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People are often overconfident about their ability to explain how everyday phenomena and artifacts work (devices, natural processes, historical events, etc.). However, the metacognitive mechanisms involved in this bias have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to establish whether the ability to perform deliberate and analytic processes moderates the effect of informational cues such as the social desirability of knowledge on the Illusion of Explanatory Depth (IOED). To this purpose, the participants' cognitive load was manipulated as they provided initial estimates of causal understanding of national historical events in the standard IOED paradigm. The results showed that neither the social desirability of specific causal knowledge nor the cognitive load manipulations had direct effects on the IOED. However, subsequent exploratory analyses indicated that high cognitive load was related to lower performance on concurrent memory tasks, which in turn was associated with a higher IOED magnitude. Higher analytical processing was also related to lower IOED. Implications for both dual-process models of metacognition and the design of task environments that help to reduce this bias are discussed.

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Objetivo: Conhecer as percepções de enfermeiros da Atenção Primária à Saúde sobre a valorização no trabalho. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, realizado com 132 enfermeiros que atuavam na atenção primária à saúde, em 23 municípios do estado de Minas Gerais. Os dados foram coletados por meio de formulário on-line, analisados conforme pressupostos da análise de conteúdo, com amparo do software Iramuteq. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes eram do sexo feminino (114 - 86,37%), com idade entre 22 e 60 anos, com carga horária de trabalho semanal de 40 horas e recebiam entre 2- 4 salários mínimos. A partir das análises, os dados foram organizados em três categorias temáticas ­ Valorização: reconhecimento do trabalho do enfermeiro; Valorização: satisfação com o salário e Valorização: interdependência com as condições de trabalho. Conclusão: Os enfermeiros percebem que a valorização está atrelada ao reconhecimento profissional, à satisfação com o salário e às condições adequadas de trabalho, tais como: carga horária menor e recursos materiais. Consideraram que o reconhecimento externado por outros atores envolvidos na relação de cuidado, como gestores, usuários e profissionais de saúde, é essencial para a valorização do trabalho. (AU)

Objective: To understand the perceptions of Primary Health Care nurses regarding job appreciation. Methods: A qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory study conducted with 132 nurses working in primary health care across 23 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais. Data were collected through an online form and analyzed using content analysis assumptions, supported by the Iramuteq software. Results: The majority of participants were female (114 - 86.37%), aged between 22 and 60, with a weekly working hours of 40, and earning between 2-4 minimum wages. Through analysis, data were organized into three thematic categories ­ Appreciation: recognition of the nurse's work; Appreciation: satisfaction with the salary, and Appreciation: interdependence with working conditions. Conclusion: Nurses perceive that appreciation is linked to professional recognition, satisfaction with salary, and appropriate working conditions such as reduced working hours and material resources. They considered external recognition from other stakeholders in the care relationship, such as managers, users, and healthcare professionals, as essential for job appreciation. (AU)

Objetivo: Conocer las percepciones de los enfermeros de la Atención Primaria a la Salud sobre la valorización en el trabajo. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio realizado con 132 enfermeros que trabajaban en la atención primaria a la salud, en 23 municipios del estado de Minas Gerais. Los datos se recopilaron a través de un formulario en línea y se analizaron según los supuestos del análisis de contenido, con el apoyo del software Iramuteq. Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes eran mujeres (114 - 86,37%), con edades entre 22 y 60 años, con una carga horaria de trabajo semanal de 40 horas y recibían entre 2-4 salarios mínimos. A través de análisis, los datos se organizaron en tres categorías temáticas: Valorización: reconocimiento del trabajo del enfermero; Valorización: satisfacción con el salario y Valorización: interdependencia con las condiciones de trabajo. Conclusión: Los enfermeros perciben que la valorización está vinculada al reconocimiento profesional, la satisfacción con el salario y las condiciones de trabajo adecuadas, como una carga horaria reducida y recursos materiales. Consideraron que el reconocimiento externo por parte de otros actores involucrados en la relación de cuidado, como gestores, usuarios y profesionales de la salud, es esencial para la valorización del trabajo. (AU)

