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This study aimed to validate a semiquantitative electronic food frequency questionnaire (eFFQ) in estimating the intake of a comprehensive list of nutrients and bioactive compounds among adults from six regions of Argentina using multiple 24 h dietary recall (24HR) as a reference. A total of 163 adults completed two administrations of the eFFQ and four 24HRs. The paired t-test/Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Spearman/Pearson correlations, cross-classification, weighted kappa statistics, and Bland-Altman plots were employed to determine relative validity. To determine reproducibility, intraclass correlations (ICC), cross-classification, and weighted kappa statistics were calculated. For relative validity, crude correlations ranged from 0.15 to 0.57; energy adjustment and de-attenuation slightly improved most of these correlations. In cross-classification analysis, agreements within one quintile adjacent to exact agreement (EA ± 1) ranged from 52.2% to ~74%; extreme misclassifications were < 7%. For reproducibility, the crude ICC ranged from 0.29 to 0.85, showing moderate to good correlations for most nutrients. Cross-classification analysis showed agreement levels for the EA ± 1 quintile of 70.6% to 87.7%. Weighted kappa values ranged from 0.21 to 0.62. The results show that this eFFQ is relatively valid in ranking adults according to their nutrient intake and has an acceptable reproducibility, yet it slightly overestimates the intake of most nutrients.

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BACKGROUND: Adherence to the gluten-free diet (GFD) is critical to achieving symptom control and mucosal healing in celiac disease (CeD), but its assessment is difficult. OBJECTIVES: We sought to compare stool gluten immunogenic peptides (GIPs) measurements over a 4-wk period with conventional tools commonly used to monitor compliance with a GFD. METHODS: Consecutive adult patients with CeD attending the Small Bowel Section of the Buenos Aires Gastroenterology Hospital were invited to this observational study and were instructed to collect stool samples on Fridays for 4 consecutive weeks. Weekly mean stool GIP concentration was measured was estimated. GIP results were compared with a self-assessment scale of adherence, specific CeD serology, the celiac symptom index, and the assessment by an expert dietitian. RESULTS: Fifty-three CeD patients were enrolled and those with stool GIP ≥0.65 µg/g/wk (n = 13; 24.5%) had higher serum concentrations of IgA deamidated gliadin peptides (DGPs) antibodies [69 (29-109) compared with 14 (13-29); P = 0.0005] and IgA tissue transglutaminase [42 (14-200) compared with 10 (7-16); P = 0.02], higher proportion of cases with IgA DGP antibodies >20 AU/mL (84.6% compared with 33.3%; P = 0.002), and a higher self-estimated adherence score [5 (4-9) compared with 9 (7-10); P = 0.003]. GIP did not correlate with celiac symptom index scores (55.6% compared with 30.8%; P = 0.9). Expert dietitian assessment identified 69% [odds ratio (OR): 5.25; 95% CI: 1.1-27.2; P = 0.01] of nonadherent cases when high stool GIP. Logistic regression analysis determined that IgA DGP (adjusted OR: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.01-1.11; P = 0.02) and males (adjusted OR: 28.3; 95% CI: 1.1-722.6; P = 0.04) were independently associated with excessive gluten exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Weekly stool GIP identifies gluten exposure that is not always detected by commonly used GFD adherence assessment methods. The higher the concentration of stool GIP, the better the predictive value of serology and dietitian interviews. Stool GIP is a useful and practical test for GFD monitoring, particularly for risky gluten exposure in real-life scenarios.

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In many countries, assessing food and nutrient intake for research and surveillance purposes is difficult due to the lack of comprehensive, country-specific food and nutrient databases and/or a dietary analysis software program. In this case study, we describe the approach used to adapt a United States (US) dietary analysis software and nutrient database (Nutrition Data System for Research [NDSR]) for use in analyzing 24-hour dietary recalls collected for the Brazil Kids Nutrition and Health Study (KNHS). A team of experts that included individuals knowledgeable about Brazil and US eating traditions was assembled to devise solutions for between-country differences in eating habits, food supply, food nomenclature, and language. Solutions devised relied on several key resources, including the Brazilian Food Composition Table (TBCA) and a list of 200 foods commonly consumed in Brazil. These solutions included creating data entry rules that specified how each reported food should be entered into NDSR, creation of User Recipes for foods lacking a close nutritionally matching food in the NDSR database, and adjustment for food fortification differences as part of the analysis of study data. This case study illustrates that NDSR can be adapted for use outside of the United States through a structured process.

