RESUMO
Obesity is a relevant health hazard characterized as a chronic noncommunicable disease, with severe comorbidities that cause mortality worldwide. Acrocomia aculeata is a Brazilian palm with edible fruits. Its pulp contains fibers, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), such as oleic acid and carotenoids. In this context, our study aimed to elucidate the protective effect of the lyophilized A. aculeata pulp added at the rates of 1%, 2%, and 4% to a high-fat (HF) diet (rich in saturated fats and cholesterol), for 90 days, in mice. The treatment with 4% pulp induced a significant increase in the biochemical parameters of serum cholesterol HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein) compared with the control. According to the evaluation of the epididymal tissue, the groups treated with A. aculeata pulp exhibited smaller fat deposits compared with the HF diet group. Therefore, we infer that the predominant components in A. aculeata, particularly fibers and MUFAs, promote beneficial effects on health parameters during simultaneous exposure to food rich in saturated fat and cholesterol, typical of the Western diet. This is the first study to correlate the presence of fatty acids from A. aculeata pulp in different proportions added in a HF diet with metabolic and histological parameters in Swiss mice.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Gorduras na Dieta , Adipócitos , Animais , Colesterol , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados , Hipertrofia , Lipoproteínas HDL , CamundongosRESUMO
This study increases our understanding of how diet-driven phenotypic plasticity can help non-target aquatic invertebrates deal with chlorpyrifos (CPO) exposure. A bioassay was performed over 6 days with the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium borellii. Experimental treatments included CPO-treated shrimps (10 µg L-1) were fed with (i) a lipid-rich diet, (ii) a lipid-medium diet, or (iii) a lipid-poor diet. Control shrimps (no CPO exposure) received the same diets as detailed above. Cholinesterases and carboxylesterases were determined as an indicator of CPO exposure. Results showed that diets with a medium-to-high lipid content were important inducers of esterase activity, while shrimps exposed to CPO under a lipid-poor diet showed a significant enzymatic inhibition. This diet-dependent esterase induction suggests that the intake of fatty dietary items mitigates the esterase enzyme inhibition caused by CPO exposure.
Assuntos
Clorpirifos , Palaemonidae , Animais , Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta , Água DoceRESUMO
Results of nutrient requirements as determined in dose-response trials are valid only for fish within the same size range of that of experimental model fish. This study used the factorial approach to estimate digestible energy (DE) and digestible protein (DP) requirements for maintenance and growth of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Juvenile pacu (63.5 ± 1.27 g) were stocked in a recirculation system (26.89 ± 0.36 °C) for 58 days, and fed two daily meals. One diet contained 6.96 % lipids (LF) and another 9.98 % lipids (HF), both diets formulated to contain 32 % crude protein, theoretical dietary energy level for maintenance (52.23 kJ DE kg-0.80 d-¹), in a completely randomized, 2 × 5 factorial experimental design. The apparent digestibility coefficients of energy and protein were 84.66 ± 0.27 % and 89.20 ± 0.61 %, respectively, determined in specific assays for the HF diet, while for the LF diet, the values were 84.52 ± 0.37 % and 89.19 ± 0.16 %, respectively. The analysis of growth and carcass composition data revealed that dietary requirements of digestible energy and protein for maintenance were not influenced by dietary lipid levels; however, requirements of growth digestible energy were higher for fish fed the LF diet (1.39) than for fish fed the HF diet (1.29). The requirement of DP for growth, expressed as g of DP per g of deposited protein, were higher for fish fed the LF diet than for fish fed the HF diet (1.70 vs 1.58).