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This study aimed to obtain and characterize an oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NE) loaded with an in vitro optimized bactericidal essential oil blend of 50% oregano, 40% thyme, and 10% lemongrass and to evaluate its potential at three different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) in the inactivation of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis inoculated in rainbow trout fillets stored at 4 °C for 9 days. Regarding the NE, the nanometric size (<100 nm) with low polydispersion (0.17 ± 0.02) was successfully obtained through ultrasound at 2.09 W/cm2. Considering the three concentrations used, S. Enteritidis was the most susceptible. On the other hand, comparing the concentrations used, the NE at 2% showed better activity, reducing S. Enteritidis, E. coli, and S. aureus by 0.33, 0.20, and 0.73 log CFU/g, respectively, in the trout fillets. Thus, this data indicates that this is a promising eco-friendly alternative to produce safe fish for consumption and reduce public health risks.

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Scholarly research has consistently shown that teachers present negative assessments of and attitudes toward migrant students. However, previous studies have not clearly addressed the distinction between implicit and explicit prejudices, or identified their underlying sources. This study identifies the explicit and implicit prejudices held by elementary and middle school teachers regarding the learning abilities of an ethnic minority group: Haitian students within the Chilean educational system. We use a list experiment to assess how social desirability and intergroup attitudes toward minority students influence teachers' prejudices. The findings reveal that teachers harbor implicit prejudices towards Haitian students and are truthful in reporting their attitudes, thereby contradicting the desirability bias hypothesis. We suggest that teachers rely on stereotypes associated with the students' nationality when assessing Haitian students' learning abilities. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to theories grounded in stereotypes and intergroup attitudes.

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This study aimed to obtain optimized mixture with three essential oils (EOs) for maximum antioxidant activity through the augmented simplex-centroid mixture design and evaluate the effect of this optimized blend on total aerobic psychrotrophic count (TAPC), lipid and protein oxidation, instrumental color parameters and texture profile in rainbow trout fillets at refrigerated storage for nine days. Considering the DPPH and FRAP assays, the ideal EO blend was 66% lemongrass and 34% oregano. During refrigerated storage, this blend at 2000 ppm was equally effective as BHT (100 ppm) (p > 0.05), mitigating the discoloration (a* and b*), lipid, and protein oxidation in 38.83%, 12.95%, 76.13%, and 35.13%, respectively, besides shows greater effectiveness for preserving texture changes (p < 0.05) and extending the shelf life in 13 h. The lemongrass + oregano EO blend reveals a promising natural alternative to enhance the quality of rainbow trout fillets under refrigerated storage. Furthermore, the multiresponse optimization showed to be a strong ally in enabling the use of these EOs by food industries.

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This study aims to investigate the effects of canning variables (cooking time, storage time, volume of vinegar, salt and sugar) on the mineral composition of canned cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) and which conditions provide optimised preservation of the mineral content of the grains. Different formulations of canned cowpeas were produced following two levels factorial experimental design using five variables. A set of 11 different formulations were evaluated using the desirability function with essential minerals (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, P and Zn) as the response. The optimal multi-response conditions for higher mineral retention were: 360 days of storage at 30 ± 5 °C (ST2), 30 ml of vinegar, 9.0 g of NaCl, 18 min of cooking time, and 9.0 g, 19.5 g or 30 g of sugar (the effect of the sugar content at the evaluated range was not significant at 95% confidence level).

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Plant-based materials are an important source of bioactive compounds (BC) with interesting industrial applications. Therefore, adequate experimental strategies for maximizing their recovery yield are required. Among all procedures for extracting BC (maceration, Soxhlet, hydro-distillation, pulsed-electric field, enzyme, microwave, high hydrostatic pressure, and supercritical fluids), the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) highlighted as an advanced, cost-efficient, eco-friendly, and sustainable alternative for recovering BC (polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids) from plant sources with higher yields. However, the UAE efficiency is influenced by several factors, including operational variables and extraction process (frequency, amplitude, ultrasonic power, pulse cycle, type of solvent, extraction time, solvent-to-solid ratio, pH, particle size, and temperature) that exert an impact on the molecular structures of targeted molecules, leading to variations in their biological properties. In this context, a diverse design of experiments (DOEs), including full or fractional factorial, Plackett-Burman, Box-Behnken, Central composite, Taguchi, Mixture, D-optimal, and Doehlert have been investigated alone and in combination to optimize the UAE of BC from plant-based materials, using the response surface methodology and mathematical models in a simple or multi-factorial/multi-response approach. The present review summarizes the advantages and limitations of the most common DOEs investigated to optimize the UAE of bioactive compounds from plant-based materials.