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OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the first web-based self-completed 24-h recall designed to categorise food intake according to Nova groups - Nova24h - and its agreement with a reference tool in estimating the dietary relative contribution of the four Nova food groups (% of total energy intake). DESIGN: Comparisons of estimates of dietary relative contributions of Nova groups obtained by Nova24h and one standard interviewer-led 24-h recall. SETTING: Nationwide adult cohort study in Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: The subjects were 186 participants of the NutriNet Brasil Cohort Study (n 186). RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed between the Nova24h and the reference tool mean contributions of unprocessed or minimally processed foods (52·3 % v. 52·6 %), processed culinary ingredients (11·6 % v. 11·9 %), processed foods (17·1 % v. 14·7 %) and ultra-processed foods (19·0 % v. 20·9 %). Intraclass correlation coefficients between individual estimates obtained for each Nova group showed moderate to good agreement (0·54-0·78). Substantial or almost perfect agreement between the tools was seen regarding the ability to rank participants according to quintiles of contribution of each Nova group (PABAK 0·69-0·81). CONCLUSIONS: Nova24h is a suitable tool for estimating the dietary relative energy contribution of Nova food groups in the NutriNet Brasil cohort. New studies are necessary to verify its adequacy in other populations.

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Assessing the usual food intake of para-athletes enables knowledge and description of nutrient intakes, providing insight into the potential nutritional status of para-athletes and may help tailor dietary intake to their specific training needs. This study aimed to evaluate the usual intake of macronutrients and food groups and meal food patterns of athletes with a disability. We also compared dietary intake data between team and individual sport para-athletes. One hundred and one athletes with a disability from 13 Paralympic disciplines living in Brasília, Federal District, Brazil were included. Food intake was estimated from two or four non-consecutive 24-h food recalls in which para-athletes reported all food, beverages, and supplements consumed in the previous 24-h. Dietary intake analysis was performed by implementing the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method to calculate the macronutrient and food group usual intake. Macronutrient intakes were compared to Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for the general population and food group intakes were compared to the 2008 Brazilian National Dietary Guidelines. Para-athletes consumed a low-carbohydrate, adequate protein, high-fat diet. There was no significant difference in macronutrient intake distribution between team sport and individual sport para-athletes. Most para-athletes had three main meals during the day. The prevalence of inadequate fruit servings in the middle and highest energy intake tertiles was significantly higher in team sport para-athletes (92.5% and 98.4%) than in individual sport para-athletes (90.8% and 65.5%), respectively. The prevalence of inadequate vegetable servings was significantly higher between team and individual para-athletes for the middle energy intake tertiles. Para-athletes generally consumed an imbalanced diet, which is a cause for concern given their additional physiological demands and specific training needs.

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Technological innovations can standardise and minimise reporting errors in dietary assessment. This scoping review aimed to summarise the characteristics of technological tools used to assess children's food intake. The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute's manual. The main inclusion criterion was studied that assessed the dietary intake of children 0-9 years of age using technology. We also considered articles on validation and calibration of technologies. We retrieved 15 119 studies and 279 articles were read in full, after which we selected 93 works that met the eligibility criteria. Forty-six technologies were identified, 37 % of which had been developed in Europe and 32⋅6 % in North America; 65⋅2 % were self-administered; 27 % were used exclusively at home; 37 % involved web-based software and more than 80 % were in children over 6 years of age. 24HR was the most widely used traditional method in the technologies (56⋅5 %), and 47⋅8 % of the tools were validated. The review summarised helpful information for studies on using existing tools or that intend to develop or validate tools with various innovations. It focused on places with a shortage of such technologies.