Assuntos
Animais , Nutrientes/administração & dosagem , Ração Animal/análiseRESUMO
Results of nutrient requirements as determined in dose-response trials are valid only for fish within the same size range of that of experimental model fish. This study used the factorial approach to estimate digestible energy (DE) and digestible protein (DP) requirements for maintenance and growth of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Juvenile pacu (63.5 ± 1.27 g) were stocked in a recirculation system (26.89 ± 0.36 °C) for 58 days, and fed two daily meals. One diet contained 6.96 % lipids (LF) and another 9.98 % lipids (HF), both diets formulated to contain 32 % crude protein, theoretical dietary energy level for maintenance (52.23 kJ DE kg-0.80 d-¹), in a completely randomized, 2 × 5 factorial experimental design. The apparent digestibility coefficients of energy and protein were 84.66 ± 0.27 % and 89.20 ± 0.61 %, respectively, determined in specific assays for the HF diet, while for the LF diet, the values were 84.52 ± 0.37 % and 89.19 ± 0.16 %, respectively. The analysis of growth and carcass composition data revealed that dietary requirements of digestible energy and protein for maintenance were not influenced by dietary lipid levels; however, requirements of growth digestible energy were higher for fish fed the LF diet (1.39) than for fish fed the HF diet (1.29). The requirement of DP for growth, expressed as g of DP per g of deposited protein, were higher for fish fed the LF diet than for fish fed the HF diet (1.70 vs 1.58).(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ração Animal/análise , Nutrientes/administração & dosagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia can be influenced by genetic and dietary risk factors. AIM: This study set out to investigate diet and genetic variations in Brazilian people in a cross-sectional population-based survey and to analyze the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes involved in lipid metabolism and cardiometabolic-related phenotypes using a genetic risk score (GRS). METHODS: We recruited 228 adults (mean age 36.5 years) who participated in the Health Survey of São Paulo (HS-SP), Brazil. Clinical and anthropometric parameters, as well as the interaction between the GRS and the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised (BHEI-R) were evaluated. We analyzed the relationship between SNPs in APOA5 (rs662799), APOB (rs693, rs1367117), LDLR (rs688, rs5925) and LIPC (rs2070895, rs1800588) and cardiometabolic-related phenotypes using a GRS. RESULTS: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) levels were associated with the BHEI-R ( p=0.026; ß= -0.183) and with its SoFAAS component (solid fats, alcoholic beverages and added sugars) ( p=0.007; ß=0.279). Non-HDL cholesterol levels were associated with the BHEI-R vegetable component ( p=0.015; ß=0.002) and the meat, eggs and beans component ( p=0.003; ß=0.007). Triacylglycerol levels were associated with the BHEI-R vegetable component ( p=0.027; ß=0.003); the meat, eggs and beans component ( p=0.041; ß=0.001); and the total protein component ( p=0.013; ß=0.032). Significant effects were observed for the interactions between the GRS and both the BHEI-R oils component ( p=0.019) and the SoFAAS component ( p<0.001) on the dyslipidemia risk. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of dietary quality, especially fat quality, together with the lipid metabolism GRS could be a useful tool to manage cardiometabolic risk.
Assuntos
Dieta Saudável , Dislipidemias/genética , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Adulto , Biomarcadores , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Dislipidemias/epidemiologia , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nutrigenômica , Avaliação Nutricional , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Changes in lipid metabolism occur during the development and progression non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the fatty acid (FA) profile in red blood cells (RBC) from patients with liver fibrosis remains unexplored. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid profile in RBC, dietary lipid intake and insulin resistance indicators in patients with NAFLD, according to the degree of hepatic fibrosis. Using elastography, patients were classified with (n = 52) and without (n = 37) advanced liver fibrosis. The fatty acid profile in RBC was analyzed using gas chromatography and the lipid intake was evaluated through a 24-h dietary recall. Subjects with advanced liver fibrosis had higher levels of palmitic, stearic and oleic acid and total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and insulin (p < 0.05), and lower levels of elongase very long chain fatty acids protein-6 and the delta-5-desaturase enzymatic activity (p < 0.05). These results suggest a lack of regulation of enzymes related to FA metabolism in patients with advanced fibrosis.
