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ABSTRACT Objective To understand entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial education in the context of postgraduate nursing. Method Qualitative study based on Grounded Theory. The theoretical sample consisted of 15 master's and doctoral students and seven professors from a postgraduate nursing program at a university in southern Brazil. Individual interviews were conducted between August/2018 and February/2019 in a location defined by the participants, in general the University. The data were collected and analyzed simultaneously by initial and focused coding. Results Three categories and 11 subcategories emerged that, interrelated, represented the phenomenon "Glimpsing entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial education in postgraduate nursing". Conclusion Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial education, in the context of postgraduate nursing, were understood as incipient and promising processes. In this sense, it is necessary to intensify studies to demonstrate the entrepreneurial possibilities of the area.
RESUMEN Objetivo Comprender el emprendimiento y la educación emprendedora en el contexto del posgrado de enfermería. Método Estudio cualitativo basado en la Teoría Fundamentada. La muestra teórica estuvo compuesta por 15 estudiantes de maestría y doctorado y siete profesores de un programa de posgrado en enfermería de una Universidad del sur de Brasil. Las entrevistas individuales se realizaron entre agosto/2018 y febrero/2019 en un lugar definido por los participantes, en general la Universidad. Los datos se recopilaron y analizaron simultáneamente mediante codificación inicial y enfocada. Resultados Surgieron tres categorías y 11 subcategorías que, interrelacionadas, representaron el fenómeno "Vislumbrando el emprendimiento y la educación emprendedora en los posgrados de enfermería". Conclusión El emprendimiento y la educación emprendedora, en el contexto del posgrado de enfermería, fueron entendidos como procesos incipientes y prometedores. En este sentido, es necesario intensificar los estudios para demostrar las posibilidades emprendedoras de la zona.
RESUMO Objetivo Compreender o empreendedorismo e a educação empreendedora no contexto da pós-graduação em enfermagem. Método Estudo qualitativo, do tipo Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. A amostragem teórica foi composta por 15 estudantes de mestrado e doutorado e sete docentes de um programa de pós-graduação em enfermagem de uma Universidade do sul do Brasil. Realizaram-se entrevistas individuais entre agosto/2018 e fevereiro/2019 em local definido pelos participantes, em geral a Universidade. Os dados foram coletados e analisados simultaneamente por codificação inicial e focalizada. Resultados Emergiram três categorias e 11 subcategorias que, interrelacionadas, representaram o fenômeno "Vislumbrando o empreendedorismo e a educação empreendedora na pós-graduação em enfermagem". Conclusão O empreendedorismo e a educação empreendedora, no contexto da pós-graduação em enfermagem, foram compreendidos como processos incipientes e promissores. Nesse sentido, é preciso que se intensifiquem estudos para demostrar as possibilidades empreendedoras da área.
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Resumen: Con la Ley 1751 de 2015 se reconoció el carácter fundamental del derecho a la salud en Colombia, la norma incluyó una conceptualización de salud a partir del modelo de los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud como aspecto integral para su materialización y goce efectivo de derechos. Ahora bien, para que el derecho fundamental a la salud sea una realidad, todos los actores del sistema, deberán entender la salud de una manera distinta, como un concepto integral e integrador, dentro de un marco de referencia que involucre los DSS y que cambie la mirada asistencialista del sistema hacia promocionar la salud y prevenir la enfermedad. Este trabajo analizó el avance de la política pública en salud a partir de una revisión teórica, legislativa y de 26 Planes de Desarrollo Departamental. Se evidencia en dichos documentos oficiales una orientación de la política pública bajo el modelo adoptado en la Ley.
Abstract: With Law 1751 of 2015, the fundamental nature of the right to health in Colombia was recognized. The norm included a conceptualization of health from the model of the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) as an integral aspect for its materialization and effective enjoyment of rights. However, for the fundamental right to health to become a reality, all the stakeholders in the system must understand health in a different way, as an integral and integrating concept, within a frame of reference, which involves SDH and that changes the assistance-based approach of the system toward the promotion of health and the prevention of disease. This work analyzed the progress of public health policy based on a theoretical and legislative review and 26 Departmental Development Plans. It is evident in these official documents an orientation of public policy under the model adopted in the Law.
