dogs of the study area were at low risk of exposure to these tick-borne Rickettsia spp. of the spotted fever group. Our study offers epidemiological data of these diseases to better understanding Rickettsiales epidemic and enzootic cycles in the Brazilian semiarid region, improving prevention and control measures.
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Doenças do Cão , Ehrlichia canis , Ehrlichiose , Rickettsia , Animais , Cães , Brasil/epidemiologia , Ehrlichia canis/isolamento & purificação , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Rickettsia/isolamento & purificação , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Ehrlichiose/epidemiologia , Ehrlichiose/microbiologia , Masculino , Infecções por Rickettsia/veterinária , Infecções por Rickettsia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rickettsia/microbiologia , Feminino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Febre Maculosa das Montanhas Rochosas/veterinária , Febre Maculosa das Montanhas Rochosas/epidemiologia , Febre Maculosa das Montanhas Rochosas/microbiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Oropouche and Mayaro viruses are enzootic arboviruses of public health concern throughout Latin America. Recent outbreaks of OROV in northern region and sporadic autochthonous cases in western region of Brazil, suggest a silent circulation of these neglected viruses. Aiming to investigate the exposure of different species of domestic animals to MAYV and OROV in urban and peri-urban areas of West-Central Brazil, we performed a cross-sectional serosurvey by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Our findings included neutralizing antibodies for both arboviruses in cattle, dogs and horses, suggesting eventual role of domestic animals in enzootic arbovirus surveillance in Brazil.
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The local manufacture of advanced pharmaceutical products has been a long-standing objective of health and industry policy in many developing countries, including in Latin America. This strategy has been applied to fight epidemics such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we still know little about the politics and governance that enable such arrangements, especially when there is no consent from the originator company. This study focuses on the case of Brazil, a country that is well-known for its health-industry policy, which includes the local production of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), a new treatment for hepatitis C. We seek to explain the factors that have contributed to Brazil's successful production of generic versions of DAAs, and, later, to the decision by the Ministry of Health (MoH) to procure drugs from multinational pharmaceutical companies rather than from local laboratories. A lack of support for domestic production by important stakeholders, the patent holder's attempt to block domestic production and the MoH's adoption of more modern treatment guidelines under a different procurement logic all created an unfavourable environment for local production and procurement of DAAs. Our study draws implications for middle-income countries that wish to produce drugs domestically without voluntary license agreements.
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Antivirais , Indústria Farmacêutica , Hepatite C , Política , Parcerias Público-Privadas , Brasil , Humanos , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , COVID-19/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Política de SaúdeRESUMO
Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a assistência de enfermeiros que atuam nas estratégias saúde da família às mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, do tipo transversal, com dezoito enfermeiros responsáveis pela estratégia de saúde da família, em um município do Sul de Minas Gerais. Resultados: Os achados mostraram que na maioria das estratégias saúde da família (66,7%) tinham demanda de violência doméstica e utilizam da consulta de enfermagem e informações com os agentes comunitários de saúde para realizar a identificação. Contudo, a maior parte (66,7%) dos enfermeiros referiram não serem capacitados para atender essa mulher. Conclusão: É necessária a realização de educação permanente para os enfermeiros. Deve ser considerada também a revisão da grade curricular das escolas de enfermagem, a fim de abordar adequadamente essa temática. A capacitação dos enfermeiros irá possibilitar assistência de qualidade e ações com resultados eficazes contra a violência. (AU)
Objective: This study had the purpose of characterizing the nursery assistance of those who works at family health strategy for the women victim of domestic violence. Methods: This is a quantitative, cross-sectional research, with eighteen nurses responsible for the family health strategy, in a city in the South of Minas Gerais. Results: The findings obtained, show that in the most family health strategy (66,7%) were violence demand and used the nursery check, women report, information with community health agents, and others, to identify violence. However, most part (66,7%) of the interviewed nurses mentioned that do not feel competent to act in this kind of nursery attendance. Conclusion: It is necessary to provide permanent education for nurses. The revision of the curricula of nursing schools should also be considered, in order to adequately address this issue. The training of nurses will enable quality care and actions with effective results against violence. (AU)
Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la atención de enfermeras que laboran en las estrategias de salud de la familia a mujeres víctimas de violencia intrafamiliar. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, con dieciocho enfermeros responsables de la estrategia salud de la familia, en una ciudad del sur de Minas Gerais. Resultados: Los hallazgos mostraron que en la mayoría de las estrategias de salud de la familia (66,7%) hubo demanda por violencia intrafamiliar y se utilizó la consulta de enfermería, y la información con los agentes comunitarios de salud para realizar la identificación. Sin embargo, la mayoría (66,7%) de las enfermeras informaron que no estaban capacitadas para atender a esta mujer. Conclusión: Es necesario realizar educación permanente para enfermeras. También se debe considerar una revisión del plan de estudios de las escuelas de enfermería, con el fin de abordar adecuadamente este tema. La formación de enfermeras permitirá una atención de calidad y acciones con resultados efectivos contra la violência. (AU)
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Estratégias de Saúde Nacionais , Enfermagem , Violência DomésticaRESUMO
AIMS AND METHOD: This cross-sectional study, carried out from 2021 to 2022, investigated the factors associated with domestic violence in 400 Brazilian pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Violence was assessed with the World Health Organization's Violence Against Women questionnaire and the Abuse Assessment Screen. Demographic, socioeconomic, obstetric, lifestyle and mental health data were collected. RESULTS: Violence at any time in their lives was reported by 52.2% of the women, and psychological violence was the most prevalent type (19.5%). Violence was associated with being single and mental health changes. Pregnant women exposed to any lifetime violence and psychological violence were, respectively, 4.67 and 5.93 times more likely to show mental health changes compared with women with no reported violence. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Training health professionals involved in prenatal care in the early detection of single women and women with mental health changes could be important in preventing domestic violence.
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Β-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli are a widely distributed source of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), for animals and humans. Little is known about the sensitivity profile and genetic characteristics of E. coli strains isolated from domestic cats. We report a cross-sectional study that evaluated E. coli strains isolated from domestic cats in Panama. For this study the following antibiotics were analyzed: ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate cefepime, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, aztreonam, imipenem, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol. The data obtained were classified as resistant, intermediate, or sensitive. MDR strains were established when the strain presented resistance to at least one antibiotic from three or more antimicrobial classes. Forty-eight E. coli isolates were obtained, of which 80% presented resistance to at least one of the antibiotics analyzed, while only 20% were sensitive to all (p = 0.0001). The most common resistance was to gentamicin (58%). Twenty-nine percent were identified as multidrug-resistant isolates and 4% with extended spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype. The genes blaTEM (39%), blaMOX(16%), blaACC (16%) and blaEBC (8%) were detected. Plasmid-mediated resistance qnrB (25%) and qnrA (13%) are reported. The most frequent sequence types (STs) being ST399 and we reported 5 new STs. Our results suggest that in intestinal strains of E. coli isolated from domestic cats there is a high frequency of AMR.
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Antibacterianos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Escherichia coli , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Animais , Gatos/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Fenótipo , beta-Lactamases/genética , Estudos Transversais , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Variação GenéticaRESUMO
Domestic violence (DV) is a global prevalent health problem leading to adverse health consequences, yet health systems are often unprepared to address it. This article presents a comparative synthesis of the health system's pre-conditions necessary to enable integration of DV in health services in Brazil, Nepal, Sri Lanka and occupied Palestinian Territories (oPT). A cross-country, comparative analysis was conducted using a health systems readiness framework. Data collection involved multiple data sources, including qualitative interviews with various stakeholders; focus-group discussions with women; structured facility observations; and a survey with providers. Our findings highlight deficiencies in policy and practice that need to be addressed for an effective DV response. Common readiness gaps include unclear and limited guidance on DV, unsupportive leadership coupled with limited training and resources. Most providers felt unprepared, lacked guidance and felt unsupported and unprotected by managers and their health system. While in Brazil most providers felt they should respond to DV cases, many in Sri Lanka preferred not to. Such organizational and service delivery challenges, in turn, also affected how health providers responded to DV cases leaving them not confident, uncertain about their knowledge and unsure about their role. Furthermore, providers' personal beliefs and values on DV and gender norms also impacted their motivation and ability to respond, prompting some to become 'activists' while others were reluctant to intervene and prone to blame women. Our synthesis also pointed to a gap in women's use of health services for DV as they had low trust in providers. Our conceptual framework demonstrates the importance of having clear policies and highlights the need to engage leadership across every level of the system to reframe challenges and strengthen routine practices. Future research should also determine the ways in which women's understanding and needs related to DV help-seeking are addressed.
