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Objective Based on the relationship between sleep and sports performance, the present study aimed to evaluate sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness among adult CrossFit (CrossFit, LLC, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) practitioners and to verify possible associations with intestinal health. Methods This cross-sectional study involved males and females aged ≥ 18 years who had been regularly practicing CrossFit for at least 3 months. This survey used an online questionnaire addressing demographic and socioeconomic data, disease history, dietary characteristics, and questions regarding CrossFit. To assess intestinal health, the ROME IV Consensus Criteria and Bristol Scale were used. The Pittsburgh International Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-BR) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale were used to assess sleep quality. Results A total of 1,090 people (73.3% females) with a mean age of 31.2 ± 7.5 years were included. Considering the diagnosis of constipation, 36.9% of the patients were classified as constipated, especially females when compared with males ( p < 0.001). On the sleepiness scale, 22.4% of the volunteers showed excessive daytime sleepiness, which was also observed more frequently among females ( p = 0.013). In the PSQI-BR, 47.4% of participants were classified as having poor sleep quality (poor sleepers). The overall PSQI-BR score was 5.81 ± 2.85, with no difference between males and females ( p = 0.360). There was a positive correlation between the PSQI-BR global score and a diagnosis of constipation and excessive daytime sleepiness. There was a negative correlation between the stool type on the Bristol scale and the PSQI-BR global score. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that sleep quality was poor among CrossFit users, especially females, which can compromise their training performance.

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Introduction: Physical exercise has been shown to have a favorable impact on the health of the individual. Its combination with other healthy lifestyles can positively impact various areas, including sleep quality. Objective: To determine the frequency of excessive daytime sleepiness in older adults of a municipal physical activity program in Santiago de Cali, Colombia. Methodology: Cross-sectional study that included 605 older adults from a community program of the Secretary of Recreation and Sports of the City of Cali, Colombia, during October 2018 and June 2019. To determine the presence of excessive daytime sleepiness, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale was used. Results: 81.5% of the population was female with a mean age of 73±8 years. The prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness was 10.5%. Significant differences were only found in the frequency of excessive daytime sleepiness by socioeconomic stratum, being more common in the low socioeconomic stratum (13% vs 4% P=0.03). Conclusion: Excessive daytime sleepiness is a phenomenon that affects older adults; however, its frequency may be lower in those who are physically active.

Introducción: El ejercicio físico ha demostrado tener un impacto favorable en la salud del individuo. Su combinación con otros estilos de vida saludable, puede impactar de forma positiva diversas áreas entre las que se encuentra la calidad del sueño. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de somnolencia diurna excesiva en adultos mayores de un programa municipal de actividad física de Santiago de Cali, Colombia. Metodología: Estudio de corte trasversal que incluyó 605 adultos mayores de un programa comunitario de la Secretaría de Recreación y Deporte de la Ciudad de Cali, Colombia, durante octubre de 2018 y junio de 2019. Para determinar la presencia de somnolencia diurna excesiva se usó la escala de somnolencia Epworth. Resultados: El 81,5% de la población era de sexo femenino con una edad promedio de 73±8 años. La prevalencia de somnolencia diurna excesiva fue del 10,5%.  Sólo se encontró diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de somnolencia diurna excesiva por estrato socioeconómico, siendo más habitual en el bajo (13% vs 4% P=0,03). Conclusión: La somnolencia diurna excesiva es un fenómeno que afecta los adultos mayores, sin embargo, su frecuencia puede ser menor en aquellos que realizan actividad física.

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O sono é um estado essencial para sobrevivência humana, ele exerce função biológica, restauradora e de conservação energética do organismo, promovendo equilíbrio físico e mental. Alta prevalência da má qualidade de sono e sonolência diurna excessiva (SDE) têm sido relatadas por estudantes universitários de diversos cursos, ocasionando prejuízos na concentração e queda dos rendimentos acadêmicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de sono, a SDE e suas possíveis associações com sintomas depressivos em estudantes de odontologia. Foi realizado um estudo transversal e descritivo com 251 alunos do curso de odontologia da Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Ceará. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh (IQSP), Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ESE) e Inventário de Depressão de Beck (IDB). Verificou-se uma alta prevalência de má qualidade de sono (53,4%) e SDE (35,1%) entre os estudantes, sem diferença significante em relação ao sexo para ambas. Foi encontrada correlação positiva entre IDB com IQSP e ESE (r = 0,478; p = 0,000 e r = 0,202; p = 0,000, respectivamente). Os resultados mostraram uma alta prevalência de má qualidade de sono e SDE e ambos os achados apresentaram associação com sintomas depressivos.

Sleep is an essential state for human survival. It has a biological, restorative and energy conservation function for the organism, promoting physical and mental balance. A high prevalence of poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) has been reported among university students from different courses, causing impaired concentration and a drop in academic performance. This study evaluates sleep quality, EDS and their possible associations with depressive symptoms in dentistry students. A cross-sectional descriptive research was conducted with 251 students from the Dentistry Course at the School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará. Variables of interest were assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results show a high prevalence of poor sleep quality (53.4%) and EDS (35.1%) among students, with no significant difference regarding gender. BDI had a positive correlation with PSQI and ESS (r= 0.478, p= 0.000; and r= 0.202, p =0.000, respectively). Both findings were associated with depressive symptoms.