Assuntos
Eritrócitos/química , Insulina/sangue , Cirrose Hepática/etiologia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/sangue , Ácido Palmítico/sangue , Acetiltransferases/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Dessaturase de Ácido Graxo Delta-5 , Registros de Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade , Ácidos Graxos Dessaturases/sangue , Elongases de Ácidos Graxos , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Fígado/diagnóstico por imagem , Fígado/metabolismo , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/complicações , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/diagnóstico por imagem , Ácido Oleico/sangue , Ácidos Esteáricos/sangueRESUMO
The quality of dietary lipids in the maternal diet can programme the offspring to diseases in later life. We investigated whether the maternal intake of palm oil or interesterified fat, substitutes for trans-unsaturated fatty acids (FA), induces metabolic changes in the adult offspring. During pregnancy and lactation, C57BL/6 female mice received normolipidic diets containing partially hydrogenated vegetable fat rich in trans-unsaturated fatty acids (TG), palm oil (PG), interesterified fat (IG) or soyabean oil (CG). After weaning, male offspring from all groups received the control diet until day 110. Plasma glucose and TAG and liver FA profiles were ascertained. Liver mitochondrial function was accessed with high-resolution respirometry by measuring VO2, fluorimetry for detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. The results showed that the IG offspring presented a 20 % increase in plasma glucose and both the IG and TG offspring presented a 2- and 1·9-fold increase in TAG, respectively, when compared with CG offspring. Liver MUFA and PUFA contents decreased in the TG and IG offspring when compared with CG offspring. Liver MUFA content also decreased in the PG offspring. These modifications in FA composition possibly affected liver mitochondrial function, as respiration was impaired in the TG offspring and H2O2 production was higher in the IG offspring. In addition, mitochondrial Ca2+ retention capacity was reduced by approximately 40 and 55 % in the TG and IG offspring, respectively. In conclusion, maternal consumption of trans-unsaturated and interesterified fat affected offspring health by compromising mitochondrial bioenergetics and lipid metabolism in the liver.
Assuntos
Metabolismo Energético , Ácidos Graxos/efeitos adversos , Lactação , Fígado/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos trans/efeitos adversos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/metabolismo , Feminino , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Consumo de Oxigênio , Óleos de Plantas , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Respiração , Ácidos Graxos trans/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Intracellular lipid binding proteins, including fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) 1 and 2, are highly expressed in tissues involved in the active lipid metabolism. A zebrafish model was used to demonstrate differential expression levels of fabp1b.1, fabp1b.2, and fabp2 transcripts in liver, anterior intestine, and brain. Transcription levels of fabp1b.1 and fabp2 in the anterior intestine were upregulated after feeding and modulated according to diet formulation. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy immunodetection with gold particles localized these FABPs in the microvilli, cytosol, and nuclei of most enterocytes in the anterior intestinal mucosa. Nuclear localization was mostly in the interchromatin space outside the condensed chromatin clusters. Native PAGE binding assay of BODIPY-FL-labeled FAs demonstrated binding of BODIPY-FLC(12) but not BODIPY-FLC(5) to recombinant Fabp1b.1 and Fabp2. The binding of BODIPY-FLC(12) to Fabp1b.1 was fully displaced by oleic acid. In vivo experiments demonstrated, for the first time, that intestinal absorption of dietary BODIPY-FLC(12) was followed by colocalization of the labeled FA with Fabp1b and Fabp2 in the nuclei. These data suggest that dietary FAs complexed with FABPs are able to reach the enterocyte nucleus with the potential to modulate nuclear activity.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a Ácido Graxo/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Peixe-Zebra/genética , Animais , Núcleo Celular/genética , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Citosol/metabolismo , Enterócitos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Ácido Graxo/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Brain stroke is the third most important cause of death in developed countries. We studied the effect of different dietary lipids on the outcome of a permanent ischemic stroke rat model. METHODS: Wistar rats were fed diets containing 7% commercial oils (S, soybean; O, olive; C, coconut; G, grape seed) for 35 d. Stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Coronal slices from ischemic brains and sham-operated animals were supravitally stained. Penumbra and core volumes were calculated by image digitalization after 24, 48, and 72 h poststroke. Homogenates and mitochondrial fractions were prepared from different zones and analyzed by redox status, inflammatory markers, ceramide, and arachidonate content, phospholipase A2, NOS, and proteases. RESULTS: Soybean (S) and G diets were mainly prooxidative and proinflammatory by increasing the liberation of arachidonate and its transformation into prostaglandins. O was protective in terms of redox homeostatic balance, minor increases in lipid and protein damage, conservation of reduced glutathione, protective activation of NOS in penumbra, and net ratio of anti-to proinflammatory cytokines. Apoptosis (caspase-3, milli- and microcalpains) was less activated by O than by any other diet. CONCLUSION: Dietary lipids modulate NOS and PLA2 activities, ceramide production, and glutathione import into the mitochondrial matrix, finally determining the activation of the two main protease systems involved in programmed cell death. Olive oil appears to be a biological source for the isolation of protective agents that block the expansion of brain core at the expense of penumbral neurons.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Gorduras na Dieta , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos de Plantas/uso terapêutico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Apoptose , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Encéfalo/citologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/dietoterapia , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/patologia , Cocos , Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Gorduras na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Neurônios , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/metabolismo , Olea , Oxirredução , Óleos de Plantas/efeitos adversos , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Ratos Wistar , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/efeitos adversos , Glycine max , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/dietoterapia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/metabolismo , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/patologia , VitisRESUMO
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by insulin resistance; inflammation; oxidative stress; vascular damage; and dysfunction of glucose, protein, and lipid metabolisms. However, comparatively less attention has been paid to neurologic alterations seen in elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes. We review clinical, metabolic, and biochemical aspects of diabetic encephalopathy (DE) and propose that quality of dietary lipids is closely linked to DE. This implies that preventive nutritional interventions may be designed to improve DE.