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PURPOSE: The COVID-19 pandemic has forced healthcare stakeholders towards challenging decisions. We analyse the impact of the pandemic on the conduct of phase I-II trials for paediatric cancer during the first month of state of alarm in Spain. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all five ITCC-accredited Spanish Paediatric Oncology Early Phase Clinical Trial Units, including questions about impact on staff activities, recruitment, patient care, supply of investigational products, and legal aspects. RESULTS: All units suffered personnel shortages and difficulties in enrolling patients, treatment continuity, or performing trial assessments. Monitoring activity was frequently postponed (73%), and 49% of on-going trials interrupted recruitment. Only two patients could be recruited during this period (75% reduction in the expected rate). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 crisis has significantly impacted clinical research practice and access to innovation for children with cancer. Structural and functional changes are under way to better cope with the expected future restrictions.
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COVID-19/epidemiologia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Neoplasias/terapia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Criança , Humanos , Oncologia/organização & administração , Oncologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Corpo Clínico Hospitalar/provisão & distribuição , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Assistência ao Paciente , Seleção de Pacientes , SARS-CoV-2 , Espanha/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
ABSTRACT This paper describes the development process of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines) based on an integrated approach to pharmaceutical services, science, technology and innovation. It starts by contextualizing health and development in Brazil and features elements of the National Policy for Science, Technology and Innovation in Health in Brazil and the National Policy for Pharmaceutical Services. On presenting pharmaceutical policy guidelines, it stresses the lack of nationwide data. This survey, commissioned by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, has two components: household survey and evaluation of pharmaceutical services in primary care. The findings point to perspectives that represent, besides the enhancement of public policy for pharmaceutical services and public health, results of government action aimed at developing the economic and industrial health care complex to improve the health conditions of the Brazilian population.
RESUMO O artigo apresenta o processo de construção da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamento a partir de uma concepção integradora da Assistência Farmacêutica, Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. Inicia-se contextualizando a saúde e o desenvolvimento no País e apresenta elementos da Política Nacional de Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação em Saúde no Brasil e da Política Nacional de Assistência Farmacêutica. Ao apresentar as diretrizes das Políticas Farmacêuticas, destaca-se a carência de dados de abrangência nacional. A presente pesquisa, encomendada pelo Ministério da Saúde, foi estruturada em dois componentes: inquérito domiciliar e avaliação dos serviços de assistência farmacêutica na atenção básica. As perspectivas dos resultados representam, além do incremento das políticas públicas farmacêuticas e de saúde pública, resultados de ações governamentais voltadas ao desenvolvimento do complexo econômico-industrial da saúde, visando a melhoria das condições de saúde da população brasileira.
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Humanos , Política de Saúde , Promoção da Saúde , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Assistência Farmacêutica/organização & administração , Ciência , Tecnologia , Tecnologia Biomédica , Brasil , Difusão de Inovações , Controle de Medicamentos e Entorpecentes , Governo Federal , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Tecnologia FarmacêuticaRESUMO
Abstract: Technological innovations play a decisive role in societies' development by contributing to economic growth and the population's welfare. The state has a key role in this process by inducing innovative behavior, strategies, and decisions. This study addresses Brazil's current policy for development of the health industry and its effects on qualification of national public laboratories by contextualizing different cycles of interaction between health policy and the industrial base, discussing the government's development strategy and the transfer and absorption of health technology (through Industrial Development Partnerships), and presenting two current partnerships involving public laboratories in the production of medicines and vaccines.
Resumen: Las innovaciones tecnológicas juegan un papel decisivo en el proceso de desarrollo de las sociedades, pues contribuyen a generar crecimiento económico y bienestar de la población. El Estado tiene una gran importancia y centralidad en este proceso, pues puede inducir fuertemente el comportamiento, las estratégicas y las decisiones relativas a la innovación. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo investigar la actual política de desarrollo productivo en salud en Brasil y sus reflejos sobre la capacitación de los laboratorios públicos nacionales. Con este fin, contextualiza los diferentes ciclos de interacción entre la política de salud y su base productiva, discute la estrategia del gobierno brasileño para el desarrollo, la transferencia y absorción de tecnología en el área de salud (las colaboraciones para el desarrollo productivo) y presenta dos modelos de colaboración vigentes, involucrando laboratorios públicos para la producción de medicamentos y vacunas.
