RESUMO
High incidences of congenital syphilis have been reported in areas along the Pacific coast of Colombia. In this retrospective study, conducted during 2018-2022 at a public hospital in Buenaventura, Colombia, we analyzed data from 3,378 pregnant women. The opportunity to prevent congenital syphilis was missed in 53.1% of mothers because of the lack of syphilis screening. Characteristics of higher maternal social vulnerability and late access to prenatal care decreased the probability of having >1 syphilis screening test, thereby increasing the probability of having newborns with congenital syphilis. In addition, the opportunity to prevent congenital syphilis was missed in 41.5% of patients with syphilis because of the lack of treatment, which also increased the probability of having newborns with congenital syphilis. We demonstrate the urgent need to improve screening and treatment capabilities for maternal syphilis, particularly among pregnant women who are more socially vulnerable.
Assuntos
Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Sífilis Congênita , Humanos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Sífilis Congênita/prevenção & controle , Sífilis Congênita/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Recém-Nascido , Adulto Jovem , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Programas de Rastreamento , Sífilis/epidemiologia , Sífilis/prevenção & controle , Incidência , Adolescente , História do Século XXIRESUMO
Resumo O objetivo deste ensaio é apresentar o conceito de corpos diz-sonantes e dar visibilidade a esses corpos no campo da saúde coletiva, a partir de perspectivas anti-coloniais e queers. São corpos muitas vezes considerados dissidentes, cujas existências consideradas abjetas, descartáveis e marginalizadas, pela sociedade neoliberal e necropolítica são apresentadas como outras possibilidades frente às lógicas e estratégias políticas de reprodução hegemônica da vida-capital e nas políticas de saúde. Debate tensionamentos de novas possibilidades e alternativas de modos outros de existências e de mundos inclusivos, em que todas as vidas sejam consideradas, em suas singularidades e diferenças, radicalmente iguais na validação dos seus modos de viver.
Abstract This essay aims to present the concept of dissonant bodies and give visibility to these bodies in the field of public health from anti-colonial and queer perspectives. These bodies are often considered dissidents. Their existence is considered abject, disposable, and marginalized by neoliberal and necropolitical society. It is presented as another possibility in the face of the logic and political strategies of hegemonic reproduction of capital-life and health policies. It debates tensions of new possibilities and alternatives of other modes of existence and inclusive worlds, in which all lives are considered, in their singularities and differences, radically equal in the validation of their ways of living.
RESUMO
How do we know if a faculty teaching evaluation is biased? Biasing factors studies are an influential source of evidence for arguing about biased teaching evaluations. These studies examine existing evaluation data and compare the results by gender, race, or ethnicity, interpreting a significant difference between subgroups as evidence of bias. However, only a difference explained by irrelevant aspects embedded in the evaluation would compromise its fairness. The study aims to amend how practitioners and researchers address gender bias concerns in faculty teaching evaluations by defining fairness, disparate impact, and statistical bias from an educational measurement standpoint. The study illustrates the use of differential item functioning (DIF) analysis, a strategy to examine whether the meaning of an item changes depending on the gender of the instructor. The study examines instructor's gender bias using responses to a course evaluation questionnaire from education graduate students from two academic departments within the same institution. In one of the departments, the analysis suggested a fair evaluation and no gender gap. In the other department, four of the eight items in the rating scale were easier for women than men with similar teaching ability, and women achieved better evaluations than men. The discussion addresses the conceptual and methodological advantages of adopting an educational measurement perspective on fairness in faculty teaching evaluation. Findings encourage practitioners and administrators to use the best available tools to strengthen the credibility of faculty teaching evaluations and prevent unfair personnel decisions affecting underrepresented subgroups in academia by gender, race, or ethnicity.
RESUMO
The sexual exploitation of children and adolescents is a frequently underestimated health problem which includes transactional sex (TS), or the practice of sexual activity based on an expected return of benefits, favours and/or support in some form. This qualitative study focuses on age-disparate transactional sex (ATS) in urban favela communities of Rio de Janeiro between adult men (over 18) and girls and adolescents (G/A) (under 18), involving a minimum 5-year age disparity. We have employed social norms theory as a framework to identify the prevailing social norms contributing to or protecting children and adolescents from these relationships. Data collection utilised semi-structured interviews (n = 30) and ten focus groups with a total of 130 men/boys and women/girls selected through purposive sampling and varying in age from 15 to 65. Overall the findings identify factors, especially the essentialisation of gender, which promote the acceptability of ATS. When ATS surpassed the acceptability threshold, social norms discouraged direct interference. Concluding remarks point to possible strategies for reducing the occurrence of ATS. These must include girls, boys, women and men with community involvement in the deconstruction of social norms involving gender, age and economic consumption.