Assuntos
Transtornos Cognitivos/fisiopatologia , Cognição , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Transtornos Cognitivos/dietoterapia , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/dietoterapia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Doenças Vasculares/dietoterapia , Doenças Vasculares/etiologia , Doenças Vasculares/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The total supply of fish available for human consumption will depend more of the expansion of low trophy level fish farming than of wild-caught fish. Aquatic plants used at treatment of aquaculture wastewater have been showed like an alternative to exclusive diet feed. The aquatic fern, Azolla filiculoides is an example with high level of protein. Consequently, more research on feed requirements of herbivorous fish is required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth performance and feed efficiency of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed with three different diets using low lipid feed and water fern (Azolla filiculoides). The experiment was carried out in nine (9) tanks of 300 L capacity with three fish per tank (initial body weight = 55,43g). Feeding rate was 2.5% Fish were fed on two times a day with three treatments (R= Diet/Azolla on dry weight) R= 2.5; R = 5 and R= 10. The specific growth rate (SGR = 1.39%), daily growth gain (DGG = 1.06 g / day) and were significantly (p 0.05) affected by treatment and were highest at R= 5.
A oferta de pescado para o consumo humano dependerá mais da expansão do cultivo de peixes que se alimentam dos primeiros níveis tróficos do que daqueles oriundos da pesca extrativa. Plantas aquáticas usadas em fitotratamento de efluentes de aquacultura vêm sendo referidas como uma alternativa alimentar ao uso exclusivo de rações. A Azolla filiculoides é uma pteridófita que apresenta alto nível protéico. Assim, pesquisas sobre as exigências nutricionais de espécies herbívoras são necessárias. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar o crescimento e eficiência alimentar de juvenis de carpa capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) alimentadas com três relações (R) entre ração com baixo teor lipídico e a planta aquática in natura (Azolla filiculoides). O experimento foi conduzido em nove reservatórios com capacidade de 300L e três indivíduos por unidade (Peso Inicial = 53,43g). A taxa alimentar diária foi de 2,5%, dividida em duas refeições, constituindo três tratamentos com diferentes relações entre a ração e a Azolla filiculoides na matéria seca (R=Ração/Azolla), R=2,5, R=5 e R=10. A taxa de crescimento específico (TCE = 1,39%) e o ganho peso diário (GPD = 1,06 g/dia) foram melhores na relação Ração / Azolla R = 5.
RESUMO
The total supply of fish available for human consumption will depend more of the expansion of low trophy level fish farming than of wild-caught fish. Aquatic plants used at treatment of aquaculture wastewater have been showed like an alternative to exclusive diet feed. The aquatic fern, Azolla filiculoides is an example with high level of protein. Consequently, more research on feed requirements of herbivorous fish is required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth performance and feed efficiency of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed with three different diets using low lipid feed and water fern (Azolla filiculoides). The experiment was carried out in nine (9) tanks of 300 L capacity with three fish per tank (initial body weight = 55,43g). Feeding rate was 2.5% Fish were fed on two times a day with three treatments (R= Diet/Azolla on dry weight) R= 2.5; R = 5 and R= 10. The specific growth rate (SGR = 1.39%), daily growth gain (DGG = 1.06 g / day) and were significantly (p 0.05) affected by treatment and were highest at R= 5.