Resumo: As inovações tecnológicas jogam papel decisivo no processo de desenvolvimento das sociedades, visto que contribuem para gerar crescimento econômico e bem-estar da população. O Estado possui grande importância e centralidade nesse processo, pois pode induzir fortemente o comportamento, as estratégias e as decisões relativas à inovação. O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar a atual política de desenvolvimento produtivo em saúde no Brasil e seus reflexos sobre a capacitação dos laboratórios públicos nacionais. Para essa finalidade, contextualiza os diferentes ciclos de interação entre a política de saúde e a sua base produtiva, discute a estratégia do governo brasileiro para o desenvolvimento, a transferência e a absorção de tecnologia na área da saúde (as parcerias para o desenvolvimento produtivo) e apresenta duas parcerias vigentes envolvendo laboratórios públicos para a produção de medicamentos e vacinas.
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Humanos , Saúde Pública , Saúde Ocupacional , Invenções , Política de Saúde , Laboratórios/normas , BrasilRESUMO
Of all the animals, the human being is the only one capable of making processes leading to the development of new tools and methodologies changing the course of nature for their own and others' benefit. These improvements have been also given, of course, in the field of medicine, where the research made by thousands of people have been favored by the advance of new technologies, procedures and substances, that while intended to achieve the welfare of patients also seek to achieve a higher profit margin.
De entre todos los animales, el ser humano es el único capaz de realizar procesos encaminados al desarrollo de nuevos instrumentos y metodologías para modificar el rumbo de la naturaleza en beneficio propio y de otros. Estas mejoras se han dado también en el ámbito de la medicina, donde gracias a la investigación miles se han visto favorecidos por el avance de las nuevas tecnologías, que si bien pretenden alcanzar el bienestar de los pacientes, buscan también lograr un mayor margen de rentabilidad.
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Pesquisa Biomédica , Política de Saúde , Invenções , Terapias em Estudo , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
El documento presenta algunas comparaciones de indicadores líderes sobre desarrollo en el marco de la sostenibilidad para algunas regiones de América Latina. Se analizan condiciones socioeconómicas del crecimiento y distribución del ingreso, la pobreza y el desarrollo humano. Igualmente, aspectos de orden ambiental como la intensidad del CO2, la huella ecológica, el uso de energía renovable y la gestión ambiental. Sobre la dimensión institucional se consideran percepciones a cerca del grado de gobernabilidad. En el trabajo se estiman indicadores sintéticos con los que se clasifica el grado de desarrollo en la región. Algunos resultados indican que los países con mejores condiciones económicas, sociales, ambientales e institucionales, tienen a su vez mejores resultados en materia de sostenibilidad.
The paper presents some comparisons of leading indicators on development within the framework of sustainability for some regions of Latin America. Socioeconomic conditions of growth and income distribution, poverty and human development are analyzed. Similarly, other environmental aspects such as intensity of CO2, ecological footprint, use of renewable energy and environmental management are also analyzed. Concerning the institutional dimension, perceptions about the degree of governance are considered. In this work is possible to estimate synthetic indicators which can be used to classify the degree of development in the region. Some results indicate that countries with better economic, social, environmental and institutional conditions, in turn have better results in terms of sustainability.
O trabalho apresenta algumas comparações dos principais indicadores de desenvolvimento no âmbito da sustentabilidade para algumas regiões da América Latina. Analisamos o crescimento sócio-econômico e distribuição de renda, pobreza e desenvolvimento humano. Da mesma forma, os aspectos de ordem ambiental como a intensidade de CO2, rastros ecológicos, o uso de energia renovável e de gestão ambiental. Na dimensão institucional são consideradas as percepções sobre o grau de governança. O trabalho para estimar indicadores sintéticos que classifica o grau de desenvolvimento na região. Alguns resultados indicam que os países com melhor desempenho económico, social, ambiental e institucional, por sua vez, têm melhores resultados em termos de sustentabilidade.