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BACKGROUND: Few studies have assessed dietary patterns (DPs) and the changes in these patterns over time in adults. The present study aimed to investigate whether possible changes in DPs in two assessments are associated with obesity and excess body fat. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in which data were collected from 1082 adults of a Brazilian birth cohort during two periods 15 years apart (T1: 2002-2004; T2: 2016-2017). Food consumption was assessed in both periods using validated food frequency questionnaires. Three similar DPs were found in the two assessments, and adherence to these patterns was classified as prudent, risk or mixed. Nine DPs changes were defined. At T2, subjects with a body mass index ≥ 30.0 kg m- ² were classified as obese, and men and women with a body fat (BF) percentage ≥ 25.0 and ≥ 35.0, respectively, were classified as having excess BF. A directed acyclic graph was built to adjust the association for confounding variables. RESULTS: At T2, 34.4% of the subjects were obese and 61.4% had excess BF. In the adjusted analysis, the changes associated with obesity and excess BF were prudent-mixed (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04-2.29 and PR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.10-1.65), risk-risk (PR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.03-2.13 and PR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.04-1.53), risk-mixed (PR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.05-2.31 and PR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.07-1.63) and mixed-risk (PR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.10-2.35 and PR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.04-1.58). CONCLUSIONS: A decline in food quality over time or stagnation in an unhealthy DP can lead to obesity and excess BF.

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BACKGROUND: Advances in technology have led to the identification of a greater number of metabolites related to diet. Although fruit intake biomarkers have been reported in some studies, these findings require further replication, considering the relevance of fruits for diet quality and health. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore the associations of a set of potential urinary biomarkers of diet, assessed using a targeted metabolomics approach, with self-reported fruit intake data in participants of a computer-assisted 24-h dietary recall (GloboDiet software) validation study. METHODS: A total of 93 individuals aged 43-72 y, 54% female, participated in this study. The subjects were a subsample of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). A 24-h dietary recall was obtained with the aid of GloboDiet software matching a 24-h urine sample from each participant. Candidate biomarkers were selected in a literature search and identified in urine by LC coupled to high-resolution MS. Spearman correlation analyses were performed between fruit intake and each biomarker. RESULTS: Spearman correlation analysis showed that total fruits intake was significantly correlated with citric acid (ρ = 0.213, P = 0.041), ferulic acid sulfate I (ρ = 0.240, P = 0.020), hesperetin glucuronide/homoeriodictyol glucuronide (ρ = 0.303, P = 0.003), hydroxyhippuric acid (ρ = 0.239, P = 0.021), homovanillic alcohol sulfate (ρ = 0.339, P = 0.001), methylgallic acid sulfate (ρ = 0.268, P = 0.009), naringenin glucuronide (NG; ρ = 0.278, P = 0.007), proline betaine (PB; ρ = 0.305, P = 0.003), syringic acid sulfate (ρ = 0.210, P = 0.044), and sinapic acid sulfate (ρ = 0.412, P < 0.001). Among them, 3 have been described in literature as promising biomarkers for intake of total fruit, oranges, and citrus fruit: NG, hesperetin glucuronide, and PB. CONCLUSIONS: Associations of total fruits intake with urinary measurements indicate the potential usefulness of dietary biomarkers in the Brazilian population as a complement to self-reported dietary assessments.