El sueño es un estado esencial para la supervivencia humana, tiene una función biológica, reparadora y de conservación de energía para el organismo, favoreciendo el equilibrio físico y mental. Se ha reportado una alta prevalencia de mala calidad del sueño y somnolencia diurna excesiva (SDE) en estudiantes universitarios de diferentes carreras que provoca alteración de la concentración y caída del rendimiento académico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad del sueño, la SDE y sus posibles asociaciones con síntomas depresivos en estudiantes de odontología. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 251 estudiantes de la carrera de Odontología de la Facultad de Farmacia, Odontología y Enfermería de la Universidad Federal de Ceará. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Índice de Calidad del Sueño de Pittsburgh (PSQI), la Escala de Somnolencia de Epworth (ESS) y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI). Hubo una alta prevalencia de mala calidad del sueño (53,4%) y SDE (35,1%) entre los estudiantes, sin diferencia significativa en relación con el género para ambos. Se encontró una correlación positiva entre BDI con PSQI y ESS (r= 0,478; p= 0,000 y r= 0,202; p = 0,000, respectivamente). Los resultados mostraron una alta prevalencia de mala calidad del sueño y SDE, y ambos hallazgos se asociaron con síntomas depresivos.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate excessive daytime sleepiness prevalence among nursing technicians and the association with sleep quality and memory. Methods: a cross-sectional, inferential study, carried out in a hospital unit in the state of Goiás between December 2020 and January 2021. Assessments were carried out using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire, instruments validated for the Brazilian context. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyzes were performed. Results: the sample consisted of 189 nursing technicians with a 40.9% excessive daytime sleepiness prevalence. In multivariate models, excessive daytime sleepiness was not associated with sleep quality, however there was a significant association with overall memory failures. Conclusions: study results demonstrate a high excessive daytime sleepiness occurrence, an association with overall memory failures and the need for psychosocial interventions for nursing technicians.

RESUMEN Objetivo: investigar la prevalencia de somnolencia diurna excesiva entre técnicos de enfermería y la asociación con la calidad del sueño y la memoria. Métodos: estudio transversal, inferencial, realizado en una unidad hospitalaria del estado de Goiás entre diciembre de 2020 y enero de 2021. Las evaluaciones se realizaron mediante la Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index y Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire, instrumentos validados para el contexto brasileño. Se realizaron análisis de regresión logística bivariados y multivariados. Resultados: la muestra estuvo compuesta por 189 técnicos de enfermería con una prevalencia de 40,9% de somnolencia diurna excesiva. En modelos multivariados, la somnolencia diurna excesiva no se asoció con la calidad del sueño, sin embargo, hubo una asociación significativa con fallas generales de memoria. Conclusiones: los resultados del estudio demuestran una alta ocurrencia de somnolencia diurna excesiva, asociación con fallas de memoria general y la necesidad de intervenciones psicosociales para los técnicos de enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar a prevalência de sonolência diurna excessiva entre técnicos de enfermagem e a associação com a qualidade do sono e memória. Métodos: estudo transversal, inferencial, realizado em uma unidade hospitalar no estado de Goiás entre dezembro de 2020 e janeiro de 2021. As avaliações foram realizadas por meio da Epworth Sleepiness Scale, do Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index e da Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire, instrumentos validados para o contexto brasileiro. Foram realizadas análises de regressão logística bivariada e multivariada. Resultados: a amostra composta por 189 técnicos de enfermagem com prevalência de 40,9% de sonolência diurna excessiva. Em modelos multivariados, a sonolência diurna excessiva não associou com a qualidade do sono, no entanto houve associação significativa com falhas de memória geral. Conclusões: os resultados do estudo demonstram elevada ocorrência de sonolência diurna excessiva, associação com falhas de memória geral e a necessidade de intervenções psicossociais para técnicos de enfermagem.

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El síndrome de apneas obstructivas del sueño (SAOS) es un problema de salud prevalente y a menudo subdiagnosticado en el adulto mayor. Objetivos: Describir las características clínicas y trastornos del sueño en el adulto mayor de 65 años comparado con una cohorte de adultos jóvenes con SAOS (18-64 años). Métodos: Estudio clínico prospectivo realizado en sujetos roncadores atendidos en una clínica del sueño, a quienes se administraron cuestionarios de sueño y se realizó una poligrafía respiratoria o polisomnografía para confirmar el diagnóstico de SAOS. Se comparó las características clínicas y trastornos respiratorios del sueño en ambas cohortes. Resultados: Se evaluaron 1.512 pacientes, edad media: 56 ± 14 años, 70% varones, 91,2% tenían comorbilidades y 70,3% tenían SAOS moderada-severa. Los síntomas clásicos de SAOS fueron menos reportados en el adulto mayor: ronquidos (81,2% vs 86,4%, p < 0,02), apneas presenciadas (69,6% vs 79,8%, p < 0,001), fatigabilidad diurna (54,8% vs 77,3%, p < 0,001), sueño poco reparador (75,6% vs 89,6%, p < 0,001), sofocación nocturna (38,1% vs 50,7%, p < 0,001) y somnolencia diurna excesiva (43,9% vs 51,2%, p < 0,013). En el adulto mayor fueron más frecuentes las comorbilidades, especialmente cardiovascular, respiratorias y metabólicas crónicas; mientras que la obesidad objetivada por datos antropométricos (índice de masa corporal, perímetro cervical e índice cintura-cadera), índice de microdespertares, índice de desaturación (ID3%) y el índice de apneas-hipopneas fueron similares en ambos grupos. La magnitud de la hipoxemia nocturna objetivada en la oximetría de pulso (SaO2 media, SaO2 mínima y CT90%) fue superior en el adulto mayor. Conclusión: Las manifestaciones clínicas, comorbilidades y trastornos respiratorios del sueño son diferentes en el adulto mayor con síndrome de apneas obstructivas del sueño, lo cual debería ser considerado en el proceso diagnóstico y la planificación del tratamiento.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a prevalent and often underdiagnosed health problem in the elderly. Objectives: To describe clinical characteristics and sleep disorders in adults over 65 years-old compared to a cohort of young adults (18-64 years-old) with OSAS. Methods: Prospective clinical study carried out in snoring subjects attended in a sleep clinic, to whom sleep questionnaires were administered and respiratory polygraphy or polysomnography was performed to confirm the diagnosis of OSAS. Clinical characteristics and sleep-disordered breathing were compared among both cohorts. Results: 1,512 patients were evaluated, mean age: 56 ± 14 years, 70% male, 91.2% had comorbidities and 70.3% had moderate-severe OSAS. The classic symptoms of OSAS were less reported in older adults: snoring (81.2% vs 86.4%, p < 0.02), witnessed apneas (69.6% vs 79.8%, p < 0.001), daytime fatigue (54.8% vs 77.3%, p < 0.001), unrefreshing sleep (75.6% vs 89.6%, p < 0.001), nocturnal choking (38.1% vs 50.7%, p < 0.001) and excessive daytime sleepiness (43.9% vs 51.2%, p < 0.013). In the elderly, comorbidities were more frequent, especially chronic cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic diseases; while obesity as measured by anthropometric data (body mass index, cervical circumference and waist-hip ratio), microarousal index, desaturation index (ID3%) and apnea-hypopnea index were similar in both groups. The magnitude of nocturnal hypoxemia observed in pulse oximetry (mean SaO2, minimum SaO2 and CT90%) was higher in the elderly. Conclusion: Clinical manifestations, comorbidities and sleep breathing disorders are different in the elderly with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, which should be considered in the diagnostic process and treatment planning.