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Humanos , Desenvolvimento Sustentável , Gestão Ambiental , Economia , Meio AmbienteRESUMO
Desafios postos pelas mudanças demográficas e epidemiológicas e pela necessidade de redução dos custos têm exigido a reestruturação dos serviços de saúde. Nesse processo, as inovações em saúde aparecem como importantes protagonistas, uma vez que as tecnologias podem desempenhar papel fundamental tanto no que tange à expansão do acesso quanto à adequação do sistema às necessidades da população. Entretanto, a geração de inovação em saúde não se pauta exclusivamente por demandas e condicionantes sanitários; ao contrário, frequentemente reflete uma trajetória de desenvolvimento e pode ser cativa de interesses de grupos restritos da sociedade. Essas questões precisam ser consideradas tanto na análise da complexidade das dimensões da saúde quanto na investigação da potencialidade e dos desafios para o estabelecimento de uma dinâmica inovativa virtuosa para a reestruturação dos serviços em saúde.
Challenges posed by demographic and epidemiological changes and by the need to reduce costs have required the restructuring of the health services. Health innovations play a major role in this process, as technologies are fundamental both to expand the access and to adapt the system to the population's needs. However, the generation of health innovation is not based solely on sanitary demands and conditioning factors; on the contrary, it often reflects a trajectory of development and the interests of restricted groups in society. These issues need to be taken into consideration both in the analysis of the complexity of the health dimensions and in the investigation of the potential and challenges for the establishment of a virtuous innovative dynamics for the restructuring of the health services.
Desafíos establecidos por los cambios demográficos y epidemiológicos y por la necesidad de reducción de los costos han exigido la reestructuración de los servicios de salud. En este proceso, las innovaciones en salud aparecen como importantes protagonistas, dado que las tecnologías pueden desempeñar papel fundamental tanto en lo que respecta a la expansión del acceso como a la adecuación del sistema a las necesidades de la población. Sin embargo, la generación de innovación en salud no se pauta exclusivamente por demandas y condicionantes sanitarios, al contrario, frecuentemente refleja una trayectoria de desarrollo y puede capturar intereses de grupos restringidos de la sociedad. Estos aspectos precisan ser considerados tanto en el análisis de la complejidad de las dimensiones de la salud como en la investigación de la potencialidad y de los desafíos para el establecimiento de una dinámica innovadora virtuosa para la reestructuración de los servicios de salud.
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Humanos , Tecnologia Biomédica/organização & administração , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde/organização & administração , Difusão de Inovações , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Política Pública , Brasil , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Política de Inovação e Desenvolvimento , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Inovação Organizacional , Medicina EstatalRESUMO
PIP: This article provides a detailed account of the conclusions and policy recommendations of a study of environmental degradation and migration between the US and Mexico. Key recommendations and findings were included in the official US Congressional Commission on Immigration Reform report (September 1997). The Congressional report urges Congress to consider environment and development root causes of migration in establishing foreign policies with Mexico and other countries. It appears that the root cause of Mexican migration is rural land degradation or desertification. The study suggests feasible solutions, and not additional border security and employment-related sanctions. The US has the technology and expertise to facilitate programs that address environmental and development issues in targeted and integrated ways. The recommendations serve as a framework for policy reform and debate on rural development and agricultural productivity. Mexican states should be targeted that are new migration-sending states with extensive poverty and soil erosion problems and well-established migration states. Environment, population, and migration are all housed in the Global Affairs Office in the US Department of State, but there is little program integration. The USAID bureaucracy separates agricultural and environmental programs. Solutions include, for example, reducing the costs of remittances from the US to Mexico, conducting research on integrated solutions, and contributing to improved land and water management practices, forest management and land tenure, and the competitiveness of smallholders.^ieng
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Emigração e Imigração , Meio Ambiente , Diretrizes para o Planejamento em Saúde , Cooperação Internacional , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Política Pública , América , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Administração Financeira , América Latina , México , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Dinâmica Populacional , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: This article reports on the progress of the Brazil National Commission on Population and Development in achieving the mandates of the Cairo Conference on Population and Development's Plan of Action. The Commission is headed by a feminist demographer, Elza Berquo, and includes experts from all government ministries and 8 members from civic and academic institutions. It is preceded in its efforts by the Commission for the Study of Human Reproductive Rights during the 1980s and the National Women's Rights Council, which contributed to the inclusion into the Constitution in 1988 of the principle of family planning provision within the health sector. The new Commission will analyze the demographic