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BACKGROUND: In this article, I utilize the concept of the Plantationocene as an analytical framework to generate a holistic and historical understanding of the present-day struggles of a mostly Haitian migrant workforce on sugar plantations in the Dominican Republic. METHODS: Inspired by Paul Farmer's methodology, I combine political economy, history, and ethnography approaches to interpret the experiences of sugarcane cutters across historical and contemporary iterations of colonial, post-colonial, and neo-colonial practices over the course of five centuries. RESULTS: My findings elucidate the enduring power of capitalism, implicating corporate and state elites, as the structural scaffolding for acts of racialized violence that condition the life-and-death circumstances of Black laborers on Caribbean plantations to this day. Although today's sugarcane cutters may suffer differently than their enslaved or wage labor ancestors on the plantation, I argue that an unfettered racialized pattern of lethal exploitation is sustained through the structural violence of neoliberalism that links present conditions with the colonial past. CONCLUSIONS: Ultimately, this paper contributes understandings of the plantationocene's enduring effects in the global south by demonstrating how imperialist arrangements of capitalism are not a distant memory from the colonial past but instead are present yet hidden and obscured while relocated and reanimated overseas to countries like the Dominican Republic, where American capitalists still exploit Black bodies for profit and power.

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Honduras' underdevelopment of the higher education system, national economic constraints, and low investment in science and technology (S&T) have created significant challenges in training, employing, and retaining its science workforce, resulting in what is known as "brain drain" in literature. There are no official statistics of Honduran scientists who have established their residency abroad, nor the Honduran scientific diasporas (HSD); however, various diaspora networks provide evidence of their existence and engagement in their home country. This study takes an empirical approach and explores experiences of networking and engagement of the HSD for the development of Honduras. Methodologically, a qualitative approach and a phenomenological design were used. The data were collected through documentary review and semi-structured interviews with 21 key respondents from three identified HSD networks: Honduras Global (HG), the Organization of Women in Science for the Developing World, Honduras National Chapter (OWSD Honduras), and the Alumni Association of the Zamorano Pan-American Agricultural School (AGEAP-Zamorano). The holistic analysis of HSD's engagement provides evidence of existing registry gaps. Neither the S&T agents nor the Honduras Foreign Policy have identified, mapped, and characterized Honduran scientists' emigration patterns. Evidence suggests the willingness of the HSD to transfer knowledge, build bridges, and facilitate access to world-class research practices to their peers residing in Honduras and interact with broader sectors of the Honduran society.

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The underdevelopment of the higher education system in Guatemala and the fragility of its science and technology (S&T) contexts have compelled a significant number of talented Guatemalan scientists to be trained, educated, and employed abroad. The relocation of such skilled human power to different countries and regions has resulted in a growing Guatemalan Scientific Diaspora (GSD). Until recently, the emigration of scientists from the Global South to scientifically advanced countries in the North was studied as it negatively impacted the countries of origin. However, technological upgrades and globalization have progressively shifted the paradigm in which such scientific diasporas interact and connect, thus enabling them to influence their home countries positively. Due to the lack of knowledge-based evidence and functioning connecting platforms, the value and potential of the GSD in their involvement in proposing solutions to complex socio-economic, environmental, and other challenges faced by Guatemalan society remain unknown. Moreover, the lack of interaction of relevant stakeholders (S&T policy agents, international partners, higher education institutions and research centers, industry, and relevant not governmental organizations) represents a pervasive obstacle to the untapped impact of the GSD in the country. This study outlines the Guatemalan scientific diasporas' networking as a mechanism for building research excellence and intellectual capital. This force could respond to the need to strengthen the national science capacities and meet the demands for knowledge production and access to broader sectors of society. This research applied qualitative methodology that, through the conduction of focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with members of the Guatemalan scientific community and relevant key stakeholders, delved into the existence and articulation of the GSD and potential stages for their engagement with their country of origin. Findings highlight the importance of digital and technological pathways that might leverage the GSD's knowledge and experience, channeling skills, and international connections for better interaction with the Guatemalan society. Furthermore, the discussion addresses how technology might turn brain drain into brain circulation, enabling the articulation of the GSD as a viable opportunity to generate collaboration between scientists abroad and local actors, ultimately impacting the building and development of Guatemalan science and national research capacities.