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Due to the high content of phenolics and anthocyanins of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. tea and the sensibility of these bioactive compounds, this work aimed to optimize the obtention of microcapsules by spray-drying, using inulin as a carrier agent. Using a Box-Behnken Design, the effects of inlet temperature (130, 150, and 170 °C), feed flow rate (5, 10, and 15 mL min-1), and inulin concentration (5, 10, and 15 g L-1) were evaluated. It was possible to obtain pale-rose, slightly sweet instant powders with good total polyphenol content (1.12 mgGAE g-1) and anthocyanins encapsulation efficiency (32.3-60.6%), besides moisture (4.61-17.79%) and water activity (0.221-0.501), indicating physico-chemical and microbiological stability of the microcapsules. A simultaneous optimization with the desirability function was performed to maximize all the response variables analyzed, and the optimum conditions of 5 g L-1 of inulin, inlet temperature of 170 °C, and feed flow rate of 83 mL min-1 were found.

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OBJETIVO: Analisar a percepção de estudantes de graduação em enfermagem sobre o reconhecimento conferido à profissão, bem como as situações que potencializam e/ou deterioram este reconhecimento profissional. MÉTODO: Pesquisa qualitativa, desenvolvida com 40 graduandos de enfermagem de uma universidade pública fluminense. A técnica de coleta foi a entrevista semiestruturada, realizada entre maio e junho de 2021. Utilizou-se o software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires (Iramuteq) para tratamento dos dados. RESULTADOS: As situações que potencializaram o reconhecimento profissional foram a atuação da enfermagem na pandemia e o acolhimento durante a assistência. Impactaram negativamente no reconhecimento questões históricas, de gênero e a divisão técnica e social do trabalho, além das falhas na execução de procedimentos. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do relevante destaque dado pela mídia à enfermagem, os estudantes consideram que a equivocada percepção da sociedade sobre o trabalho da enfermagem afeta o reconhecimento da profissão.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze undergraduate nursing students' perception of professional recognition and the situations that enhance or diminish this issue. METHOD: A qualitative research was conducted with 40 nursing students from a public university in Rio de Janeiro. The data collection technique was a semi-structured interview conducted between May and June 2021. The Interface de R pour les Analyzes Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires (Iramuteq) software was used for data processing. RESULTS: The performance of nurses during the pandemic and the embracement during care services enhanced professional recognition. Historical issues, gender, and the technical and social division of labor negatively impacted professional recognition, in addition to failures in the execution of clinical procedures. CONCLUSION: Despite the media's relevant emphasis on nursing, the students consider that society's mistaken perception of nursing work affects the profession's recognition.

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Abstract In this study, orodispersible films formed from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) E6 (2, 2.5, and 3%) and plasticizers ((glycerin (Gly), propylene glycol (PP), or polyethylene glycol (PEG)), containing doxazosin mesylate, were prepared by the solvent casting method and characterized. Design of experiments (DoE) was used as a statistical tool to facilitate the interpretation of the experimental data and allow the identification of optimal levels of factors for maximum formulation performance. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) diffractograms showed doxazosin mesylate amorphization, probably due to complexation with the polymer (HPMC E6), and the glass transition temperature of the polymer was reduced by adding a plasticizer. Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results showed that the chemical structure of doxazosin mesylate was preserved when introduced into the polymer matrix, and the plasticizers, glycerin and PEG, affected the polymer matrix with high intensity. The addition of plasticizers increased the elongation at break and adhesiveness (Gly > PEG > PP), confirming the greater plasticizer effect of Gly observed in DSC and FTIR studies. Greater transparency was observed for the orodispersible films prepared using PP. The addition of citric acid as a pH modifier was fundamental for the release of doxazosin mesylate, and the desirability formulation had a release profile similar to that of the reference product