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Resumen Introducción: las fotografías de alimentos son ayudas que se utilizan para estimar el tamaño de las porciones en la evaluación dietética. Se ha demostrado que aquellas diseñadas para la población adulta son inapropiadas para evaluar la ingesta en niños. Actualmente, Argentina no cuenta con fotografías de alimentos diseñadas para la población de niños menores de 5 años. Objetivo: construir y validar un atlas fotográfico de alimentos para niños de 1 a 5 años de Argentina. Materiales y método: se realizó un estudio de investigación-acción que se dividió en dos etapas. En la primera se construyó un atlas fotográfico de alimentos y, en la segunda se validó el instrumento mediante un estudio exploratorio observacional transversal con enfoque cuali-cuantitativo llevado a cabo en dos establecimientos educativos de la ciudad de La Plata. El atlas fotográfico cuenta con 77 series de fotografías de alimentos. La validación se llevó a cabo mediante sesiones de percepción visual en tiempo real. Se realizó una valoración de las características visuales y del contenido del atlas por licenciadas en Nutrición mediante una encuesta semiestructurada. Resultados: participaron 168 padres o cuidadores voluntarios, 102 mujeres y 66 hombres. El número total de estimaciones del tamaño de la porción fue de 2856, de las cuales un 65,5% resultaron correctas. Los alimentos estimados por debajo del 60% fueron: sémola, puré de zapallo, zanahoria rallada, manzana, zapallito verde, ensalada de frutas y arroz con leche. El atlas fue valorado por 21 licenciadas en Nutrición, de las cuales a un 47,6% le pareció que el diseño y contenido eran adecuados. Conclusión: si bien se deben mejorar aquellas series que generaron dificultades en la estimación de la porción, el atlas fotográfico de alimentos resultó ser una herramienta útil para estimar la ingesta en niños de 1 a 5 años.

Abstract Introduction: food photographs are aids used in estimating portion sizes in dietary evaluation. Those designed for the adult population have been shown to be inappropriate for evaluating intake in children. Currently, Argentina does not have food photographs designed for the population of children under 5 years of age. Objective: To develop and validate a photographic food atlas for children from 1 to 5 years old in Argentina. Materials and method: an action-research study was carried out, divided into two stages. In the first, a photographic food atlas was develop and in the second, the instrument was validated through an exploratory cross-sectional observational study with a quali-quantitative approach carried out in two educational establishments in the city of La Plata. The photographic atlas has 77 series of food photographs. The validation was carried out through visual perception sessions in real time. An assessment of the visual characteristics and the content of the atlas was carried out by Nutrition Graduates through a semi-structured survey. Results: 168 voluntary parents or caregivers participated, 102 women and 66 men. The total number of portion size estimates was 2,856, of which 65.5% were correct. Foods estimated to be below 60% were semolina, pumpkin puree, grated carrot, apple, zucchini, fruit salad, and rice pudding. The atlas was evaluated by 21 Nutrition Graduates, of which 47.6% thought that its design and content were adequate. Conclusion: although those series that generated difficulties in estimating the portion should be improved, the photographic food atlas turned out to be a useful tool to estimate the intake in children aged 1 to 5.

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BACKGROUND: In middle-income countries, malnutrition concentrates in marginalized populations with a lack of effective preventive strategies. OBJECTIVE: Identify risk factors for undernutrition in a peri-urban Ecuadorian community of children aged 12 to 59 months. METHODS: Data from a cross-sectional survey in 2011 of children 1 to 5 years were analyzed including demographic data, medical history and examination, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), anthropometric measurements, and blood for complete blood count, C-reactive protein, vitamin A, iron, and zinc levels. Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was calculated from FFQ. Bivariate and multivariate analysis assessed effects on primary outcome of undernutrition by DDS, vitamin deficiencies, and demographic and nutritional data. RESULTS: N = 67, 52.2% undernourished: 49.3% stunted, 25.4% underweight, and 3% wasted; 74.6% (n = 50) were anemic and 95.1% (n = 39) had low serum zinc. Dietary Diversity Score was universally low (mean 4.91 ± 1.36, max 12). Undernutrition was associated with lower vitamin A levels (20 306, IQR: 16605.25-23973.75 vs 23665, IQR: 19292-26474 ng/mL, P = .04); underweight was associated with less parental report of illness (43.8%, n = 7 vs 80% n = 40, P = .005) and higher white blood count (13.7, IQR: 11.95-15.8 vs 10.9, IQR: 7.8-14.23 × 109/L, P = .02). In multiple regression, risk of undernutrition decreased by 4% for every $10 monthly income increase (95 CI%: 0.5%-7.4%, P = .02, n = 23); risk of underweight decreased by 0.06 for every increased DDS point (adjusted odds ratio: 0.06; 95 CI%: 0.004-0.91, P = .04, n = 23). CONCLUSIONS: In this peri-urban limited-resource, mostly Indigenous Ecuadorian community, stunting exceeds national prevalence, lower monthly income is the strongest predictor of undernutrition, lower DDS can predict some forms of undernutrition, and vitamin deficiencies are associated with but not predictive of undernutrition.