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Objetivo: Identificar estudos sobre políticas públicas, ações de saúde e análises econômicas relacionados aos distúrbios de sono no Brasil e discutir os seus resultados para o sistema de saúde, gestores de políticas públicas e a sociedade. Métodos: Revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados Lilacs (via BVS), SciELO e PubMed (via Medline), incluindo estudos publicados nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, entre os anos de 1960-2023; foram excluídos estudos que não apresentaram a perspectiva brasileira ou aqueles cuja versão integral não estava disponível (seja gratuitamente ou na versão paga). Resultados: A busca retornou 536 resultados, dos quais apenas dois atendiam aos critérios de inclusão e mais cinco trabalhos foram incluídos manualmente, após consulta com especialistas de sono (todos abordaram apneia obstrutiva do sono, sendo: um relato sobre alteração na legislação de trânsito focada em prevenção de acidentes por sonolência excessiva; uma revisão de escopo sobre análises de custo-efetividade do tratamento da doença com uso de CPAP; dois relatos sobre linha de cuidado em um município e outros três em Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde). Conclusões: A revisão integrativa encontrou poucas evidências acerca do tema e aponta para a necessidade de futuros estudos que visem a suprir essa lacuna científica e de que seja necessário o desenvolvimento de futura linha de cuidado que amplie o acesso ao tratamento de doenças do sono no Sistema Único de Saúde.

Objective: To identify studies on public policies, health actions, and economic analyses related to sleep disorders in Brazil and discuss their results for public policy managers and society. Methods: Integrative literature review using Lilacs (via BVS), SciELO, and PubMed (via Medline) databases, including studies published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish languages, between years of 1960-2023; studies that did not present the Brazilian perspective or whose full version was not available were excluded (free or paid version). Results: The search returned 536 results, of which only two met the inclusion criteria, and five more studies were included manually after consulting sleep experts (all addressing obstructive sleep apnea, namely: a report on changes in traffic legislation focused on preventing accidents caused by excessive sleepiness; a scoping review on cost-effectiveness analysis of CPAP for sleep apnea treatment; two reports on care lines in one municipality and another three in State Secretariats). Conclusions: The integrative review found few evidences on the topic and points to the need for future studies aimed at filling this scientific gap and the development of a care line that expands access to sleep disorder treatment in Brazilian Public Health System.

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Abstract Introduction Tinnitus is a conscious perception of a sound resulting from abnormal activity within the nervous system. A relevant percentage of tinnitus patients report symptoms severe enough to significantly affect quality of life, including sleep disorders. Objectives To analyze the sleep quality, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in participants with tinnitus. Methods The sample comprised 18 adults and older adults aged between 18 and 85 years old (mean age = 58.7 ± 17.5 years old), females and males, with complaint of continuous tinnitus for > 1 month. The instruments used were the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) questionnaire, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the STOP-Bang questionnaire. Results By means of the THI questionnaire, the tinnitus severity degree reported by most participants was mild (27.8%) and moderate (27.8%), having a positive (r = 0.582) and significant (0.011) correlation to sleep quality, measured by means of the Pittsburgh questionnaire. There was a positive correlation between the Insomnia Severity Index and tinnitus handicap (r = 0.499; p = 0.035). A total of 72.2% of the participants self-assessed their sleep quality as poor, in addition to moderate insomnia (27.8%), although there is low risk of OSA (66.7%), without complaints of excessive daytime sleepiness (72.2%). Conclusion Subjects with tinnitus complaint self-rated their sleep quality as poor. Moreover, the higher the reported tinnitus handicap, the greater the symptoms of insomnia. There was no influence of tinnitus in relation to daytime sleepiness and no relationship between the severity of tinnitus and the risk of OSA.

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Introduction Tinnitus is a conscious perception of a sound resulting from abnormal activity within the nervous system. A relevant percentage of tinnitus patients report symptoms severe enough to significantly affect quality of life, including sleep disorders. Objective To analyze the sleep quality, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in participants with tinnitus. Methods The sample comprised 18 adults and older adults aged between 18 and 85 years old (mean age = 58.7 ± 17.5 years old), females and males, with complaint of continuous tinnitus for > 1 month. The instruments used were the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) questionnaire, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the STOP-Bang questionnaire. Results By means of the THI questionnaire, the tinnitus severity degree reported by most participants was mild (27.8%) and moderate (27.8%), having a positive (r = 0.582) and significant (0.011) correlation to sleep quality, measured by means of the Pittsburgh questionnaire. There was a positive correlation between the Insomnia Severity Index and tinnitus handicap (r = 0.499; p = 0.035). A total of 72.2% of the participants self-assessed their sleep quality as poor, in addition to moderate insomnia (27.8%), although there is low risk of OSA (66.7%), without complaints of excessive daytime sleepiness (72.2%). Conclusion Subjects with tinnitus complaint self-rated their sleep quality as poor. Moreover, the higher the reported tinnitus handicap, the greater the symptoms of insomnia. There was no influence of tinnitus in relation to daytime sleepiness and no relationship between the severity of tinnitus and the risk of OSA.