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The current knowledge society has driven an unprecedented mobility of people, especially scientists, from emerging economies to developed countries. This mobility can allow the development of human talent and the access to first class infrastructure and resources, but it can also mean a loss for emerging economies due to the phenomenon of brain drain. To counteract this situation, some countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have developed models for the articulation of their scientific diaspora in projects and programs, with the aim of exchanging knowledge and capitalizing on human and technical resources to advance science, technology and innovation systems. Likewise, science diplomacy has become a tool for interlinking the work of various actors in order to advance the solution of national, transnational or global problems through scientific advice. Scientific diasporas are vital in new structures of cooperation, enabling them to innovate and solve problems jointly, advising their countries of origin and articulating policies and programs. This research seeks to analyze the interactions and initiatives identified between the organized scientific diaspora from Latin America and the Caribbean and their countries of origin in relation to science diplomacy processes, providing recommendations and proposals for public policy to improve the interaction between the diaspora and the governments of their countries of origin. Results show that diaspora organizations from Latin America and the Caribbean engage with governmental and non-state actors and are active science diplomacy stakeholders promoting the scientific developments of their country or their researchers, as well as enabling access to research resources creating alliances for scientific, institutional and academic collaborations. In the cases studied, these efforts are planned and executed by the diaspora without responding to any science diplomacy strategy of the country. Policies and programs are needed to effectively link the scientific diaspora organizations to the interests of the countries.

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The Brazilian population is a product of asymmetric admixture among European men and Amerindian and African women. However, Brazilian subcontinental ancestry is scarcely documented, especially regarding its African roots. Here, we aimed to unveil the uniparental continental and subcontinental contributions from distinct Brazilian regions, including South (n = 43), Southeast (n = 71), the poorly genetically characterized Central-Western region (n = 323), and a subset of unique Brazilian Amerindians (n = 24), in the context of their genome-wide ancestral contributions. The overwhelming majority of European Y haplogroups (85%) contrast sharply with the predominant African and Amerindian mtDNA haplogroups (73.2%) in admixed populations, whereas in Amerindians, non-Native haplogroups could only be detected through the paternal line. Our in-depth investigation of uniparental markers showed signals of an Andean and Central-Brazilian Amerindian maternal contribution to Southeastern and Central-Western Brazil (83.1 ± 2.1% and 56.9 ± 0.2%, respectively), the last having the highest paternal Amerindian ancestry yet described for an admixed Brazilian region (9.7%) and contrasting with higher Southern-Brazilian Amerindian contribution to Southern Brazil (59.6 ± 1%). Unlike the higher African Bantu contribution previously reported for the South and Southeast, a relevant Western African non-Bantu contribution was detected in those regions (85.7 ± 5% and 71.8 ± 10.8% respectively). In contrast, a higher Bantu contribution was described for the first time in the Central-West (64.8 ± 1.3% maternal and 86.9 ± 9.6% paternal). We observed sex-biased signatures consistent with the historically recorded Brazilian colonization and added new insights in the subcontinental maternal ancestry of Brazilians from regions never studied at this level.

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Meanings of menstruation are deeply embedded in culture and religion. The current dominant narrative presents menstrual practices as restrictions and often describes Hindu women as 'subjected to' these practices, characterising them as the oppressed victims of their religion. This article seeks to complicate this oversimplified narrative by exploring women's motivations, choices and decisions related to menstrual practices in a small-scale study based on semi-structured interviews and focus groups with women in the Hindu-Trinidadian diaspora. Our findings indicate that the women we interviewed exercise agency in the cognitive, emotional, religious and socio-cultural spheres. Many of them accept the ritual 'impurity' but overwhelmingly restrict this label to the spiritual sphere and separate it from their menstruating bodies. Many reject the idea that the practices are restrictive or stigmatising. They do not understand religion as the source of menstrual stigma but instead value or accept menstrual practices as part of what it means to be a Hindu woman-motivated by religious observance and/or the desire to be part of a community that upholds tradition. These varied manifestations of women's agency challenge the understanding of menstrual practices as necessarily-and-always oppressive and call for acknowledging the nuance and complexity of women's lives.

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The article seeks to understand the position of Global South communities and ethnicities in contemporary global politics, using the COVID-19 crisis to illustrate and evidence the practical application of the decolonial theories. In two separate topics, it chronologically analyzes the racialization of the pandemics through the examples of the Asian and African (diasporic and continental) communities' respective homogenous stereotypes and their emergence between the outbreak of and attempted cure to the virus, comparing them to the ethno-racial categories historically attributed to the groups.