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OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate protocols for photographed food record directed to visually impaired people. DESIGN: Photographic techniques were established for capturing food images using a smartphone, and written protocols were defined. Thereafter, visually impaired people made photographic records of three standardised meals (breakfast, lunch/dinner, and snack) following the previously developed protocols. These photographs were then evaluated by a panel of experts (nutritionists and photographer) to indicate whether the framing, focus and angle were suitable to identify the food type, food amount and portion size. Agreement between the experts was assessed using Fleiss' Kappa. SETTING: Natal, the capital of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Visually impaired people (n 40); nutritionists (n 2); professional photographer (n 1). RESULTS: Both protocols obtained a high proportion of satisfactory photos for all the items in the three dimensions investigated. When overall quality was assessed, the experts' agreement was a substantial that through the images it would be possible to identify the food type and portion size, both for Frontal Photos (k = 0·70 and k = 0·62, respectively) and Aerial Photos (k = 0·68 and k = 0·70, respectively). The degree of agreement that the photos presented a satisfactory global quality was moderate for the Frontal Photo (k = 0·43) and substantial for the Aerial Photo (k = 0·64). Participants who frequently used smartphone-type cell phones obtained better quality images for all these attributes for both protocols. CONCLUSIONS: The protocols for photographed food record developed for visually impaired people in this study are feasible and present themselves as an alternative strategy to qualitatively assess their dietary intake.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the usual energy and micronutrient intake distributions and compare the prevalence of insufficient/excessive micronutrient intake in Brazilian para-athletes with and without scholarship support. METHODS: The study was conducted between September 2018 and August 2019 and included 101 athletes with a disability from 13 Paralympic disciplines living in Brasília, the Federal District. Food intake was estimated from two or four non-consecutive 24-h food recalls in which para-athletes reported all food, beverages, and supplements consumed in the previous 24-h. Dietary intake analysis was performed by implementing the National Cancer Institute method. Comparisons between scholarship and non-scholarship athletes were performed using Student's t tests for parametric variables and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for nonparametric variables. RESULTS: Mean usual energy intake was significantly lower in scholarship para-athletes (2128 ± 125 kcal/d) than in non-scholarship para-athletes (2239 ± 116 kcal/d; P < 0.001). The prevalence of inadequacy for vitamin D, calcium, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, and zinc was significantly higher in scholarship than in non-scholarship para-athletes (P < 0.001). The prevalence of risk for iron deficiency was 29.5% in female para-athletes. The prevalence of micronutrient inadequacy was >10% for eight (60%) and seven (54%) micronutrients among scholarship and non-scholarship para-athletes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian Federal sport scholarship assistance program in its current format is insufficient to protect athletes from micronutrient inadequacies.

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BACKGROUND: In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), an accurate assessment of food intake is essential for clinical nutritional management. Tools such as the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 24-h food record (24HR) identify dietary habits in support of dietary planning. However, it is possible that these tools have reporting errors with respect to assessing food intake, particularly energy intake (EI). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with type 2 DM. EI was assessed by the FFQ and 24HR tools. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured by indirect calorimetry. Data were analysed using a kappa test, t-test and Spearman's correlation coefficients. Under-reporting was assessed using the EI/REE ratio. Patients with values <1.18 and <1.10 for FFQ and 24HR, respectively, were considered as under-reporting. RESULTS: We evaluated 55 patients [mean (SD) 62.7 (5.3) years old, duration of diabetes 11.2 (7.3) years, 52.7% female]. The mean (SD) EI assessed by FFQ was 1797.7 (641.3) and as assessed by 24HR was 1624 (484.8) kcal day-1 . The mean (SD) REE was 1641.3 (322.3) kcal day-1 . The mean (SD) ratios FFQ/REE and 24HR/REE were 1.11 (0.38) and 1.01 (0.30), respectively. The tools showed a moderate agreement for under-reporting of EI (kappa = 0.404; P = 0.003). Moderate and positive correlations between REE were observed with FFQ (r = 0.321; P = 0.017) and 24HR (r = 0.364; P = 0.006). According to the tools, the under-reporting was observed in approximately 65% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with type 2 DM under-reported their calorie intake, as assessed by FFQ and 24HR. REE showed a positive correlation with both tools.