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Abstract Background Some studies show an association between the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (ApoEε4) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and other studies, an association between ApoEε4 and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), but there are no data in the literature on the interaction between EDS, cognitive function, and ApoEε4 in patients with OSA. Objective To examine the cognitive function of adults with and without EDS and with and without ApoEε4. Methods A total of 21 male and female patients aged between 33 and 79 years, underwent a clinical interview, ApoE genotyping, neuropsychological evaluation, polysomnography, and the application of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Results Excessive daytime sleepiness was associated with lower intelligence quotient (IQ; total performance) and worse immediate visual memory, regardless of the ApoE genotype. Patients carrying the ApoEε3/ε4 genotype had a worse performance in divided attention, constructional praxis, perceptual organization, and cognitive flexibility. A combination of the ε4 allele and EDS potentiates the negative effect on cognition, except for immediate visual memory. In this case, patients had a worse performance in terms of processing speed, selective attention, and visuomotor coordination. Conclusions Excessive daytime sleepiness and the ApoEε3/ε4 genotype are associated with worse cognitive performance in OSA patients. The combination of EDS and ε4 allele potentiates cognitive impairment.

Resumo Antecedentes Alguns estudos mostram uma associação entre o alelo ε4 da apolipoproteina E (ApoEε4) e a síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS), e outros, entre ApoEε4 e a sonolência excessiva diurna (SED), mas não há dados na literatura sobre a interação entre SED, função cognitiva e ApoEε4 em pacientes com SAOS. Objetivo Avaliar a função cognitiva em adultos com SAOS com e sem SED e com e sem ApoEε4. Métodos Ao todo, 21 pacientes, de 33 a 79 anos, homens e mulheres, foram avaliados clinicamente, e submetidos a genotipagem ApoE, avaliação neuropsicológica, polissonografia, e aplicação da Escala de Sonolência de Epworth. Resultados A SED esteve associada com menor quociente de inteligência (QI; desempenho geral) e pior memória visual imediata, independentemente do genótipo ApoE. Pacientes com genótipo ApoEε3/ε4 apresentaram pior desempenho na atenção dividida, praxe construcional, organização perceptiva e flexibilidade cognitiva. A combinação do alelo ε4 com a SED potencializa esse efeito deletério na cognição, exceto na memória visual imediata. Nesse caso, os pacientes tiveram uma menor velocidade de processamento cognitivo, e piores atenção seletiva e coordenação visiomotora. Conclusões A SED e o genótipo ApoEε3/ε4 estão associados a um pior desempenho cognitivo em pacientes com SAOS. A combinação de SED e do alelo ε4 potencializa esse efeito.

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Objetivo : Determinar la variación de la calidad de vida en pacientes con Síndrome de Apnea Hipopnea Obstructiva del Sueño leve moderado, luego del tratamiento con Dispositivo de Avance Mandibular a una altitud de 3259 msnm. Métodos : Estudio prospectivo, cuasi-experimental. Se incluyeron sujetos con índice de Disturbio Respiratorio (IDR) entre 5 y 30 /hora (medido con poligrafía respiratoria), sin tratamientos previos, que presentaban condiciones para el uso del DAM. Se valoró calidad de vida con el FOSQ (Functional Outcomes Sleep Questionnaire) antes y después de 45 días de tratamiento con DAM. Resultados: 26 completaron el estudio (20 varones). La media (DE) de edad fue: 43 (9.6) años, IMC: 29 (8.6) kg/m2 e IDR: 19 (7.6) /h. Luego de 45 días, se observaron cambios significativos, en el FOSQ (total, dimensiones de productividad general, producción social, nivel de actividad, vigilia y relaciones íntimas/actividad sexual) p <0.001. La media del IDR descendió de 19 (7.6) a 7 (3.8) (p <0.001), la desaturación mínima de O2 incrementó de 77 % (5.2) a 83 % (3.9) (p <0.001), el T90 descendió de 73 % (15.4) a 31 % (16.6) (p <0.001) y el Epworth disminuyó de 11.2 (4.6) a 6.4 (3.5) (p <0.001). Conclusiones : En pacientes con SAHOS leve moderado el tratamiento con DAM produce mejoría significativa en su calidad de vida, reduce nivel de enfermedad expresado en descenso del IDR, mejora el nivel oxigenación y reduce la somnolencia diurna expresado en disminución del puntaje Epworth.

Objective: To determine the variation of the Quality of Life in patients with mild to moderate Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome, after treatment with the Mandibular Advancement Device at an altitude of 3259 masl. Methods: Prospective, quasi-experimental study. Subjects with respiratory disturbance index (RDI) between 5 and 30 / hour (measured with respiratory polygraphy), without previous treatments, with conditions for the use of MAD were included. The quality of life was assessed with the FOSQ (questionnaire of functional sleep results) before and after 45 days of treatment with MAD. Results: 26 completed the study (20 males). The mean (SD) of the age was 43 (9.6) years, BMI was 29 (8.6) kg / m2, and the RDI was 19 (7.6) / hour. After 45 day, significant changes were observed, with respect to the baseline values, in the FOSQ score (total calculation, general productivity, social outcome, activity level, vigilance and intimate relationships/sexual activity, p <0.001). The mean RDI decreased from 19 (7.6) to 7 (3.8) (p <0.001), the minimum desaturation of O2 increased from 77 (5.2) to 83 (3.9) (p <0.001), the T90 decreased from 73 (15.4) to 31 (16.6) (p <0.001) y Epworth's score decreased from 11.2 (4.6) to 6.4 (3.5) (p <0.001). Conclusions : In patients with mild-moderate OSA, treatment with MAD produces significant improvement in their quality of life, reduces the level of disease expressed in decreased RDI, improves oxygenation level and reduces daytime sleepiness expressed in decreased Epworth score.