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Objetivo: Conocer la percepción de usuarios de los servicios de salud de tres comunas de Chile sobre la visibilidad social de los profesionales de enfermería durante el período de la pandemia de COVID-19. Material y Método: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo que utilizó la técnica del grupo focal. Se realizó un grupo focal con un muestreo de tipo intencionado conformado por siete participantes cuyos criterios de inclusión fueron ser usuarios del sistema de salud de Chile y mayor de 18 años. El reclutamiento de los participantes fue realizado por un afiche en redes sociales de la institución académica. La estrategia de análisis fue el de contenido. Resultados: Se encontraron tres temas y siete subtemas: la visibilidad de la profesión (imaginarios sociales, valoración de la labor, invisibilidad), primera línea (revaloración de los profesionales, seguridad y confianza) y género (profesión feminizada, invisibilidad). Conclusiones: Bajo el actual contexto de salubridad, la visibilidad de la enfermería se ha sostenido por situaciones que justamente son asociadas a la invisibilidad, salud mental, cargas laborales, cuestiones de género, entre otras. Se sugiere la realización de investigaciones que demuestren y difundan el importante rol de los profesionales de enfermería en la sociedad y promuevan su reconocimiento.

Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção de usuários dos serviços de saúde de três municípios do Chile sobre a visibilidade social dos profissionais de enfermagem durante o período da Pandemia da COVID-19. Material e Método: Estudo qualitativo descritivo que utilizou a técnica de grupo focal. Foi realizado um grupo focal com uma amostragem do tipo intencional, composta por sete participantes, cujos critérios de inclusão foram ser usuários do Sistema de Saúde do Chile e maiores de 18 anos. O recrutamento dos participantes foi realizado por um poster nas redes sociais da instituição acadêmica. A estratégia de análise foi de conteúdo. Resultados: Foram encontrados três temas e sete subtemas: a visibilidade da profissão (imaginários sociais, valorização do trabalho, invisibilidade), primeira linha (reavaliação dos profissionais, segurança e confiança) e gênero (profissão feminizada, invisibilidade). Conclusões: No contexto atual da saúde, a visibilidade da enfermagem tem sido sustentada por situações que se associam justamente à invisibilidade, saúde mental, carga de trabalho, questões de gênero, entre outras. Sugere-se a realização de pesquisas que demonstrem e divulguem o importante papel dos profissionais de enfermagem na sociedade e promovam seu reconhecimento.

Objective: To know the perception of users of health services in three communes of Chile regarding the social visibility of nursing professionals during the period of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Material and Method: Qualitative study with a descriptive design that used the focus group technique. A focus group was carried out with an intentional sampling, made up of seven participants whose inclusion criteria were: being users of the Chilean Health System and, older than 18 years. The recruitment of the participants was conducted by a poster in social networks of the academic institution. The analysis strategy was content. Results: Three themes and seven sub-themes were found. The themes were, the visibility of the profession (social imaginaries, value of work, invisibility), first line (revaluation of professionals, safety, and trust) and gender (feminized profession, invisibility). Conclusions: Under the current context of health, the visibility of nursing has been sustained by situations that are precisely associated with invisibility, mental health, workload, gender issues, among others. It is suggested that research be conducted to demonstrate and disseminate the significant role of nursing professionals in society and promote their recognition.

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The Antisocial Self-Report (ASR-13) was developed to assess a general antisocial personality factor. However, because antisocial traits are socially aversive, the ASR-13 scores can be potentially contaminated by social desirability in high-stakes testing situations. In the present study, we performed an in-depth analysis of the ASR-13 to determine which items may be subject to socially desirable responding when used for data collection in prison settings. Participants were 324 college students, and 20 male prisoners. A Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause (MIMIC) model suggested three items were especially prone to eliciting socially desirable responding. We found evidence that prisoners likely attenuated their scores when rating items with content that is related to illegal behaviors. We discuss the implications of the findings, and how they help understand the latent processes that cause item responses to the ASR-13 inventory.(AU)