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PURPOSE: This systematic review aimed to synthesize the available evidence on the effects of a high-protein diet on appetite sensations in individuals with overweight and obesity. METHODS: Two authors independently conducted literature searches, study selection, design of the method, and quality appraisal. The main inclusion criteria were studies involving protocols that present a protein intake greater than 1.2 g/kg/day or 25% of the total daily energy content compared to a normal protein diet, i.e., 0.8-1.2 g/kg/day or 15%-20% of the total energy content. Studies that evaluated test meals or diet within a period of less than 7 days and participants with diabetes, cancer, or other specific conditions were excluded from this review. The literature search was updated until November 2019 using the main databases available. RESULTS: Of a total of 4191 records, ten articles met the inclusion criteria and included a total of 1079 subjects. In six studies, participants experienced enhanced fullness or satiety in response to a high-dietary protein intake, of which four studies had an intervention period of 10-12 weeks. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that among individuals with overweight or obesity, higher dietary protein intake may influence appetite sensations by enhancing fullness or satiety. The low level of evidence, due to the heterogeneity of the protocols and the high risk of bias, highlights the need for further studies to confirm these results.

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OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop and validate a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for assessing consumption of fatty acids among pregnant women. METHODS: Two lists of foods were created according to percent contribution of each nutrient estimated by three 24-hour recalls: a long and short version FFQ to estimate long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs). Student paired t-test and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to verify the differences in mean consumption of nutrients from the FFQ and 24-hour recall. The concordance between the consumption values of the two methods was assessed using the Bland-Altman method and quartiles concordance. RESULTS: For the FFQ - long version, correlation values ranged from 0.33 (<0.05) to 0.62 (<0.01) for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and linoleic acid (LA), respectively. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were not correlated. Exact concordance ranged from 49.0% (energy) to 22.4% (EPA), and discordance ranged from 14.3% (DPA) to 2.0% (Saturated). The FFQ - short version had high correlations for LCPUFAs. Exact concordance ranged from 36.7% (n-3 LCPUFA) to 16.3% (DHA); and discordance from 12.2% (DPA) to 2.0% (arachidonic acid). Bland-Altman analysis showed good concordance for both versions. CONCLUSION: This nutrient-specific FFQ is a valid instrument to be used to estimate the level of consumption of fatty acids among pregnant women.