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Fatigue is a non-motor symptom of high prevalence in Parkinson's disease (PD); however, it is still unknown and neglected by health professionals. Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate the prevalence of fatigue in patients with PD after excluding confounding factors, as well as its correlation with clinical and demographic data, and to find its negative impact on the quality of life of these patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 237 randomly selected patients. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 53 patients, who were then submitted to the Fatigue Severity Scale. Clinical and demographic data were also analyzed, comparing them between patients with and without fatigue. Results: We identified fatigue in 21 (39.62%) patients. Patients with and without fatigue had similar mean scores on the UPDRS-III (p=0.36), equivalent daily dose of levodopa (p=0.94), mean disease duration (p=0.43), and mean age (p<0.99). Fatigued patients had worse quality of life scores (PDQ-39) (p=0.00). We did not observe a correlation between fatigue, duration of illness (r=0.11; p=0.43), age (r=0.00; p=0.99), and UPDRS-III (r=0.20; p=0.16). Conclusions: Fatigue is a highly prevalent and independent symptom of PD. There is no correlation between age, mean duration of disease, motor impairment, and its presence. It has a negative impact on quality of life.

A fadiga é um sintoma não motor de elevada prevalência na doença de Parkinson, no entanto ela ainda é desconhecida e negligenciada por profissionais de saúde. Objetivo: Demonstrar a prevalência de fadiga em pacientes com doença de Parkinson após a exclusão de fatores de confusão, bem como sua correlação com dados clínicos e demográficos, comprovando seu impacto negativo na qualidade de vida desses pacientes. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 237 pacientes selecionados aleatoriamente. De acordo com critérios de inclusão e exclusão, escolhemos 53 pacientes, que foram então submetidos à Escala de Gravidade de Fadiga. Analisaram-se também dados clínicos e demográficos, comparando-os entre os pacientes com e sem fadiga. Resultados: Identificamos fadiga em 21 pacientes (39,62%). Pacientes com e sem fadiga apresentaram pontuação média semelhante na Escala Unificada de Avaliação para Doença de Parkinson (UPDRS-III) (p=0,36), dose diária equivalente de levodopa (p=0,94), tempo médio de duração da doença (p=0,43) e idade média (p<0,99). Pacientes fatigados apresentaram piores índices de qualidade de vida (Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire - PDQ-39) (p=0,00). Não observamos correlação entre fadiga, tempo de doença (r=0,11; p=0,43), idade (r=0,00; p=0,99) e UPDRS-III (r=0,20; p=0,16). Conclusões: A fadiga é um sintoma de alta prevalência e independente na doença de Parkinson. Não há correlação entre idade, tempo médio de duração da doença, comprometimento motor e sua presença. Possui impacto negativo na qualidade de vida.

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ABSTRACT. Fatigue is a non-motor symptom of high prevalence in Parkinson's disease (PD); however, it is still unknown and neglected by health professionals. Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate the prevalence of fatigue in patients with PD after excluding confounding factors, as well as its correlation with clinical and demographic data, and to find its negative impact on the quality of life of these patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 237 randomly selected patients. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 53 patients, who were then submitted to the Fatigue Severity Scale. Clinical and demographic data were also analyzed, comparing them between patients with and without fatigue. Results: We identified fatigue in 21 (39.62%) patients. Patients with and without fatigue had similar mean scores on the UPDRS-III (p=0.36), equivalent daily dose of levodopa (p=0.94), mean disease duration (p=0.43), and mean age (p<0.99). Fatigued patients had worse quality of life scores (PDQ-39) (p=0.00). We did not observe a correlation between fatigue, duration of illness (r=0.11; p=0.43), age (r=0.00; p=0.99), and UPDRS-III (r=0.20; p=0.16). Conclusions: Fatigue is a highly prevalent and independent symptom of PD. There is no correlation between age, mean duration of disease, motor impairment, and its presence. It has a negative impact on quality of life.

RESUMO. A fadiga é um sintoma não motor de elevada prevalência na doença de Parkinson, no entanto ela ainda é desconhecida e negligenciada por profissionais de saúde. Objetivo: Demonstrar a prevalência de fadiga em pacientes com doença de Parkinson após a exclusão de fatores de confusão, bem como sua correlação com dados clínicos e demográficos, comprovando seu impacto negativo na qualidade de vida desses pacientes. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 237 pacientes selecionados aleatoriamente. De acordo com critérios de inclusão e exclusão, escolhemos 53 pacientes, que foram então submetidos à Escala de Gravidade de Fadiga. Analisaram-se também dados clínicos e demográficos, comparando-os entre os pacientes com e sem fadiga. Resultados: Identificamos fadiga em 21 pacientes (39,62%). Pacientes com e sem fadiga apresentaram pontuação média semelhante na Escala Unificada de Avaliação para Doença de Parkinson (UPDRS-III) (p=0,36), dose diária equivalente de levodopa (p=0,94), tempo médio de duração da doença (p=0,43) e idade média (p<0,99). Pacientes fatigados apresentaram piores índices de qualidade de vida (Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire - PDQ-39) (p=0,00). Não observamos correlação entre fadiga, tempo de doença (r=0,11; p=0,43), idade (r=0,00; p=0,99) e UPDRS-III (r=0,20; p=0,16). Conclusões: A fadiga é um sintoma de alta prevalência e independente na doença de Parkinson. Não há correlação entre idade, tempo médio de duração da doença, comprometimento motor e sua presença. Possui impacto negativo na qualidade de vida.