A oferta de pescado para o consumo humano dependerá mais da expansão do cultivo de peixes que se alimentam dos primeiros níveis tróficos do que daqueles oriundos da pesca extrativa. Plantas aquáticas usadas em fitotratamento de efluentes de aquacultura vêm sendo referidas como uma alternativa alimentar ao uso exclusivo de rações. A Azolla filiculoides é uma pteridófita que apresenta alto nível protéico. Assim, pesquisas sobre as exigências nutricionais de espécies herbívoras são necessárias. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar o crescimento e eficiência alimentar de juvenis de carpa capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) alimentadas com três relações (R) entre ração com baixo teor lipídico e a planta aquática in natura (Azolla filiculoides). O experimento foi conduzido em nove reservatórios com capacidade de 300L e três indivíduos por unidade (Peso Inicial = 53,43g). A taxa alimentar diária foi de 2,5%, dividida em duas refeições, constituindo três tratamentos com diferentes relações entre a ração e a Azolla filiculoides na matéria seca (R=Ração/Azolla), R=2,5, R=5 e R=10. A taxa de crescimento específico (TCE = 1,39%) e o ganho peso diário (GPD = 1,06 g/dia) foram melhores na relação Ração / Azolla R = 5.
RESUMO
The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of diets varying in lipids and proteins on the histopathologic variety of murine salivary tumors induced by DMBA. 117 BALB/c mice were assigned to experiments one (E1: lipids, males) and two (E2: proteins, males and females), E1 comprising Soy oil (SO); Corn oil (CO, control); Fish oil (FO) and Olein (O) groups and E2, soy protein (SP) and casein (C) groups. Tumors were induced by DMBA and the animals were sacrificed at week 13- post-induction. Tumor volume was calculated. Tumor sections were stained with H-E for histopathologic evaluation. No significant association was found between tumor volume and dietary condition (p > 0.05). In E1, FO animals developed mainly carcinomas (C) (58.8%), the sarcomas (S) and carcinosarcomas (CS) being especially of high-grade type (tumors < 600 mm3). In E2, SP animals developed mainly C (55.6%). Although no significantly different (p > 0.05), S and C were more frequent in female and male mice, respectively. In both E1 and E2, the biggest tumors (> 600 mm3) were mainly high-grade S (87.5%-80%). Dietary fat and soy protein appear to influence the tumor histopathology and thus its prognosis.
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia de dietas con diferente contenido de lípidos y proteínas sobre la variedad histopatológica de tumores salivares murinos inducidos por DMBA. Se asignaron 117 ratones BALB/c a los experimentos uno (E1: lípidos, machos) y dos (E2: proteínas, machos y hembras). E1 comprendió a los grupos aceite de soja (AS), aceite de maíz (AM, control), aceite de pescado (AP) y oleína (O), en tanto E2 incluyó a los grupos preteína de soja (PS) y caseína (C). Los tumores fueron inducidos por DMBA y los animales fueron sacrificados a la 13ª semana post-inducción. Se calculó el volumen tumoral. Los cortes de tumor fueron coloreados con Hematoxilina-Eosina para su evaluación histopatológica. No se encontró asociación entre volumen tumoral y condición dietaria (p>0.05). En E1, los animales del grupo AP desarrollaron principales carcinomas (C) (58,8%), en tanto que los sarcomas (S) y carcinosarcomas (CS) fueron de alto grado (tumores<600 mm³). En el E2, los animales del grupo PS desarrollaron principalmente C (55.6%). Aunque la diferencia no fue significativa (p>0.05), S y C fueron más frecuentes en ratones hembras y machos, respectivamente. Tanto el E1 com en E2, los tumores más voluminosos (> 600 mm³) fueron principalmente de alto grado (87.5%-80%) Los lípidos y la proteína de soja de la dieta parecen influenciar la histopatología de los tumores y, en consecuencia, su pronóstico.