O Inventário Breve de Comportamentos Antissociais foi desenvolvido para avaliar um fator geral de personalidade antissocial. No entanto, como traços antissociais são socialmente aversivos, os escores do inventário podem acabar contaminados pela desejabilidade social em contextos de avaliação nos quais o indivíduo possui interesse em obter resultados favoráveis. No presente estudo, uma análise do ASR-13 foi realizada em relação a quais itens são suscetíveis às respostas socialmente desejáveis quando a coleta de dados é feita em ambientes prisionais. Os participantes foram 324 estudantes universitários e 20 homens privados de liberdade. O modelo Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause (MIMIC) sugeriu que três itens eram especialmente propensos a provocar respostas socialmente desejáveis. Evidências de que os participantes privados de liberdade atenuaram as suas pontuações em itens com conteúdo relacionado a comportamentos ilegais foram encontradas. Discutiu-se as implicações dos resultados e como ajudam a entender os processos latentes que causam respostas aos itens do ASR-13.(AU)

El Inventario Breve de Conductas Antisociales fue desarrollado para evaluar un factor general de personalidad antisocial. Sin embargo, como los rasgos antisociales son socialmente aversivos, los puntajes del inventario pueden verse contaminadas por la deseabilidad social en contextos de evaluación en los que el individuo está interesado en obtener resultados favorables. En el presente estudio, realizamos un análisis del ASR-13 en relación con qué ítems son susceptibles de respuestas socialmente deseables cuando la recolección de datos se realiza en entornos penitenciarios. Los participantes fueron 324 estudiantes universitarios y 20 hombres en situación de privación de libertad. El Modelo con Indicadores y Causas Múltiples (MIMIC) sugirió que tres ítems eras especialmente propensos a provocar respuestas socialmente deseables. Encontramos evidencias de que los participantes privados de libertad bajaron sus puntajes en ítems con contenido relacionado con conductas ilegales. Discutimos las implicaciones de los resultados y cómo ayudan a comprender los procesos latentes que provocan las respuestas a los ítems del ASR-13.(AU)

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(1) Background: This study aimed to use the simplex-centroid mixture design methodology coupled with a microdilution assay to predict optimal essential oil (EO) formulations against three potential foodborne pathogens simultaneously through the desirability (D) function. (2) Methods: Oregano (ORE; Origanum vulgare), thyme (THY; Thymus vulgaris), and lemongrass (LG; Cymbopogon citratus) and their blends were evaluated concerning minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. (3) Results: THY combined with ORE or LG were the most promising EO formulations in inhibiting and killing each bacterium separately. Regarding the simultaneous effect, the optimal proportion for maximum inhibition was composed of 75% ORE, 15% THY, and 10% LG, while for maximum inactivation was 50% ORE, 40% THY, and 10% LG. (4) Conclusion: The multiresponse optimization allowed identifying an EO blend to simultaneously control three potential foodborne pathogens. This first report could be a helpful natural and green alternative for the industry to produce safer food products and mitigate public health risks.

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Objetivo: Relatar a experiência de certificação da primeira Santa Casa do Brasil a receber o Selo de qualidade do Programa Nacional de Qualidade do Conselho Federal de Enfermagem. Métodos: Relato da experiência de um hospital filantrópico de alta complexidade, realizado entre dezembro de 2018 a dezembro de 2019. O processo foi conduzido por equipe composta por enfermeiros gestores, coordenadores e enfermeiros residentes em saúde. Descrição da experiência: O processo teve início com o conhecimento da proposta de certificação e realização de diagnóstico situacional pelo Núcleo de Segurança do Paciente, a fim de identificar as potencialidades, fragilidades e necessidades de melhorias institucionais. A primeira visita da comissão foi desafiadora e orientou quanto às adequações necessárias. Na segunda avaliação in loco foi alcançado o selo de qualidade, porém novas adequações continuam sendo realizadas para melhoria dos serviços. Considerações finais: A participação de profissionais nesse processo impulsionou a enfermagem na apropriação das suas competências e empoderamento para vencer os desafios institucionais, favorecendo o alcance de visibilidade, qualificação profissional e melhores condições de trabalho para categoria. Esse processo ajudou a recuperar a autoestima dos profissionais e contribuiu com a aproximação destes com o conselho da classe. (AU)