impact of public and private policies and initiatives on the quality of life, among other areas. The Commission plans to promote teaching and training on population and development. Initial steps were taken to acquire data sets from various ministries that pertain to development and population. Catholic objections were met with statistics on high teenage pregnancy and the need for health education among youth. The Catholic Church agreed to reconsider its position. Brazil had a total fertility rate in 1996 of 2.5 children per woman, and 40% of reproductive age women were sterilized. The high rate of sterilization is attributed to the high rate of cesarean section and performance of joint procedures. Legal abortion is available when pregnancy results from rape or endangers the life of the mother. The Ministry of Health is criticized for not implementing the Women's Integrated Health Care Program (PAISM) throughout the country. 75% of the population is without health insurance, and the PAISM would improve the health of women and children and increase health budget savings. The Commission will provide links with international donors and nongovernmental groups.^ieng
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Catolicismo , Escolaridade , Política de Planejamento Familiar , Mortalidade Materna , Política Pública , América , Brasil , Cristianismo , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , Mortalidade , População , Dinâmica Populacional , Religião , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: Guatemala's recent ratification of the International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention regarding indigenous and tribal peoples (1989, No. 169) represents a commitment to guarantee the rights of the country's majority Mayan population. Ratifying governments are obligated to respect the traditional values and land rights of tribal and indigenous peoples and to consult with them on any decisions affecting their economic or social development. Ratification of this Convention was a key element in an eight-part UN-sponsored negotiation aimed at ending the civil war in Guatemala. Efforts are underway to promote dialogue between organized civil society and government. Negotiations in May 1996, conducted with ILO assistance, resulted in a socioeconomic agreement under which Guatemala will increase social investment in education, undertake agrarian reform, and institute tripartite consultation on all major social and economic issues. However, two key issues in the peace negotiations--the role of the army in civil society and constitutional reform--remain unresolved. The final global peace accord is expected to be signed in September 1996. UN organizations are already working to mobilize international support for transforming these agreements into political and social realities for the Guatemalan people.^ieng
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Etnicidade , Direitos Humanos , Legislação como Assunto , Política Pública , Nações Unidas , Guerra , América , América Central , Cultura , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Guatemala , Agências Internacionais , América Latina , América do Norte , Organizações , Política , População , Características da PopulaçãoRESUMO
PIP: The ultimate objective of Peru's national environmental policy is to guarantee an adequate quality of life for Peruvians. Giving priority to preservation of resources without utilizing them is unjust; the capacity to protect natural resources requires a parallel social and economic development. The government's environmental policy must be in harmony with development policy at all levels. The concept of sustainable development, or conservation of natural resources with economic growth and equity, must be incorporated into policy. The regional governments must harmonize their development plans with the guidelines set down by the National Council on the Environment (CONAM). A meeting of regional officials and CONAM personnel is planned to ensure participation and coordination. Past styles of development in the department of Loreto have led to a vicious circle of poverty and environmental deterioration. The disappearance of the tropical forest, loss of habitat and biodiversity, poor water quality, and deficit of sanitary infrastructure, in the context of rapid population growth, have led to declines in living standards. The Amazon is the object of worldwide attention because of the possible consequences of deforestation. The riches of the forest should be used rationally and left for future generations. It is expected that decentralized environmental offices will be opened to coordinate multisectorial actions at the regional level.^ieng
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Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Meio Ambiente , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Política Pública , América , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , Peru , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: Without an equal sharing of costs and benefits of natural and human resources worldwide, imbalances and lack of human development lead to migration within and between countries. Economic integration blocks in Latin America provide a context for shared development: in Central America, in the Andean Region, and in the Southern Cone. Over the past 60 years migration policy was based on national protectionism, labor supply, and/or occupation of territory. When economic conditions changed to market economies and world markets, migration policy was redefined. Each of the economic integration blocks has developed its own strategies. The Andean Agreement on Labor Migrations was established to determine the rules for bilateral and multilateral treatment of problems. In the Southern Cone bilateral agreements have been longstanding. Multilateral efforts were recently underway within the Southern Common Market and throughout the region. The Central American Organization for Migrations has spearheaded the adoption of a multilateral strategy. All three regions