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Introduction: Currently, daytime sleepiness is a prevalent condition worldwide. Locally validated instruments for measuring sleepiness are required. The objective of this study was to validate a version of the Karolinska sleepiness scale that was translated into the Spanish spoken in Colombia. Methods: Individuals who attended a sleep laboratory for a polysomnography study and people in the general population were included. The validation process was performed in 6 phases: translation and back translation of the original version of the scale (English), face validity (n=13), pilot test (n=20), criteria validity (n=139) by means of polysomnography and the Epworth sleepiness scale, reproducibility (n=34), and sensitivity to change (n=40). Results: Regarding its discriminant validity, the Colombian version of the Karolinska sleepiness scale is correlated with the Epworth sleepiness scale, provided that a Mann-Whitney z=2661 (p=0.0078) was obtained. The scale has an acceptable reproducibility, Spearman Rho=0.55 (p=0.0002), and sensitivity to change, as shown through a two-tailed t test (p=0.0000). Conclusions: The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale was successfully adapted to the Spanish variation spoken in Colombian and to the conditions of adult Colombians; thus, it constitutes a valid, reliable, and easy to use instrument for the assessment of patients with hypersomnia.

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Introducción: El método de referencia para diagnosticar el síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) es la polisomnografía, esta no es diagnóstica en otros trastornos respiratorios del sueño, por lo que es necesario la implementación de puntajes predictivos para diferenciar aquellos pacientes que tienen más riesgos de padecer SAHOS y necesiten de una polisomnografía. El objetivo de este estudio fue validar el puntaje NoSAS y la escala de Berlín frente a la polisomnografía tipo 1 en pacientes con sospecha de SAHOS. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de pruebas diagnósticas. A 264 pacientes se les realizó una polisomnografía basal, la aplicación del puntaje NoSAS y la escala de Berlín; luego, se hizo el análisis de las pruebas diagnósticas y se calculó el rendimiento de cada una en relación con el índice de apnea hipopnea (IAH). Resultados: La sensibilidad del puntaje NoSAS para un IAH ≥ 20 fue 88,57% con intervalo de confianza (IC) 95% 80,4-96,74; especificidad 56,70 %; IC 95% 49,47-63,93 y valor predictivo negativo (VPN) de 93,22, IC 95% 91,70- 99,82. Para la escala de Berlín, la sensibilidad fue de 81,43%, IC 95% 71,60-91,25; especificidad de 58,76%, IC 95% 51,58-65,95 y VPN 89,76%, IC 95% 89,08-98,32. Conclusión: Se demostró que el puntaje NoSAS y la escala de Berlín tienen una buena sensibilidad para descartar a las personas con un menor riesgo de SAHOS. Un paciente clasificado de bajo riesgo probablemente está sano o tiene bajo riesgo para SAHOS moderado a severo y no requeriría de una polisomnografía inicial.

Introduction: The gold standard for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is the polysomnography, and it is not a diagnostic tool for another sleep breathing disorders, so that it is necessary to implement predictive scores to differentiate those patients who have more risk of suffering OSAHS, therefore they need a polysomnography. The aim to this study was to validate the NoSAS score and Berlin scale in relation to the polysomnography type 1, in patients who have the clinical suspicion of OSAHS. Material and methods: Diagnostic tests study. 264 patients underwent polysomnography, and the NoSAS score and Berlin scale were applied to them. After that, the diagnostic tests analysis was done and the performance of each one of them was calculated in relation to the apnea- hypopnea index (AHI). Results: The sensitivity of the NoSAS score for an AHI ≥ 20 was 88.57%, confidence interval (CI) 95% (80.4-96.74), specificity 56.70 %, CI 95% (49.47-63.93), and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 93.22, CI 95% (91.70-99.82). For Berlin scale the sensitivity was 81.43%, CI 95% (71.60-91.25), specificity 58.76%, CI 95% (51.58-65.95) and NPV 89.76%, CI 95% (89.08-98.32). Conclusions: It was shown that NoSAS score and Berlin scale have a good sensitivity to rule out people who have less OSAHS risk. A patient classified as low risk, probably is healthy or at low risk for moderate to severe OSAHS and would not require an initial polysomnography.

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El síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) es un trastorno respiratorio común asociado con múltiples consecuencias adversas para la salud y su prevalencia ha aumentado en paralelo con el aumento de la obesidad en la población. MÉTODOS: revisión sistemática que examina los estudios de prevalencia de SAHOS en la población general. Se incluyeron los estudios transversales y los componentes transversales de los estudios longitudinales que midieron objetivamente la prevalencia de SAHOS en adultos empleando instrumentos de laboratorio. Se evaluaron cuarenta estudios poblacionales de las 8.876 publicaciones encontradas en la búsqueda sistemática realizada en PubMed y otras bases de datos. RESULTADOS: Se ha observado importantes diferencias metodológicas en los estudios poblacionales, lo cual ha determinado una amplia variación en la prevalencia de SAHOS reportada, con un valor promedio de 36,9% (IC95% 28,3-45,4%) en hombres y 24,0% (IC 95% 16,3-31,6%) en mujeres. Se ha reportado un aumento en la prevalencia de SAHOS en el curso del tiempo desde 1987 hasta el 2020. Esta condición es más prevalente en varones, aumenta progresivamente con la edad y se asocia a la obesidad. La somnolencia diurna excesiva se ha asociado al diagnóstico de SAHOS, pero sólo una fracción de los sujetos con índice de apnea-hipopnea ≥ 5 eventos/hora presentan somnolencia diurna. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de SAHOS ha aumentado en los estudios poblacionales realizados en el curso del tiempo. La variabilidad reportada en la prevalencia de SAHOS probablemente esté relacionada con los diferentes equipos y definiciones operacionales empleados en el proceso diagnóstico, y las características de los sujetos examinados, incluyendo el importante aumento de la obesidad en la población.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common disorder associated with multiple adverse health consequences and its prevalence is increasing in parallel with global rising in obesity. METHODS: We have developed a systematic review to examine obstructive sleep apnea syndrome prevalence studies in adults in the general population. We included the cross-sectional studies and the cross-sectional components of longitudinal studies that objectively measured OSAS in adults using laboratory instruments. Forty studies out of 8,876 articles found by systematically searching in PubMed and other databases were included in this review. RESULTS: Substantial methodological heterogeneity in population prevalence studies has been observed, determining a wide variation in OSAS prevalence defined at an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5 events/hour, the average OSAS prevalence was 36.9% (CI95% 28.3-45.4%) in men and 24.0% (CI95% 16.3-31.6%) in women. The OSAS prevalence has increased over the time. OSAS is more prevalent in men than in women and increases with age and obesity. Excessive daytime sleepiness has been suggested as the most important symptom associated to OSAS, but only a fraction of subjects with AHI ≥ 5 events/hour report daytime sleepiness. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of OSAS has increased in epidemiological studies over time. The differences in reported prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea are probably due to different diagnostic equipment, operational definitions, study design and characteristics of included subjects, including effects of the obesity epidemic.