OBJETIVO: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar y validar un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos para evaluar el consumo de ácidos grasos en gestantes. MÉTODOS: Dos listas de alimentos fueron creadas de acuerdo con la contribución porcentual de cada nutriente estimado por 3 recordatorios de 24 horas: CFC - versión larga y CFC - versión corta para estimar ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPICL). La prueba de t pareada de Student y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson se utilizaron para verificar las diferencias entre el consumo medio de nutrientes de del CFC y el recordatorio de 24 horas. La concordancia entre los valores de consumo de los dos métodos se evaluó mediante el método de Bland-Altman y la concordancia de cuartiles. RESULTADOS: En CFC - versión larga, los valores de correlación oscilaron entre 0.33 (<0.05) y 0.62 (<0.01) para ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) y ácido linoleico (LA), respectivamente. Ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y ácido docosapentaenoico (DPA) no presentaron correlación. La concordancia exacta varió de 49,0% (energía) a 22,4% (EPA), y la discordancia varió de 14,3% (DPA) a 2,0% (saturado). CFC: la versión corta mostró los mejores valores de correlaciones para los AGPICL. La concordancia exacta varió de 36,7 (n-3 LCPUFA) a 16,3% (DHA); y discordancia de 12,2% (DPA) a 2,0% (ácido araquidónico). El análisis de Bland-Altman mostró una buena concordancia para ambas versiones. CONCLUSIÓN: Este método CFC específico de nutrientes es un instrumento válido que se utiliza para estimar el nivel de consumo de ácidos grasos en mujeres gestantes.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyse the reliability and validity of a semi-quantitative FFQ to assess food group consumption in South American children and adolescents. DESIGN: The SAYCARE (South American Youth/Child cARdiovascular and Environmental) study is an observational, multicentre, feasibility study performed in a sample of 3- to 18-year-old children and adolescents attending private and public schools from six South American countries. Participants answered the FFQ twice with a two-week interval and three 24-h dietary recalls. Intraclass and Spearman's correlations, weighted Cohen's kappa (κw), percentage of agreement and energy-adjusted Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated. SETTING: Seven cities in South America (Buenos Aires, Lima, Medelin, Montevideo, Santiago, Sao Paulo and Teresina). SUBJECTS: A sample of 200 children and 244 adolescents for reliability analyses and 252 children and 244 adolescents for validity analyses were included. RESULTS: Depending on the food group, for children and adolescents, reliability analyses resulted in Spearman's coefficients from 0·47 to 0·73, intraclass correlation coefficients from 0·66 to 0·99, κw coefficients from 0·35 to 0·63, and percentage of agreement between 72·75 and 83·52 %. In the same way, validity analyses resulted in Spearman's coefficients from 0·17 to 0·37, energy-adjusted Pearson's coefficients from 0·17 to 0·61, κw coefficients from 0·09 to 0·24, and percentages of agreement between 45·79 and 67·06 %. CONCLUSION: The SAYCARE FFQ achieved reasonable reliability and slight-moderate validity for almost all food groups intakes. Accordingly, it can be used for the purpose of ranking the intake of individuals within a population.

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AIM: Until recently most dietary survey methods have been developed for non-athletic populations. In this study, we aimed to develop a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess the regular dietary intake of Brazilian athletes. METHODS: We interviewed 141 athletes (23.36 ± 7.77 years old) for their dietary intake using 24-hour recalls. After grouping conceptually similar food items into 113 food items, percentage contribution analysis and stepwise regression models were used to highlight foods contributing to at least 90% of the between-person variability of key nutrients. RESULTS: The developed FFQ contained 59 foods which were important predictors of the variance in nutrient intake. Vitamin C and pyridoxine had the lowest number of selected foods. Conversely, 13 food items were required to explain the between-person variation for energy, carbohydrate and magnesium intake. CONCLUSIONS: Using a multiple regression analysis we developed a 59-food item questionnaire, which includes culturally specific food items and may represent an important dietary tool to analyse athletic populations. Reproducibility and validity of this FFQ will be verified in future research.

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La evaluación dietética es una de las herramientas más importantes de la epidemiología nutricional, su práctica continúa siendo un reto para los profesionales de la Nutrición, que actualmente se enfrentan a cambios en el perfil epidemiológico de la población, avances científicos y tecnológicos, escasez de recursos y desigualdades sociales. Los estudios dietéticos, como cualquier otro tipo de investigación evaluativa, ven comprometidas su validez y confiabilidad ante debilidades técnicas y metodológicas que deben ser atendidas, durante el diseño y la ejecución. Venezuela, al igual que el resto de los países latinoamericanos, tiene una larga historia de investigación alimentaria, encontrando estudios que difieren en objetivos, tamaño de la muestra, tipo de muestreo, técnicas aplicadas, tratamiento estadístico, análisis y uso de la información. Actualmente, es indiscutible la necesidad de acercarse al consumo real de alimentos y nutrientes por parte de la población venezolana, contar con una línea base es indispensable para la formulación, implementación y evaluación de estrategias de intervención eficaces para el alcance de mayores niveles de salud nutricional y la prevención de enfermedades, que garanticen una vida activa y productiva para la población. Las nuevas exigencias y retos exhortan a la revisión permanente de conceptos, enfoques y protocolos de evaluación dietética. La invitación es a transitar por el fascinante campo de la investigación alimentaria y tomar lo mejor de los dos mundos: la rigurosidad científica que siempre se debió mantener y las oportunidades y desafíos que caracterizan a los nuevos tiempos(AU)