Assuntos
Violência Doméstica , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Feminino , Nepal , Violência Doméstica/prevenção & controle , Sri Lanka , Brasil , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Masculino , Entrevistas como Assunto , Adulto , LiderançaRESUMO
Testicular biopsies (9 mm3) from domestic cats (n = 10) submitted to orchiectomy were submitted to equilibrium vitrification in the presence of ethylene glycol (EG) alone or combined with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as intracellular cryoprotectants, and sucrose or trehalose as extracellular cryoprotectants. The samples were vitrified with 40% EG or 20% EG + 20% DMSO, plus 0.1 M or 0.5 M of sucrose or trehalose. The study was divided into Step 1 and Step 2. In Step 1, intratubular cells (spermatogonia, spermatids, spermatocytes, and Sertoli cells) were quantified and classified as intact or degenerated (pyknotic and/or vacuolated cells). Cryodamage of seminiferous cords was determined by spermatogonia and Sertoli cell scoring of nuclei alterations, tubular basement membrane detachment, epithelium shrinkage, and tubular measures (total area, epithelium area, larger and smaller diameter, and height of the epithelium). In Step 2, Hoechst 33342 stain and propidium iodide (PI) fluorescent stain were used to assess the cell viability of the four best experimental groups in Step 1. The effect of treatments on all analyses was accessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Fisher's post hoc test at P < 0.05 significance was considered. In Step 1, the mean percentage of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells morphological integrity did not show a difference when using both sugars at different concentrations, but their morphology was more affected when DMSO was used. EG use associated with 0.1 M of sucrose or trehalose positively affected spermatocyte and spermatid morphology, respectively. The larger diameter and epithelium height of seminiferous tubules were increased using DMSO plus 0.5 M sucrose and DMSO plus 0.1 M trehalose. The changes in spermatogonial/Sertoli nucleoli visualization were best scored in the EG groups, while the nuclei condensation was lower with sucrose. The basement membrane was satisfactorily preserved with 0.1 M sucrose. In Step 2, the percentage of cell viability was higher when EG plus 0.1 M sucrose was used. Therefore, DMSO's negative effect on the vitrification of testicular biopsies of adult domestic cats was evident. The EG plus 0.1 M of sucrose or trehalose associations are the most suitable CPAs to preserve the testicular histology structure of adult domestic cats in vitrification.
Assuntos
Criopreservação , Crioprotetores , Células de Sertoli , Testículo , Vitrificação , Animais , Masculino , Gatos , Testículo/citologia , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Crioprotetores/farmacologia , Criopreservação/veterinária , Criopreservação/métodos , Biópsia/métodos , Células de Sertoli/efeitos dos fármacos , Células de Sertoli/citologia , Espermatogônias/citologia , Espermatogônias/efeitos dos fármacos , Dimetil Sulfóxido/farmacologia , Etilenoglicol/farmacologia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sacarose/farmacologia , Trealose/farmacologiaRESUMO
Introdução: O cenário pandêmico trouxe à tona e de forma potencializada alguns indicadores preocupantes acerca da violência domésticacontra a mulher.Dessa maneira, questiona-se: a pandemia de COVID-19 provocou diferença no número de ocorrências de casos de Violência Doméstica?Objetivo:Comparar a ocorrência de casos de violência doméstica contra mulheres em um estado brasileiro nos períodos de 2015 a 2018 e 2019a 2021 segundo dados da Polícia Civil do estado.Metodologia:Trata-se de um estudo documental e descritivo, realizado com dados secundários. As informações foram colhidas através da ouvidoria da Polícia Civil em 11 de março de 2021,a partir dos registros de boletins de ocorrências policiais sobre violência doméstica contra a mulher dos anos de 2015 a 2021.Resultados:Durante os anos de 2015 a 2021 foram registrados um total de 26.671 boletins de ocorrência por violência contra a mulher. De 2015 a 2018,a média mensal foi de 360,1ocorrênciase durante a pandemia, de 2019 a 2021, a média mensal foi de 360,9ocorrências. Notou-se um discreto aumento na quantidade de boletins de ocorrência feito durante a pandemia deCOVID-19, com destaque para 2020, que apresentou média mensal de 387,4ocorrências, período mais recrudescido da pandemia. A principal violência perpetrada foi a lesão corporal dolosa principalmente contra mulheres de 18 a 24 anos, que trabalhavam em casa ou estavam desempregadas.Conclusão:Apesar da falta de diferenças expressivas entre os anos pré e pós-pandemia, a análise reforça a urgência de discutir os fatores subjacentes à violência contra a mulher, especialmente a violência doméstica. Destaca-se a importância de medidas preventivas e de apoio às vítimas para enfrentar esse problema social. É essencial promover políticas visando uma sociedade mais segura e igualitária para todas as mulheres (AU).
