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Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight that is a major threat to rice production. Crop losses in extreme situations can reach up to75%, and millions of hectares of rice are affected each year. Management of the disease required information about the spatial distribution of BLB incidence, severity, and prevalence. In this study, major rice-growing areas of Pakistan were surveyed during 2018-2019 for disease occurrence, and thematic maps were developed using geographic information system (GIS). Results showed that Narowal district had highest percentage of disease incidence (54-69%), severity (42-44%), and prevalence (72-90%) meanwhile Jhung district had the lowest incidence (21-23%), severity (18-22%), and prevalence (45-54%). To understand the environmental factors contributing to this major rice disease, the research analyze, the spatial relationships between BLB prevalence and environmental variables. Those variables include relative humidity (RH), atmospheric pressure (A.P), minimum temperature, soil organic carbon, soil pH, and elevation, which were evaluated by using GIS-based Ordinary Least Square (OLS) spatial model. The fitted model had a coefficient of determination (R2) of 65 percent explanatory power of disease development. All environmental variables showed a general trend of positive correlation between BLB prevalence and environmental variables. The results show the potential for disease management and prediction using environmental variable and assessment.

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causa o crestamento bacteriano das folhas, que é uma grande ameaça à produção de arroz. As perdas de safra em situações extremas podem chegar a 75% e a milhões de hectares de arroz são afetados a cada ano. O manejo da doença exigia informações sobre a distribuição espacial da incidência, gravidade e prevalência de BLB. Neste estudo, as principais áreas de cultivo de arroz do Paquistão foram pesquisadas durante 2018 e 2019 para ocorrência de doenças, e mapas temáticos foram desenvolvidos usando o sistema de informações geográficas (GIS). Os resultados mostraram que o distrito de Narowal teve a maior porcentagem de incidência da doença (54-69%), gravidade (42-44%) e prevalência (72-90%), enquanto o distrito de Jhung teve a menor incidência (21-23%), gravidade (18-22%) e prevalência (45-54%). Para compreender os fatores ambientais que contribuem para esta importante doença do arroz, a pesquisa analisa as relações espaciais entre a prevalência de BLB e as variáveis ​​ambientais. Essas variáveis ​​incluem umidade relativa (UR), pressão atmosférica (PA), temperatura mínima, carbono orgânico do solo, pH do solo e altitude, que sendo avaliadas a partir do modelo espacial Ordinary Least Square (OLS) baseado em GIS. O modelo ajustado teve um coeficiente de determinação (R2) de 65 por cento de poder explicativo do desenvolvimento da doença. Todas as variáveis ​​ambientais apresentaram tendência geral de correlação positiva entre prevalência de BLB e variáveis ​​ambientais. Os resultados mostram o potencial de manejo e predição de doenças usando variáveis ​​e avaliações ambientais.

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The fungus Aspergillus flavus causes serious damage to maize grains and its by-products, such as tortilla. Currently, animal and plant derivatives, such as chitosan and propolis, and plant extract residues, respectively, are employed as alternatives of synthetic fungicides. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of several formulations based on propolis-chitosan-pine resin extract on the in vitro growth of A. flavus, the growth of maize grain plantlets and the quality of stored tortillas at 4 and 28 °C. The most outstanding formulation was that based on 59.7% chitosan + 20% propolis nanoparticles + 20% pine resin extract nanoparticles; since the in vitro conidia germination of A. flavus did not occur, disease incidence on grains was 25-30% and in tortillas, 0% infection was recorded, along with low aflatoxin production (1.0 ppb). The grain germination and seedling growth were markedly reduced by the nanocoating application. The percentage weight loss and color of tortillas were more affected by this coating compared to the control, and the rollability fell within the scale of non-ruptured at 4 °C and partially ruptured at 28 °C. The next step is to evaluate the toxicity of this formulation.