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Objetivo. Determinar la asociación entre la somnolencia diurna (SD) y calidad de sueño (CS) con el rendimiento escolar (RE) de adolescentes de la Institución Educativa "Emblemática" Ventura Ccalamaqui, Barranca, 2018. Métodos. Estudio no experimental y transversal. Participaron 217 adolescentes del tercer y cuarto año de educación secundaria. Se aplicó la Escala de Somnolencia de Epworth y el Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh. El rendimiento escolar se determinó por la calificación en comunicación y matemática (asignaturas usadas por la comunidad internacional) y se clasificó de acuerdo al currículo nacional (AD, A, B, C). Resultados. La edad promedio de los adolescentes fue de 15,9 ± 0,6 años, donde el 51,2% fueron del sexo femenino, el 51,6% consumía café, té y/o gaseosas menos de una vez por semana. Se observó que el 49,7% presentaba somnolencia diurna, el 84,8% tenía problemas de sueño y el 52,1% presentó un rendimiento esperado. La somnolencia diurna se asoció significativamente con el rendimiento escolar (p=0,004); los estudiantes con SD presentaron RE esperado y en proceso, los estudiantes sin SD presentaron RE destacado, esperado y en proceso. La calidad de sueño de los adolescentes se asoció significativamente con su rendimiento escolar (p=0,045) y en la somnolencia diurna (p=0,015). Conclusiones. La somnolencia diurna y la calidad de sueño se asociaron con el rendimiento escolar de los adolescentes de la Institución Educativa "Emblemática" Ventura Ccalamaqui, Barranca, 2018.

Objective. To determine the association between daytime sleepiness and sleep quality with school performance in adolescents of the Institution Educative "Emblemática" Ventura Ccalamaqui, Barranca, 2018. Methods. Non-experimental and cross-sectional study. The sample included 217 adolescents of third and fourth year of secondary school. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were applied. School performance was determined by the grade in communication and mathematics (subjects used by the international community) and was classified according to the National Curriculum (AD, A, B, C). Results. The average age of the adolescents was 15.9 ± 0.6 years, where 51.2% were female, 51.6% consumed coffee, tea and / or soft drinks less than once a week. It was observed that 49.7% suffered from daytime sleepiness, 84.8% had sleep problems and 52.1% presented an expected performance. Daytime sleepiness was significantly associated with school performance (p=0.004); students with daytime sleepiness presented expected and in-process school performance, students without daytime sleepiness presented outstanding, expected and ongoing school performance. The quality of sleep of adolescents was significantly associated with their school performance (p=0.045) and daytime sleepiness (p=0.015). Conclusions. Daytime sleepiness and sleep quality were associated with school performance, in adolescents of the Institution Educative "Emblemática" Ventura Ccalamaqui, Barranca, 2018.

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ABSTRACT Background: Narcolepsy is a disease resulting from the loss of hypocretin-producing cells or other dysfunctions of the hypocretinergic system. In addition to sleep disorders, affected patients may experience increased weight gain, olfactory changes, and poorer quality of life. Methods: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between narcolepsy and weight gain, years of study, sleep parameters, and olfactory dysfunction in patients with narcolepsy type 1 and narcolepsy type 2. Anthropometric, olfactory, socioeducational, and excessive daytime sleepiness evaluations were performed in 77 patients. Results: Greater weight gain and abdominal obesity were observed in patients with type 1 narcolepsy. Patients with higher education level had lower scores of daytime sleepiness, higher scores on the olfactory function test, and lower rates of abdominal obesity. Discussion: Patients with narcolepsy type 1 showed an increased body weight and abdominal obesity when compared to narcolepsy type 2. The patients with a higher schooling level showed a reduction of the daytime sleepiness scores, lower rates of abdominal obesity, and better scores on the olfactory function test. Conclusion: Among all the patients with narcolepsy, the data indicated that aging and hypocretin deficiency are associated with abdominal obesity, while years of study is the variable that mostly influences olfaction function.