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BACKGROUND: Ecological disasters create dramatic changes as man-made and natural ecosystems adapt to their effects. In 2017, Hurricanes Irma and María devastated Puerto Rico. Public focus after such traumatic ecological events often neglects pre-existing community dynamics, heterogeneity of lived experience, and complexity of decision-making in the disaster context. We intended to better understand the lived experience of this ecological trauma in communities across ecosystems in Puerto Rico and among those displaced to Florida. METHOD: We used the Critical Medical Ecological (CME) framework to assess the relative contribution of ecological dimensions on lived experience across community levels and time. We used qualitative methods with emic coding and etic mapping of salient constructs to the ecological model. In total, 96 people participated in 23 discussion encounters. Two people coded interviews in Spanish using Dedoose. We identified common themes in sequential order mapped to elements of the CME to approximate the participants' temporal experience. RESULTS: Codes applied to the period of the hurricane's landfall, traverse, and exit were markedly distinct from the other two periods (before and after) examined in this study: the experience of the hurricane's strike was highly personal and, at this level, reflected a mix of sociocultural, biological, and abiotic factors. After the hurricanes, social and community factors re-emerged while new risks and conditions arose that were biological (e.g., leptospirosis, no food or water) or abiotic (e.g., unusable roads/bridges, structures destroyed), but created ongoing stressors and social needs for communities. As we found, the dynamics of the social and household landscape sometimes involved the decision to leave Puerto Rico altogether, or forced people to continually face and adapt to the ongoing collapse in basic services that were only slowly and differentially restored. CONCLUSION: Lived experience across each stage of the hurricanes differed substantially from one another. Communities disrupted by ecological disaster are also frequently entangled within global economic and political histories and dependencies that could preclude recovery. Island nations are especially vulnerable to both climate-induced ecological change and political-economic exploitation. The ongoing health effect of the hurricane remains palpable in many communities of Puerto Rico and among the diaspora in Florida.

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BACKGROUND: Some 35,000 indentured laborers from India were recruited to work on plantations in Suriname between 1868 and 1916. It is likely that most were familiar with farming before they were shipped to this former Dutch colony in the Caribbean. Around 1900, those who did not return received a piece of land where most of them started growing rice as a staple crop. Agronomists characterized their traditional landraces as inferior and infested with weedy rice and started to 'purify' these landraces. No research has been done on whether these ancient rice varieties still exist. We aimed to document the rice varieties (both landraces and more modern cultivars) grown currently or in the recent past by (descendants of) Hindustani smallholders in Suriname, their origin, morphological and agronomic characters, local uses and cultural and spiritual relevance. Given the rapid decline in small-scale rice cultivation in the past 40 years, we wanted to know why people continued or abandoned rice farming and what aspects of traditional practices still survived. METHODS: We interviewed 26 (former) small-scale Hindustani farmers and asked about the varieties they cultivated and traditional agricultural practices. We collected seed samples, local names and associated information, and compared these to information from agricultural reports from the colonial period. We also interviewed 11 Maroons, one Javanese farmer, and three persons of mixed ethnicity, who were somehow involved in the cultivation of East Indian rice varieties. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Hindustani smallholders in Suriname largely lost their traditional rice landraces. Most of the interviewed farmers grew modern cultivars, developed after 2000. Some cultivars from the 1950s were still planted for fodder, but these were heavily mixed with weedy rice and other weeds. Maroon farmers in the interior, however, still actively cultivated varieties with names like 'coolie rice', which probably descend from landraces introduced by the Indian contract laborers, although this needs to be confirmed by molecular research. Although traditional cultivation practices seem to have been lost, smallholders still retain pleasant memories of the manual planting, harvesting, and processing of rice, as well as the gender-based practices and beliefs associated with the cultivation of the crop. The oral history of former rice farmers and traditional rice varieties (possibly obtained from Maroon fields) could play a role in museum settings as living vehicles for memories of the descendants of Asian contract labourers in Suriname and Guyana.