Introduction:The pandemic scenario has brought to light, and in a intesified manner, some concerning indicators regarding domestic violence against women. Thus, the question arises: did the COVID-19 pandemic make a difference in the number of domestic violence cases? Objective: To compare the occurrence of domestic violence cases against Brazilian women in the periods from 2015 to 2018 and 2019 to 2021 according to data from the state's Civil Police. Methodology: This is a documentary and descriptive study, conducted with secondary data. The information was collected through the Civil Police ombudsman on March 11, 2021, based on police reports of domestic violence against women from 2015 to 2021. Results: During the year of 2015 to 2021, a total of 26,671 police reports of violence against women were registered. From 2015 to 2018, the monthly average was 360.1 occurrences, and during the pandemic, from 2019 to 2021, the monthly average was 360.9 occurrences. There was a slight increase in the number of police reports during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a peak in 2020, which had a monthly average of 387.4 occurrences, the most intense period of the pandemic. The main violence perpetrated was intentional bodily harm, mainly against women aged 18 to 24, who were either working from home or unemployed. Conclusion: Despite the lack of significant differences between pre and post-pandemic years, the analysis reinforces the urgency of discussing the underlying factors of violence against women, especially domestic violence. The importance of preventive measures and support for victims to address this social problem is emphasized. It is essential to promote policies aimed at a more equal and safer society for all women (AU).
Introducción: El escenario pandémico ha sacado a la luz algunos indicadores preocupantes sobre la violencia doméstica contra las mujeres. Entonces, surge la pregunta: ¿la pandemia de COVID-19 ha provocado una diferencia en el número de ocurrencias de casos de Violencia Doméstica?Objetivo:Comparar la ocurrencia de casos de violencia doméstica contra las mujeres en un estado brasileño en los períodos de 2015 a2018 y de 2019 a 2021 según datos de la Policía Civil del estado. Metodología:Se trata de un estudio documental y descriptivo, realizado con datos secundarios. La información fue recabada a través de la Defensoría del Pueblo de la Policía Civil el 11 de marzo de 2021,a partir de los registros de las denuncias policiales sobre violencia intrafamiliar contra las mujeres de 2015 a 2021.Resultados:De 2015 a 2021 se presentaron un total de 26.671 denuncias policiales por violencia contra las mujeres. De 2015 a 2018, el promedio mensual fue de 360,1 ocurrencias y durante la pandemia, de 2019 a 2021, el promedio mensual fue de 360,9 ocurrencias. Hubo un ligero aumento en el número de denuncias policiales realizadas durante la pandemia de COVID-19, especialmente en 2020, que tuvo un promedio mensual de 387,4 ocurrencias, el período más severo de la pandemia. La principal violencia perpetrada fueron lesiones corporales intencionales, principalmente contra mujeres de 18 a 24 años, que trabajaban en el hogar o estaban desempleadas.Conclusión:A pesar de la falta de diferencias significativas entre los años pre y post pandemia, el análisis refuerza la urgencia de discutir los factores que subyacen a la violencia contra las mujeres, especialmente la violencia doméstica. Se destaca la importancia de las medidas preventivas y de apoyo a las víctimas para hacer frente a esta problemática social. Es esencial promover políticas encaminadas a lograr una sociedad más segura e igualitaria para todas las mujeres (AU).
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Violência Doméstica , Violência contra a Mulher , COVID-19 , Homicídio , Sub-Registro , Análise Documental , Direitos HumanosRESUMO
We estimate producer and consumer surplus changes due to a possible GM maize import ban in Chile, which produces only non-GM grains for internal use. Without foreign non-GM sources, the ban's effect on domestic maize prices would be so significant as to induce Chile to switch from net exporter to net importer of animal products. Fixed factor owners in farm production would benefit significantly, although non-GM maize imports would moderate gains. Total social welfare measures would decline considerably, requiring large offsetting noneconomic benefits for a ban's political viability. Without non-GM imports, internal maize prices would likely eliminate domestic animal product industries; with possible imports, industries and final consumers would suffer, but much less. Currently, the country is a net importer of grain and a net exporter of pork and poultry, and so most welfare losses on the demand side of the market for maize would be in terms of the economic rents generated by the pork and poultry sectors. International competition would protect final consumers to the extent that animal product imports based on GM feed were permitted.