Dietary assessment is one of the most important tools in nutritional epidemiology; its practice continues to be a challenge for nutrition professionals, who are currently facing changes in the epidemiological profile of the population, scientific and technological advances, scarcity of resources and social inequalities. Dietary studies, like any other type of evaluative research, have their validity and reliability compromised in the face of technical and methodological weaknesses that must be addressed during design and execution. Venezuela, like the rest of the Latin American countries, has a long history of food research, finding studies that differ in objectives, sample size, type of sampling, applied techniques, statistical treatment, analysis and use of information. Currently, the need to approach the real consumption of food and nutrients by the Venezuelan population is indisputable; having a baseline is essential for the formulation, implementation and evaluation of effective intervention strategies to achieve higher levels of nutritional health and the prevention of diseases that guarantee an active and productive life for the population. The new demands and challenges call for the permanent revision of concepts, approaches and protocols for dietary assessment. The invitation is to travel through the fascinating field of food research and take the best of both worlds: the scientific rigor that always had to be maintained and the opportunities and challenges that characterize the new times(AU)

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RESUMO

La inadecuación de micronutrientes es frecuente en los países en vías de desarrollo. En Costa Rica existe poca información acerca de la ingesta de micronutrientes y del impacto de los programas de fortificación obligatoria de alimentos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la ingesta de vitaminas y minerales y el aporte de la fortificación de alimentos a la ingesta total de micronutrientes en la población urbana costarricense. Se analizó el consumo de alimentos en una muestra de la población urbana costarricense, participantes del Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS). El riesgo de ingesta inadecuada se estimó según sexo y grupo de edad, utilizando el método de punto de corte del Requerimiento Medio Estimado (EAR). Para el hierro, se utilizó el método de aproximación probabilística. Más del 85% de la muestra presentó riesgo de ingesta inadecuada para vitamina E, calcio y vitamina D. Una menor prevalencia de riesgo de ingesta inadecuada se presentó para la niacina, tiamina, folatos, hierro y selenio. La fortificación de alimentos tiene un efecto notorio en la ingesta de micronutrientes, especialmente de hierro, niacina, tiamina y folatos. La ingesta de calcio, vitamina D y vitamina E es preocupantemente inadecuada, siendo las mujeres y las personas mayores de 50 años los grupos más afectados. Resulta fundamental el establecimiento de programas y políticas públicas para asegurar el cumplimiento del requerimiento establecido para los diferentes micronutrientes(AU)

Micronutrient deficiencies are still very common in developing countries. In Costa Rica there is little information on micronutrients intake and the impact of food fortification.This study aimed to determine the contribution of food fortification to the total intake, and to estimate the risk of inadequate intake of vitamins and minerals in an urban Costa Rican population. As a part of the Latin American Nutrition and Health Study, we analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 798 urban residents from Costa Rica (15-65 years old) whom provided two 24-h dietary recalls. The prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake was estimated according to the EAR cut-point method. Iron was analyze using the probability approach. We observed a 100% of the sample are at risk of inadequate intake of vitamin D, and similar percentages were obtained for calcium and vitamin E, ranging from 92.9 to 100% and 85.5 to 99.2% respectively. A lower risk of inadequate intake was observed for niacin, thiamin, folate, iron and selenium. Food fortificationmakes an important contribution to folate, thiamin, iron and niacin intake. Despite the efforts that have been made to ensure adequate micronutrient intake in Costa Rica, the intake of calcium, vitamin D and vitamin E is still very low, especially among women and people over 50 are the most affected. Based on the above, it is recommended to promote a healthy diet through nutritional education as part of public health policies, in order to facilitates compliance to nutritional requirement(AU)

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