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The experience of building and participating in women scientists' communities in Central America is a multi-layered topic worthy of study. Understanding the dynamics of these women's groups, associations, and other forms of collective participation, could assist in shedding light on why women are typically under-represented in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) research in countries within this region. The objectives of this study are (i) to explore the experiences of participation in communities of women scientists in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Panama, and (ii) to systematize the challenges and opportunities derived from such activities. Additionally, this work elaborates on some best practices from the Science Diplomacy (SD) perspective, which could provide a helpful framework to encourage these types of collective participatory communities. The qualitative research methodology was based on the collection of primary data from semi-structured interviews and responses to an online survey sent out to Central American women scientists. The findings of this study revealed few cases of community building experiences among women scientists within the studied countries. Evidence also showed the emergence of shared patterns in terms of barriers and disincentives to participating in such communities. Meanwhile, data collected from the few existing community groups is used to identify successful incentives and motivations. The analysis of the collected data offered relevant implications for Science Diplomacy. Most respondents referred to the Organization of Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD) as one of the main organizations that can impact and further Science Diplomacy. This organization promotes international engagement and networking among women scientists from developing countries across regions and this article shows how this has been used to foster women science community building in Central America. Exploring similar practices in-depth may offer opportunities to overcome traditional barriers and build further gender equality in science in Central America.

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OBJECTIVE: In the Caribbean region, research has been limited, making it challenging to find. In order for the region to optimally access and utilize present research and identify gaps, we developed the Repository for Caribbean Cancer Publications (ReCCaP) to home publications on cancer in the Caribbean population and diaspora and report on publication trends. METHODS: A systematic PubMed literature search for the period 2004-2019 (15 years) was developed using keywords related to "cancer" and "Caribbean." Three independent investigators verified included publications. The final database was formatted and hosted in an online database management software. Publication trends over time, by country, cancer type, and income classification were investigated. RESULTS: Of the 4935 publications found, 1194 papers met the inclusion criteria with 803 publications (67.25%) being on the Caribbean population, 139 publications (11.64%) including multiple Caribbean countries and 252 publications (21.11%) on the diaspora. Between 2004 and 2019, there was an overall 0.20 increase in publications regionally. Overall, most publications were on breast (n = 168, 14.07%), prostate (n = 156, 13.07%), cervical (n = 152, 12.73%), colorectal (n = 80, 6.70%), and lung cancer (n = 36, 3.02%). The highest number of papers were published by Puerto Rico (22.80 pubs/year), Cuba (8.27 pubs/year), Jamaica (6.27 pubs/year), Trinidad and Tobago (3.53 pubs/year), and Martinique (2.27 pubs/year). The high-income countries (n=10) collectively lead in publications over the 15-year period. CONCLUSION: ReCCaP provides an easily searchable database highlighting published work and gaps in knowledge on cancer in the Caribbean and diaspora.

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Em cem anos de história no movimento olímpico, o Brasil foi representado por 52 atletas que nasceram em território estrangeiro. Nenhum deles nasceu no continente africano. Em Jogos Paralímpicos, porém, o país contou em 2016 com a presença do jogador Maurício Dumbo, nascido em Angola e naturalizado brasileiro. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a história de vida de um desses imigrantes, mostrando qual o papel que o esporte teve na integração dele à sociedade brasileira. Como metodologia, optou-se pelas narrativas biográficas. Como resultados, vê-se que ainda existe preconceito e diversas barreiras na integração de migrantes vindos da África para o Brasil, todavia, percebe-se que o esporte foi um fator importante na construção de uma rede de socialização de Dumbo e que a adoção da nacionalidade brasileira não significou um rompimento com a sua origem angolana.

In a hundred years of history in the Olympic movement, Brazil was represented by 52 athletes who were born abroad. None of them was born on the African continent. In Paralympic Games, however, the country counted in 2016 with the player Maurício Dumbo, born in Angola and naturalized Brazilian. This article aims to present the life story of one of these immigrants, showing the role that sport played in his integration into Brazilian society. As a methodology, biographical narratives were chosen. As a result, it can be seen that there is still prejudice and several barriers in the integration of migrants from Africa to Brazil, however, it is clear that sport was an important factor in the construction of a social network of Dumbo, who the adoption of Brazilian nationality did not mean a break with his Angolan origin.