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The Brazilian citrus orchards are comprised by few genotypes, which increases the risk of pest and disease outbreaks. The diversification of sweet oranges (Citrus × sinensis) in orchards also generates off-season revenue and extend the fruit processing period. This study aimed to evaluate several horticultural traits of 19 late-season sweet orange selections under citrus canker and huanglongbing (HLB) endemic condition in northwestern Paraná state, Brazil, in a long-term field experiment. Tree size, yield, fruit quality for fresh fruit and industrial markets, estimates of tree density and yield, and citrus canker and huanglongbing (HLB) incidences were assessed. The experimental design was a randomized block with three replicates and five trees per unit. The orchard was drip-irrigated and arranged at tree spacing of 6.5 m × 4.5 m. All scions were graft-compatible with Rangpur lime (C. × limonia). Valencia selections had the tallest trees and largest canopies, particularly Olinda, Frost and #121 with heights and volumes greater than 4.20 m and 43 m3, respectively. Natal África do Sul and Whit's Late Valencia trees were the most productive with cumulative yields above 640 kg per tree. Most of the selections produced fruits of excellent physicochemical quality attending the fresh fruit and industrial market requirements. All selections showed similar horticultural characteristics for the fresh market, while Natal África do Sul and Charmute de Brotas were more suitable for juice processing. Frost Valencia and Valencia Late Fla. had the highest incidence of citrus canker on fruits (>20%), whereas IPR Folha Murcha, Charmute de Brotas and some Valencia selections (Chafeei Late, Campbell 479, Campbell 294, Olinda, Mutação and Whit's Late) exihibed low incidence (3.0-17.7%). At 9 years, Valencia Mutação trees had high HLB incidence (93%). In contrast, Natal IAC and Folha Murcha IAC showed the lowest HLB incidence (13%). Our results revealed that Natal IAC, Folha Murcha IAC, IPR Folha Murcha, Natal Murcha, Campbell 479 Valencia and Valencia Late Fla. had the best horticultural performance in addition to low HLB incidence. Together, these late-season sweet oranges are the most advantageous selections for citrus orchard diversification under citrus canker and HLB endemic conditions in humid subtropical regions.

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The indiscriminate use of synthetic fungicides has led to negative impact to human health and to the environment. Thus, we investigated the effects of postharvest biocontrol treatment with Debaryomyces hansenii, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, and a polysaccharide ulvan on fruit rot disease, storability, and antioxidant enzyme activity in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus). Each fruit was treated with (1) 1 × 106 cells mL-1 of D. hansenii, (2) 1 × 108 CFU mL-1 of S. rhizophila, (3) 5 g L-1 of ulvan, (4) 1 × 106 cells mL-1 of D. hansenii + 1 × 108 CFU mL-1 of S. rhizophila, (5) 1 × 108 CFU mL-1 of S. rhizophila + 5 g L-1 of ulvan, (6) 1 × 106 cells mL-1 of D. hansenii + 1 × 108 CFU mL-1 of S. rhizophila + 5 g L-1 of ulvan, (7) 1000 ppm of benomyl or sterile water (control). The fruits were air-dried for 2 h, and stored at 27 °C ± 1 °C and 85-90% relative humidity. The fruit rot disease was determined by estimating the disease incidence (%) and lesion diameter (mm), and the adhesion capacity of the biocontrol agents was observed via electron microscopy. Phytopathogen inoculation time before and after adding biocontrol agents were also recorded. Furthermore, the storability quality, weight loss (%), firmness (N), total soluble solids (%), and pH were quantified. The antioxidant enzymes including catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and phenylalanine ammonium lyase were determined. In conclusion, the mixed treatment containing D. hansenii, S. rhizophila, and ulvan delayed fruit rot disease, preserved fruit quality, and increased antioxidant activity. The combined treatment is a promising and effective biological control method to promote the shelf life of harvested muskmelon.

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RESUMEN Durante la pandemia de COVID-19 deben mantenerse activos los sistemas de vigilancia de enfermedades prevenibles mediante vacunación. El objetivo de la presente comunicación es alertar sobre el debilitamiento de la vigilancia de la enfermedad neumocócica invasiva en Cuba durante el 2020. Para ello se realizó un análisis retrospectivo del número de casos con enfermedad neumocócica invasiva confirmado en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia, Cuba 2014-2020. Entre el 2014 y 2019 el número de aislados de Streptococcus pneumoniae osciló entre 81 y 121. Durante el 2020 solo se confirmaron 31 aislados; 19 de ellos se recuperaron de meningitis y únicamente cinco de neumonía. Las medidas sanitarias implementadas para contener el avance de la pandemia COVID-19 pueden haber influido en la disminución de aislados responsables de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva. Esto parece obedecer al debilitamiento de la vigilancia, pues las pruebas para el diagnóstico de la COVID-19 se convirtieron en una prioridad durante el 2020.

ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemic, surveillance systems for vaccine-preventable diseases should remain active. The purpose of the present communication is to warn about the weakening of invasive pneumococcal disease surveillance in Cuba during the year 2020. To achieve such an end, a retrospective analysis was conducted of the number of invasive pneumococcal disease cases confirmed at the Cuban National Reference Laboratory in the period 2014-2020. From 2014 to 2019 the number of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates ranged between 81 and 121. In 2020 only 31 isolates were confirmed, 19 of which were retrieved from meningitis and a mere five from pneumonia. The health actions implemented to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced the decline in the number of isolated responsible for invasive pneumococcal disease. This situation seems to be a consequence of the weakening of surveillance, since COVID-19 diagnostic tests became a priority during 2020.