have made considerable progress in the last three years in constructing multilateral policies for economic integration. Government awareness has been the primary force in these policy changes. Government has come to an understanding that clear domestic and regional migration policies were lacking and that obsolete migration practices of the 1930s did not meet the needs of the 1990s. Migration policy was considered an instrument of development. Movement of economic factors or goods was considered equally with movement of labor. Migration policies must integrate the human rights of migrants into their definitions. Methods of facilitating the movements of populations need to be constructed within the computerization and modernization of the migration administration. Legalization of illegal immigrants has occurred among a number of countries. PROCAM and PRIMCOS were action programs which aimed to integrate migration and economic integration objectives. An obstacle was the resistance of many to the basic ideas of open population movements and the reliance on outdated notions of policing functions and of nations being invaded by delinquents. Other obstacles were the availability of human and material resources and the resistance to multilateral efforts as a threat to sovereignty. Eight ways to consolidate economic integration and migration were indicated.^ieng
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Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Economia , Emigração e Imigração , Modelos Teóricos , Política Pública , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , População , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
PIP: This article is a five-page description of the proposed Plan of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, September 1994, which was approved at the third preparatory conference in New York in April 1994. The basic feature of the Plan of Action is its respect for the unique conditions of each country. The document contains 16 chapters, including a preamble and a declaration of principles. The third chapter, on population, sustained economic growth, and sustainable development, stresses the need to alleviate poverty and improve living conditions. The fourth chapter urges an end to discrimination against women and recognition of the rights of girls. Other chapters contain recommendations regarding the family, population growth and structure, reproductive rights and family planning, morbidity and mortality, the need for better health care, population distribution and migration, and international migration. There are also chapters on population, education, and development; and technology, research, and development. The Plan recommends incorporating population issues into development plans and policies, fostering international cooperation, and collaborating with the nongovernmental sector.^ieng
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Formulação de Políticas , Política Pública , Direitos da Mulher , Economia , Planejamento em Saúde , Agências Internacionais , Organização e Administração , Organizações , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Nações UnidasRESUMO
PIP: Ejidos are communal holding groups of redistributed land expropriated (generally without compensation) from large private landowners during Mexico's post-1910 land reform. The model in this study of the "ejidal" system's influence on fertility differs from DeVany and Sanchez in providing more current data and including the following more detailed variables: the land area of ejidos and the number of ejidos, the need for children, male income, female income share, and social security coverage. The data pertains to states rather than municipalities. DeVany and Sanchez found that the ejidal system encouraged fertility, because having more children helped an ejido family retain land rights, increased its chances of gaining additional productive land, and gave it increased political power. Children also provided a means of intergenerational transfer of resources. The estimation results of this study revealed that the total proportion of land held as ejidos had a positive, significant effect on fertility. The ratio of ejidos to total number of farms was negative and significant. There was support for the hypothesis that the impact of ejidos land holdings and area was diminished when ejidos were dominant in the state. Fertility declined with the increase in unpaid workers per hectare of land. Elasticity functions were small: 0.075 on ejidal land, -0.222 on ejidal farms, and -0.045 on workers. A positive significant demographic effect on fertility was illiteracy. Infant mortality and female income share each had a negative, significant effect on fertility. Insignificant variables were male income, social security coverage, and the dummy for northern states. There have been changes in the Mexican ejidal system. These changes and the availability of farm labor are expected to reduce urban and rural fertility differentials.^ieng
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Agricultura , Fertilidade , Modelos Teóricos , Política Pública , Pesquisa , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Dinâmica Populacional , Planejamento SocialRESUMO