En cien años de historia en el movimiento olímpico, Brasil estuvo representado por 52 deportistas que nacieron en el extranjero. Ninguno de ellos nació en el continente africano. En los Juegos Paralímpicos el país contó en 2016 con el jugador Maurício Dumbo, nacido en Angola y naturalizado brasileño. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la historia de vida de uno de estos inmigrantes, mostrando el papel que jugó el deporte en su integración a la sociedad brasileña. Como metodología se eligieron narrativas biográficas. Como resultado, se puede ver que aún existen prejuicios y varias barreras en la integración de los migrantes de África a Brasil, sin embargo, es claro que el deporte fue un factor importante en la construcción de una red social de Dumbo con los brasileños, quienes la adopción de la nacionalidad brasileña no significó una ruptura con su origen angoleño.

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CONTEXT: The Caribbean diaspora in the United States is a diverse community that is afflicted with high morbidity and mortality due to preventable chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: Our goal is to determine which culturally sensitive health and nutrition educational modalities have the highest efficacy for improving general health in the Caribbean diaspora. METHODS: A scoping literature review was performed on the MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases using terms related to health and nutrition in the Caribbean population. Original, peer-reviewed research published from 2010 to 2020, which took place in the U.S. and Caribbean countries, were included in our review. RESULTS: We identified a total of nine articles that met our inclusion criteria. Rate differences for individual education program features were calculated to assess the likelihood of a positive impact on diet, physical activity, and diabetes. CONCLUSION: Our review helps to identify key educational modalities targeting diabetes, diet, and physical activity levels that can be used to meet the health and nutritional needs of the Caribbean diaspora population.

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Resumo Por meio de uma autoetnografia performática, os autores buscam problematizar os limites e as potencialidades do medo na contemporaneidade, propondo caminhos a partir da resistência, da esperança e do amor. Considerando seus movimentos diaspóricos e o encontro com diferentes culturas e épocas, o potencial de proposições dialógicas e de construção de pontes se reflete na interface do corpo com a cultura-sociedade.

Abstract Through a performance autoethnography the authors seek to problematize the limits and potentialities of fear in contemporary times, proposing ways from resistance, hope and love. Considering theirs diasporic movements and the encounter with different cultures and times, the potential of dialogical propositions and building bridges is reflected in the body's interface with culture-society.

Resumen A través de una autoetnografía performativa, los autores buscan problematizar los límites y potencialidades del miedo en la contemporaneidad, proponiendo caminos basados en la resistencia, la esperanza y el amor. Considerando sus movimientos diaspóricos y el encuentro con diferentes culturas y épocas, el potencial de propuestas dialógicas y de tender puentes se refleja en la interfaz entre el cuerpo y la sociedad-cultura.

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Resumo Neste artigo, nos propomos a uma leitura crítica da noção de sexílio, que surge nos Estados Unidos, nos anos 1990, em referência à experiência de exílio vivida por homossexuais porto-riquenhos que deixaram seu país de origem por motivo de sua orientação sexual. Desde então, os sentidos atribuídos se multiplicaram em direção ao problema do pertencimento de sujeitos homossexuais em deslocamento. No decorrer do artigo, traçamos esta trajetória por meio de trabalhos que abordaram experiências de múltiplas negações de pertencimento, também descritas como o medo de voltar para casa. Em diálogo com Gloria Anzaldúa e Didier Eribon, entendemos que o sexílio pode ser um conceito que elucida a experiência se sentir-se estranho na própria origem. Na última parte do artigo, tratamos ainda da noção de "diáspora queer", confrontando-a com a ideia de sexílio e apontando para suas contribuições e limites.

Abstract In this article, we propose a critical reading of the notion of sexile, which emerged in the United States, in the 1990s, in reference to the experience of exile as lived by Puerto Rican homosexuals who left their country of origin due to their sexual orientation. Since then, the connotations of sexile have multiplied and increasingly begun to address the problem of belonging that arises for homosexual subjects in processes of relocation. Throughout the article, we trace this trajectory back to the experience of multiple denials of belonging that is also described as the fear of going home. Weaving a dialogue with Gloria Anzaldúa and Didier Eribon, we argue that the sexile may be a concept that elucidates on the experience of feeling strange in one's own origins. In the last part, we also deal with the notion of "queer diaspora", confrontingit with that of sexile and pointing to its contributions and limits.