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This paper aims to describe clinical disease incidence in early lactation and explore its association with fertility and culling in 13 commercial grazing dairy herds in Uruguay. Seven farms with less than 250 dairy cows considered small herds (SH) with a herd size average ± (SD) of 144 ± (56) cows and six farms with more than 500 cows considered large herds (LH) with a herd size average ± (SD) of 830 ± (239) cows were selected. Herd managers recorded health events during the first 90 days in milk in 5375 Holstein dairy cows [24.5% (n=1316) of them were primiparous cows, (PP)] during one year. Overall, 36.5% (n=1959) of the cows had at least one clinical health event between 1-90 days in milk. The cumulative incidences were 2.2% for twin birth and 4.9% for stillbirth. Cumulative incidence was 4.4% for retained placenta-metritis (RP-metritis), 27.6% for clinical mastitis and 5.0% for lameness. Our data showed that parity and herd size were risk factors for postpartum disease in grazing dairy herds. In PP cows, stillbirth incidence was higher than in multiparous (MP) cows (PP=6.9 ± 3.4, SD vs. MP=4.3 ± 2.6, SD), while in MP cows twin births (MP=2.7 ± 1.7, SD vs. PP=0.7 ± 2.7, SD), RP-metritis (MP=4.6 ± 3.9, SD vs. PP=3.8 ± 3.7, SD) and mastitis incidence (MP=30.9 ± 11.4, SD vs. PP=17.2 ± 13.9, SD) was higher. Clinical mastitis (LH=29.4 ± 9.6, SD vs. SH=19.1 ± 11.3, SD) and lameness incidence (LH=5.6 ± 1.9, SD vs. SH=2.3 ± 2.1, SD) was higher in large herds than in small herds. RP-metritis was increased by stillbirth (OR=4.4, 95 % CI=2.9-6.5) and twin birth (OR=2.8, 95 % CI=1.5-5.1). Diseases had a negative impact on time to first service and pregnancy rate and increased culling hazard rate. Disease incidence in early lactation was high and showed a wide variation among herds (10.4%-48.7%), which highlights the relevance of a herd health program prioritizing the early lactation disease control.

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Avocado root rot caused by the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi is a severe disease that affects avocado production in Mexico and worldwide. The use of biological control agents such as Trichoderma species isolated from places where the disease is always present, represents an efficient alternative to reduce losses. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the biocontrol ability of 10 endophytic Trichoderma spp. strains against P. cinnamomi tested both in vitro and in the greenhouse. The endophytic Trichoderma spp. were recovered from Persea americana and Cinnamomum verum roots, isolated and purified on potato-dextrose-agar medium. Ten strains were identified by phylogenetic reconstruction of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA sequences as T. asperellum (T-AS1, T-AS2, T-AS6, and T-AS7), T. harzianum (T-H3, T-H4, and T-H5), T. hamatum (T-A12), T. koningiopsis (T-K8 and T-K11), and P. cinnamomi (CPO-PCU). In vitro dual-culture assay, the percentage of inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) between Trichoderma spp. and P. cinnamomi strains was measured according to the Bell's scale. PIRG results indicated that T-AS2 reached the highest value of 78.32%, and T-H5 reached the lowest value of 38.66%. In the greenhouse, the infection was evaluated according to the percentage of disease incidence. Plants with the lowest incidence of dead by avocado root rot were those whose seedlings were inoculated with T-AS2 and T-AS7, resulting in only 5% death by root rot caused by P. cinnamomi. The disease incidence of seedlings with wilt symptoms and death decreased more than 50% in the presence of Trichoderma spp. Relying on the results, we conclude that T. asperellum and T. harzianum contribute to the biocontrol of soil-borne pathogenic oomycete P. cinnamomi.