PIP: This paper, which was presented at the 1993 meeting of the International Organization for Migration, summarizes past and recent progress in Andean integration and migration arrangements. Changes in the strategy of the Andean group of nations (GAN) have occurred in the adjustment to prevailing conditions at the subregional and international level. GAN includes Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. The Andean Pact originated with the signing of the Cartegena Agreement in 1969. Members approved the Andean Strategic Design in 1989, which loosened up trade integration and the movement of capital, services, and persons across shared borders. The Strategic Design also addressed issues resulting from economic and social integration. A statement of migratory patterns among GAN, Andean integration during 1969-89, and the goals and operation of the Andean Strategic Design and integration are discussed in some detail. The Galapagos Declaration and the La Paz Statement of 1990 are also described. The present situation with Andean integration is based on the following meetings of Andean nations: the First Meeting of Migration Officials of the Andean Group of Nations in March 1991, the Second Meeting of Migration Officials in September 1991, and bilateral agreements between Andean nations. Seven basic conclusions are drawn: 1) the strategy is an institutional, deliberate, programmed process; 2) integration within GAN is the culmination of a joint, coordinated directive of achievement of sustainable development in the subregion which aims to reduce the economic gaps between the North and the South, to lessen the impact of protected markets of the North and their migration barriers, and to improve the possibility of development of technologically sophisticated human capital; 3) subregional policies are more sensitive to short-term change in domestic politics; 4) integration and migration can be sustained better with deliberate planning; 5) implementation is dependent on careful attention to a real context; 6) periodic adjustments will be necessary; and 7) the multisectoral approach needs further fine-tuning and coordination.^ieng
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Educação , Emigração e Imigração , Planejamento em Saúde , Política Pública , Pesquisa , Migrantes , América , Bolívia , Colômbia , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Equador , América Latina , Organização e Administração , População , Dinâmica Populacional , América do Sul , VenezuelaRESUMO
PIP: Poverty alleviation has not been achieved through rural development efforts in the Andean region of South America. The social and environmental crisis can be addressed by engaging the rural poor with their considerable skills in resource management in the development effort. Efforts need to be coordinated both within and outside the immediate peasant situation. For example, the origins of the biased spatial organization of resource use, (the best lands are dominated by large farmers and more fragile lands are in the hands of small farmers) need to be addressed in any viable strategy of sustainable development. Obstacles need to be overcome at the field, farm, community, region, and national level in technological, institutional, political, and economic ways. This article focuses on the regional and institutional level and technology as instrumental to change at the local level. The structure of the discussion centered on the main ideas of "sustainable thinking," the application of this thinking within a case study in Chimborazo conducted from 1988 to the present in the Ecuadoran Andes, and a description of how resource use has changed over time within the context of regional economic, social, and demographic change. There is an analysis of how peasants have struggled to sustain their social systems through changes in resource and labor use systems. Future efforts might be better coordinated based on the unsuccessful experiences exposed in the case study. The article further develops the ideas proposed by Gow on sustainable use of the land and the need for political commitment, institutional strengthening, improved local organization, environmental education, and economic development. Peasants constructed their own ideas about desirable livelihoods. This thinking led to the attacks on the hacienda as a way of coping with integration into the national economy. The peasant federations were not changing the basic structures underlying this incorporation. The local level could only do so much toward changing regional and national political strategies. These federations need support, because they are part of a weak and limited process of dealing with underdevelopment.^ieng
Assuntos
Agricultura , Poluição Ambiental , Alocação de Recursos para a Atenção à Saúde , Filosofia , Política Pública , Tecnologia , América , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Equador , Meio Ambiente , Administração Financeira , América Latina , Planejamento Social , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: Groups focused on women's rights, family planning and health, environmental protection, reduced consumption of natural resources, economic development and population control differ greatly in their views of population pressure's role in preventing sustainable development. Yet, it is these same groups that should be working together to achieve sustainable development. Some speakers at the 1991 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, encouraged world leaders to take immediate steps to deal with population growth and stated that poverty, environment, and population are intertwined. At the same time in the same city, panel participants at the Global Forum, attended by almost 2000 nongovernmental organizations, considered population control as a violation of women's rights, as a means to circumvent poverty eradication in developing countries, and as a means to suppress the poor in developing countries. These debates, whether population control or economic development is the best means to reduce population growth have been occurring since 1968. In the interim, the world population has increased form 3.5-5.5 billion. The population growth rate has fallen from 2-1.7%, however, but 97 million more people will appear on this earth each year during the 1990s. Because any discussion of contraceptives and family planning may be misinterpreted by members as abortion, many environmental groups do not address it. They also fear undertaking immigration issues, since past attempts were labelled as racist. Nevertheless, more and more organizations, e.g., the Natural Resources Defense Council, are beginning to address the need to focus on population growth to prevent environmental degradation. Further, some foundations, e.g., the Pew Charitable Trusts, are offering grants to environmental groups to begin population programs. All too often development plans neglect family health and do not consider the concerns of the target population.^ieng