Resumen En este artículo proponemos una lectura crítica de la noción de sexílio, surgida en los Estados Unidos, en la década de los 1990, en referencia a la experiencia de exilio vivida por homosexuales puertorriqueños que dejaron su país de origen por su orientación sexual. Desde su emergencia, los significados atribuidos al sexílio se han multiplicado hacia el problema de pertenencia de sujetos homosexuales en movimento. A lo largo del artículo, trazamos esta trayectoria a través de trabajos que abordan experiencias de múltiples negaciones de pertenencia, también descritas como el miedo a volver a casa. En diálogo con Gloria Anzaldúa y Didier Eribon, entendemos que el sexílio puede ser un concepto que ayuda a comprender la experiencia de sentirse extraño a la casa, a la origen. En la última parte, abordamos la noción de "diáspora queer" para confrontarla con la de sexílio, señalando sus aportes y límites.

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A busca por oportunidades de trabalho profissional que permitam aos sujeitos melhores condições de vida está diretamente relacionada às migrações internacionais. O trabalho profissional afigura-se como recurso potencializador de saúde psíquica ao promover a experiência de reconhecimento de capacidades do migrante, com efeitos em sua subjetividade. Por meio do método de pesquisa psicanalítica, este artigo discorre sobre o papel do trabalho profissional frente aos impasses da vivência migratória. Discutem-se os riscos à tendência de patologização social da migração e aborda-se a relação entre migração e potencialidades criativas da prática laboral. Entrevistou-se um migrante haitiano e se elegeu, também, como material de análise, o livro intitulado "Sonhos que mobilizam o imigrante haitiano: biografia de Renel Simon". No testemunho constituído a partir da análise dessas narrativas, elabora-se o modo particular com que cada um destes sujeitos tem enfrentado seus desafios no caminho do trabalho de migrar. Conclui-se que o trabalho profissional responde à dimensão identitária, aquilatando o valor de si mesmo, na medida em que possibilita ao sujeito sua inserção social e vivências intersubjetivas de reconhecimento pelas atividades realizadas. (AU)

The search for professional work opportunities which allow the subjects better living conditions is directly related to international migration. Professional work seems to be a resource which enhances psychic health by promoting the experience of recognition of the migrant's skills, with effects on their subjectivity. Through the method of psychoanalytic research, this article examines the role of professional work in relation to the impasses of migratory experience. The risks to the social pathologization of migration tendencies are discussed and the relationship between migration and the creative potential of labor practice is approached. A Haitian migrant was interviewed and the book entitled "Sonhos que mobilizam o imigrante haitiano: biografia de Renel Simon" (Dreams that mobilize the Haitian immigrant: A biography of Renel Simon) was also selected as a research material. In a statement constituted from the analysis of these narratives, the individual way of how each one of these subjects has faced challenges along the migration process has been explained. The article concludes that professional work responds to the identity dimension, assessing value of one-self, as it allows the subject in its social insertion and intersubjective experiences of recognition for the activities performed. (AU)

La búsqueda por oportunidades de trabajo profesional que les permitan a los sujetos mejores condiciones de vida es directamente relacionada a las migraciones internacionales. El trabajo profesional se muestra como recurso potenciador de salud psíquica al promover la experiencia de reconocimiento de capacidades del migrante, con efectos en su subjetividad. Por medio del método de investigación psicoanalítica, este artículo discurre sobre el papel del trabajo profesional frente a los impases de la vivencia migratoria. Se discuten los riesgos a la tendencia de patologización social de la migración y se aborda la relación entre migración y potencialidades creativas de la práctica laboral. Se entrevistó a un migrante haitiano y se eligió, también, como material de análisis, el libro intitulado "Sonhos que mobilizam o imigrante haitiano: biografia de Renel Simon" (Sueños que movilizan al inmigrante haitiano: biografía de Renel Simon). En el testimonio constituido a partir del análisis de esas narrativas, se elabora el modo particular con que cada uno de estos sujetos vienen enfrentando sus desafíos en el camino del trabajo de migrar. Se concluye que el trabajo profesional responde a la dimensión de identidad, evaluando el valor de uno mismo, ya que permite al sujeto su inserción social y experiencias intersubjetivas de reconocimiento de las actividades realizadas. (AU)