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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the age-specific incidence of symptomatic dengue and chikungunya in Colombia. METHOD: A passive facility-based fever surveillance study was conducted among individuals with undifferentiated fever. Confirmatory diagnostics included serological and molecular tests in paired samples, and surveillance's underreporting was assessed using capture-recapture methods. RESULTS: Of 839 febrile participants 686 completed the study. There were 33.2% (295/839) dengue infections (51% primary infections), and 35.9% (191/532) of negative dengue cases there were chikungunya cases. On average, dengue cases were younger (median = 18 years) than chikungunya cases (median = 25 years). Thrombocytopaenia and abdominal pain were the main dengue predictors, while presence of rash was the main predictor for chikungunya diagnosis. Underreporting of dengue was 31%; the estimated expansion factors indicate an underreporting rate of dengue cases of threefold for all cases and of almost sixfold for inpatients. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the ongoing coexistence of both arboviruses, a distinct clinical profile of each condition in the study area that could be used by clinicians to generate a differential diagnosis, and the presence of underreporting, mostly among hospitalised cases.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dietary pattern and incidence of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases in Serbia, a country which has experienced a significant shift in nutrition and lifestyle habits, guided by its particular historical background and its rapid transition to liberal economy. Data was collected from annual reports published by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia and the Institute of Public Health. It provides a focus on the timeframe of 1997-2014, in order to capture any changing pattern after the year 2000, in which the process of complete trade liberalization started.The results have shown a striking growing trend in both disease incidence on the one hand and processed food items such as processed meat, fruit juices, chocolate and biscuits and on the other hand. Granger causality test suggests that there exists causality that goes beyond spurious relationship between the disease of blood and blood-forming organs and immune system disorders and average per capita consumption of fruit and vegetables, poultry, processed meat, chocolates and biscuits and fruit juices. Also, we find evidence of long-term relationship between fish consumption and endocrine, metabolic and digestive diseases(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre los patrones de dieta y la incidencia de las enfermedades no transmisibles relacionadas con la nutrición en Serbia, un país que ha experimentado un cambio significativo en los hábitos de nutrición y estilo de vida, guiado por sus antecedentes históricos particulares y su rápida transición hacia una economía liberal. Se recogieron datos de los informes anuales publicados por la Oficina de Estadística de la República de Serbia y el Instituto de Salud Pública. Se hizo foco en el período de 1997 a 2014, con el fin de poder detectar cualquier cambio en los patrones a partir del año 2000, cuando comenzó el proceso de liberalización total del comercio. Los resultados han mostrado llamativamente una tendencia creciente tanto en la incidencia de enfermedades como en la proliferación de alimentos procesados, tales como carne procesada, jugos de frutas, chocolate y galletas. La prueba de causalidad de Granger sugiere que existe una relación de causalidad que va más allá de la relación espuria entre las enfermedades hematológicas, las afecciones de los órganos hematopoyéticos y del sistema inmunológico y el consumo promedio per cápita de frutas y hortalizas, productos avícolas, carne procesada, chocolates, galletas y jugos de frutas. Parece evidente también la existencia de una relación a largo plazo entre la aparición de enfermedades endocrinas, metabólicas y digestivas y el consumo de pescado(AU)

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Objetivo: identificar las características clínico epidemiológicas de los pacientes menores de 15 años de edad, diagnosticados con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 durante el período comprendido entre el 1º de enero de 2000 y el 31 de diciembre de 2008 de la provincia Ciudad de La Habana. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo con los pacientes menores de 15 años de edad, diagnosticados con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 durante el período ya mencionado. El grupo de estudio estuvo constituido por 293 pacientes, a los que se realizó la revisión de la historia clínica. Las variables estudiadas fueron: sexo, edad al diagnóstico, color de la piel, duración de lactancia materna exclusiva, forma clínica al diagnóstico y factores ambientales. Se realizó el análisis estadístico mediante cálculo de por cientos y de tasas de incidencia por grupo de edad y sexo durante el período estudiado. Resultados: los resultados más importantes mostraron un predominio de los pacientes que recibieron lactancia materna exclusiva por un tiempo menor de 3 meses. Las formas clínicas menos graves al diagnóstico de la enfermedad fueron las más frecuentes. Entre los factores ambientales predominaron las enfermedades respiratorias agudas. La tasa de incidencia media del período fue de 8,4 x 100 000 habitantes. Conclusiones: la incidencia de la enfermedad durante el período fue más alta en relación con los estudios previos realizados en el país, con un desplazamiento hacia edades tempranas(AU)

Objective: to identify the clinical-epidemiologic features of the patients aged under 15, diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2008 from Ciudad de La Habana province. Methods: a descriptive-retrospective study was conducted in patients aged under 15 diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus over above mentioned period. The study group included 293 patients and the review of medical record. Study variables were: sex, age at diagnosis, skin color, length of exclusive breast feeding, clinical way at diagnosis and environmental factors. A statistic analysis was carried out by means of percentage calculation and the incidence rates by age group and sex over the study period. Results: the more important results showed predominance of patients received exclusive breastfeeding over a period less than three months. The less severe clinical ways at disease's diagnosis were the more frequent ones. Among the environmental factors there was predominance of acute respiratory diseases. The mean incidence rate of the period was of 8.4 x 100 000 inhabitants. Conclusions: the disease's incidence over the period was higher in relation to the previous studies conducted in our country with a displacement towards early ages(AU)

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