Assuntos
Crescimento Demográfico , Opinião Pública , Brasil , Congressos como Assunto , Meio Ambiente , Saúde Global , Humanos , Nações Unidas , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: Among the crises facing humanity on the eve of the 21st century are those involving access to and protection of natural resources. The increasing conflict between economic growth and preservation of the environment threatens already precarious living conditions in the developing world. Deforestation, erosion, pollution, and exhaustion of nonrenewable resources increase the difficulty of satisfying human needs. Controversy over sustainable development increased prior to the Rio Conference in June 1992. The limits of a civilization dependent on hydrocarbons and petrochemical production become much clearer each day, but no other model or strategy of development applicable on the national and international level has been recognized. The widely proclaimed superiority of the neoliberal model based on productivity, market forces, and export must be carefully assessed for its considerable though unacknowledged costs of political repression and environmental degradation. Although there is no widely accepted operational definition of sustainable development, some characteristics have been identified. Sustainable development must be based on a new orientation toward technological progress that will reinforce the productivity of capital and labor without, as in the past, sacrificing the productivity of natural resources. The cost of exhaustion of nonrenewable resources must be included in the calculation of incomes and economic growth rates. A profound transformation is underway of the industrial paradigm that appeared at the end of the last century when assembly line production of standardized consumer goods for the mass market replaced artisanal production. The new paradigm, with integrated systems and flexibility resulting from use of personal computers has modified the rules of international trade. Changes in organizational structures, management techniques, and processes of work will be indispensable to effective use of the new technologies. A systematic and supple integration of production processes, better techniques of quality control, reduced energy consumption and raw material inputs, and continuous training and recycling of the labor force will be required. The progressive deterioration of living conditions for the great majority of Latin Americans under the current system of development encouraging environmental destruction makes the need for a new development strategy obvious. The priority objectives of an endogenous development model include satisfaction of basic needs, greater social equality, and economic practices acceptable for the environment requiring less consumption of energy and raw materials per unit of product.^ieng
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Meio Ambiente , Poluição Ambiental , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Política Pública , América , América Central , América Latina , América do Norte , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: The concept of sustainability is usually defined according to specific socioeconomic contexts and is vague in application, but nevertheless essential for defining longterm objectives. This work seeks to demonstrate that the place of sustainability in a development model depends on the cultural values behind abstract ideas and on the perceptions and interests of different social and political groups regarding the environment more than it does on the biophysical exchanges between societies and the natural environment. The idea of sustainable development reflects a new political will to continue to live on earth in the same fashion as at present, but new forms on international organization, government, and commerce more conducive to sustainable development have not yet clearly emerged. Other concepts used in social and anthropological analysis, such as social reproduction, appear relevant in considering sustainability. Sustainable development should be analyzed and applied at both the macroeconomic and microeconomic levels. Demographic growth is a determining factor in use of natural resources in today's world, but its dysfunctionality at the macro level contrasts with its continuing functionality at the family level in many poor rural communities. An exploratory analysis of the living conditions of the natives of the tropical forest of southeast Mexico, the Lacandon, suggests how different populations understand the concept of sustainability and manage their vital resources accordingly. The Lacandon tropical forest of 1.4 million hectares had lost only 6% of its original cover through the early 1960s. But beginning in 1963, the Mexican government, as part of the Alliance for Progress program, began a colonization project that eventually led to disorganized migration and uncontrolled harvesting of tropical woods in the forests of Chiapas. A settlement program begun in the area nearest the Guatemalan border to control the movements of Guatemalan refugees and guerillas in the area led to massive deforestation. Although deforestation in the Lacandon forest has been prohibited, it continues to occur as new arrivals hoping for quick profits harvest anything of value they find. The major groups involved in the preservation or destruction of the Lacandon forest were the Indian and mestizo inhabitants, the opportunists in search of quick wealth, cattle ranchers, functionaires, and the urban populations of nearby Palenque. Although all groups believed that the forest had been created by a God, they differed as to its purpose. Some felt it existed to be exploited by humans in whatever fashion they desired, others felt a responsibility to protect the forest and its life. The natives appeared to have a more "sustainable" ideal of ecological protection, but in fact their rapid population growth represented an acute threat to the forest's resources.^ieng