RESUMO Antecedentes: A narcolepsia é resultante da perda de células produtoras de hipocretina ou da disfunção do sistema hipocretinérgico. Além dos distúrbios do sono característicos da doença, os pacientes afetados podem apresentar também aumento de peso, alterações olfatórias e pior qualidade de vida. Métodos: O objetivo do estudo é investigar a relação entre a narcolepsia e o ganho de peso, anos de estudo, parâmetros do sono e a disfunção olfatória em pacientes com narcolepsia tipo 1 e narcolepsia tipo 2. Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas, do olfato, sociais, educacionais e da sonolência excessiva diurna nos 77 indivíduos participantes da pesquisa. Resultados: Foram observados, nos pacientes com narcolepsia tipo 1, maior ganho de peso e maior frequência de obesidade central. Pacientes com ensino superior apresentaram escores mais baixos de sonolência excessiva diurna, escores mais altos no teste de função olfatória e menores taxas de obesidade central. Discussão: Pacientes com narcolepsia tipo 1 apresentaram maior ganho de peso e obesidade central quando comparados aos com narcolepsia tipo 2. Os pacientes com maior escolaridade apresentaram menores escores de sonolência diurna, de obesidade central e melhores escores no teste da função olfatória. Conclusão: Nos indivíduos com narcolepsia tipo 1 e tipo 2, os dados indicaram que o envelhecimento e a deficiência de hipocretina estão associados à obesidade central, enquanto anos de estudo é a variável que mais influencia na função olfatória.

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OBJECTIVE: Examine the relationship between Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and sleep in different menstrual cycle phases. METHODS: Case-control survey conducted at the Primary Care Service and Clinical Research Center at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre with women aged between 18 and 45 years old. Women filled the Brazilian version of the Premenstrual Symptoms Screen Tool (PSST) for the screening of PMS; participants with positive screening completed the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) to confirm PMS diagnosis. We applied the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Brazilian versions in the luteal phase (LP) and follicular phase (FP). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 69 women were characterized with PMS and 52 without PMS. The risk of poor sleep quality (SQ) was two times higher in women with PMS (p = .006; OR = 3.057; IC95% 1.44-6.45). An interaction between no PMS and LP was found in ESS (p = .014; generalized estimating equation - GEE - adjusted for multiple comparisons by the Bonferroni test and adjusted by age); besides that, women with PMS had greater scores in ESS (p = .022; GEE adjusted by age).

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Social isolation (SI) can have negative effects on health, although little is known about the SI consequences on patients with grade III obesity and even less if they are entering a prehabilitation program. OBJECTIVE: the present study analyzes the effects of SI determined by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in people with grade III obesity who about to enter a prehabilitation program for bariatric surgery. METHODS: Five patients with grade III obesity who entered a prehabilitation program or which had to be stopped on March 17th, 2020 were evaluated. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) (Epworth Sleepiness Scale - ESS) and sleep quality (SQ) (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index - PSQI) were investigated. Data collection took place in the week before the SI government decree and after 30 and 90 days of SI. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 and GraphPad Prism 8.0. The Friedman test was used to verify the difference between the times and a significance level of p < 0.05 was adopted. RESULTS: with SI, EDS improved by 8 points after 30 days and 3 points after 90 days (p < 0.05). The PSQI did not change (p = 0.819). CONCLUSION: the SI improved the EDS of individuals with grade III obesity entering the prehabilitation program, but did not change complementing their SQ. The improvement in EDS may be related to a longer daily sleep time provided by the SI and the lower number of daily work commitments. Measures to improve the SQ of these patients should be considered, including remote forms.

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ASBTRACT Objectives Adherence to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) determines the effectiveness of the treat-ment. Likewise, the assessment of the control of the disease must consider the information referred by the patient, among other value-based health measures related to the satisfaction of the intervention. The objectives of this study were a) Determine the factors related to adherence to CPAP devices in subjects with OSA affiliated to an insurance company of the healthcare system in Colombia. b) Assess symptom control associated to the disease from the individual's perspective and his/her satisfaction with the treatment received. Materials and Methods 1,501 subjects with OSA were surveyed by telephone to explore: sociodemographic factors, habits and lifestyles, use of CPAP and its adverse events, control of the disease, comorbidities, access to care and therapy satisfaction. Using multilevel logistic regression techniques, the influence of the various factors on adherence to CPAP was analyzed, using Stata 13 software. Results Adherence to CPAP therapy was of 58% and the control of symptoms was of 41.7%. The factors that determined the use of CPAP were knowledge on how the device operates, and the disturbances during sleep due to the mask or nasal pad. The-rapy satisfaction was predominantly very good or good. Conclusion Even with moderate adherence values and a good experience with CPAP therapy, symptomatic control of the disease is poor. Many of the factors that affect the use of CPAP are modifiable with a proper approach by the devices' service provider.

RESUMEN Objetivos La adherencia a los dispositivos de presión positiva continua de la vía aérea (CPAP) en pacientes con síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) define la efectividad del tratamiento. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: a) Determinar los factores relacionados con la adherencia al CPAP en pacientes con SAOS de una aseguradora del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud colombiano y b) evaluar el control de los síntomas de la enfermedad desde la perspectiva del individuo y su satisfacción con la terapia. Materiales y Métodos Mediante encuesta telefónica a 1 501 pacientes con SAOS se exploraron factores sociodemográficos, hábitos y estilos de vida, uso del CPAP y eventos adversos relacionados, control de la enfermedad, comorbilidad, acceso a la atención y satisfacción con la terapia. Utilizando técnicas de regresión logística mul-tinivel, se analizó la influencia de los distintos factores sobre la adherencia al CPAP mediante el software Stata 13. Resultados La adherencia al CPAP fue del 58% y el control de los síntomas del 41,7%. Los factores que determinaron el uso del CPAP fueron el conocimiento del funcionamiento del equipo y la dificultad para dormir debida a la mascarilla o la almohadilla nasal. La satisfacción con la terapia fue buena o muy buena predominantemente. Conclusiones Aún con valores de adherencia moderados y una buena experiencia con la terapia CPAP, el control sintomático de la enfermedad es pobre, pues varios de los factores afectan el uso del CPAP. Dichos factores se pueden intervenir con un adecuado abordaje por parte del prestador de servicios del dispositivo.