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The Transatlantic Slave Trade transported more than 9 million Africans to the Americas between the early 16th and the mid-19th centuries. We performed a genome-wide analysis using 6,267 individuals from 25 populations to infer how different African groups contributed to North-, South-American, and Caribbean populations, in the context of geographic and geopolitical factors, and compared genetic data with demographic history records of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. We observed that West-Central Africa and Western Africa-associated ancestry clusters are more prevalent in northern latitudes of the Americas, whereas the South/East Africa-associated ancestry cluster is more prevalent in southern latitudes of the Americas. This pattern results from geographic and geopolitical factors leading to population differentiation. However, there is a substantial decrease in the between-population differentiation of the African gene pool within the Americas, when compared with the regions of origin from Africa, underscoring the importance of historical factors favoring admixture between individuals with different African origins in the New World. This between-population homogenization in the Americas is consistent with the excess of West-Central Africa ancestry (the most prevalent in the Americas) in the United States and Southeast-Brazil, with respect to historical-demography expectations. We also inferred that in most of the Americas, intercontinental admixture intensification occurred between 1750 and 1850, which correlates strongly with the peak of arrivals from Africa. This study contributes with a population genetics perspective to the ongoing social, cultural, and political debate regarding ancestry, admixture, and the mestizaje process in the Americas.

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La dispersión de cualquier pueblo de su patria original sucedió y sucede en Venezuela. Objetivos: 1) Analizar las causas y metas de los emigrantes que dejan familia en el país y 2) Analizar el estado de salud de las familias que han sufrido la emigración de sus miembros antes y después del hecho. Método: Estudio de casos, descriptivo, transversal. La muestra fue de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital General del Oeste "Dr. José Gregorio Hernández", Caracas, Venezuela. Tratamiento Estadístico: estadística descriptiva con parámetros de proporción y medidas de tendencia central. Se evaluaron 178 pacientes, de los cuales el 52% tenía familiares en diáspora. La edad promedio fue de 54,60 ± 16,78 DE; 59%, Eran mujeres 59,13%. El 80% tenía Graffar 4. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue la depresión. El 48% cumplía el tratamiento antes de la migración y luego el 70,90% lo abandonó. El promedio de miembros en la familia era de 4,15 ± 2,03 DE con 12% de discapacitados. Ingerían proteínas 2,7 días a la semana. No había niños trabajando, pero 23 estaban fuera del sistema educativo. El promedio de personas migrantes por familia fue 1,36, 51% hombres, en su mayoría adultos jóvenes, hijos 64,56%. Su nivel de educación principalmente fue medio o superior y Colombia fue el país destino más frecuente. El aporte enviado fue principalmente monetario y medicamentos, Conclusión: La depresión fue el diagnóstico más frecuente, existen severas limitaciones económicas y nutricionales, la emigración fue similar a la medición nacional, la escolaridad de estos niños está limitada, aunque ninguno estaba trabajando. Según la familia encuestada, los migrantes no cumplieron sus metas en 50,53%. Conclusión: La emigración trajo consecuencias catastróficas desde los puntos de vista emocional, de cuidados de la salud y calidad de vida de los que quedaron atrás(AU)

The socioeconomic circunstances in Venezuela brought the emigraton of millions of persons (diaspora) Objectives: 1) Analyze the causes and goals of emigrants leaving their relatives in the country and 2) Analyze the health status of these families before and after the emigration of their relative. Methods: Case study, descriptive, transversal. The sample was formed by patients treated at the Hospital General del Oeste "Dr. José Gregorio Hernández". of Caracas. Statistics: descriptive statistics with proportion parameters and measures of central tendency. Results: 178 patients were evaluated, of which 52% were families whose members had left the country. Their average age was 54.60 ± 16.78 SD; 59%, They were women in 59.13% and socioeconomic grade was Graffar 4 in 80%. The most frequent diagnosis was depression. Those who were sick, adhered to the treatment before migration in 48% and 70.90% after did not. The average number of members in the family was 4.15 ± 2.03 DS and12% of them with some disability. The protein ingestion was 2.7 days per week. No children were working, but 23 were outside the educational system. The average of people who migrated was 1.36 per family, 51% men, children in 64.56%. The majority had a medium or college education and Colombia was the most frequent destination country. The main contribution they sent to the families left behind, were money and medicines. Depression was the most frequent diagnosis; there are also severe economic and nutritional limitations. The numbers we found were similar to other national ciphers; the education of the children is limited in high numbers and according to the families in Venezuela, the goals of the migrants were not met in 50.53%(AU)

Assuntos