Objective: To report the experience of the first Santa Casa do Brasil to receive certification the Quality Seal, of the National Quality Program, of the Federal Nursing Council. Methods: Report on the experience of a highly complex philanthropic hospital. The process was conducted by team composed of nurse managers, coordinators and nurses residing in health, between December 2018 and December 2019. Description of the experience: The process started with the knowledge of the proposal for certification and the realization of a situational diagnosis by the Patient Safety Center, in order to identify the potentialities, weaknesses and needs for institutional improvements. The commission's first visit was challenging and provided guidance on the necessary adjustments. In the second on-site assessment, the quality seal was achieved, but new adjustments continue to be made to improve services. Final considerations: The participation of nursing professionals in this process motivated nursing in the appropriation of their skills and empowerment to overcome institutional challenges, favoring the achievement of visibility, professional qualification and better working conditions for the category. This process helped to regain the professionals' self-esteem and contributed to bringing them closer to the class council. (AU)

Objetivo: Informar la experiencia de certificación de la primera Santa Casa do Brasil en recibir el Sello de Calidad del Programa Nacional de Calidad del Consejo Federal de Enfermería. Metodos: Informe de experiencia de un hospital filantrópico de alta complejidad. El proceso fue realizado por un equipo integrado por enfermeras gestoras, coordinadoras y enfermeras residentes en salud, en el periodo diciembre de 2018 - diciembre de 2019. Descripción de la experiencia: El proceso se inició con el conocimiento de la propuesta de certificación y la realización de un diagnóstico situacional por parte del Centro de Seguridad del Paciente, con el fin de identificar las potencialidades, debilidades y necesidades de mejoras institucionales. La primera visita de la comisión fue desafiante y brindó orientación sobre los ajustes necesarios. En la segunda evaluación in situ se logró el sello de calidad, pero continúan realizándo se nuevos ajustes para mejorar los servicios. Consideraciones finales: La participación de profesionales de enfermeria en este proceso impulsó a la enfermería en la apropiación de sus habilidades y empoderamiento para superar los desafíos institucionales, favoreciendo el logro de visibilidad, calificación profesional y mejores condiciones laborales para la categoría. Este proceso ayudó a recuperar la autoestima de los profesionales y contribuyó a acercarlos a la clase consejo. (AU)

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BACKGROUND: Studies examining both victimization and perpetration of dating violence among both women and men are virtually non-existent in Haiti. This study aimed to document the prevalence and factors associated with victimization and perpetration of dating violence (DV) among adolescents and young adults aged 15-24 years in Haiti. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A total of 3586 participants (47.6% women; mean age = 19.37; SD = 2.71) were sampled in the 10 geographical departments according to residence areas (urban/rural), age group (15-19/20-24 years old), and gender (men/women). METHOD: Participants completed questionnaires assessing DV victimization and perpetration, witnessing interparental violence, parental violence, violence acceptance, social desirability, and self-esteem. RESULTS: Overall, 1538 participants (56% women) were in a romantic relationship in the past year. Results showed that men were more likely to experience both psychological (49.4% of women and 57% of men, X2 = 8.17, p = .004), and physical violence (11.1% of women and 18.8% of men, X2 = 8.13, p = .004). There were marginally significant differences for sexual violence between gender for adolescents aged 15 to 19 (26.5% of girls and 20.5% of boys, X2 = 3.25, p = .07), and not for young adults (21.8% of women and 24.0% of men, X2 = 0.49, p = .48). No significant difference was observed for any forms of DV perpetration. DV perpetration was positively associated with victimization (b = 0.5, p = .002), however victimization was not associated with perpetration. Results also showed different associations between violence perpetration and victimization, gender, social desirability, acceptance of violence, parental violence, and witnessing interparental violence. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights avenues for prevention and intervention that must begin at an early age, engage teachers, train peer-educators, promote healthy, non-violent and egalitarian romantic relationships.

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Health professionals are in a strategic position to help people with substance use disorders (SUDs) who seek health services for support or treatment. However, it is known that professionals' attitudes towards people who use alcohol and other drugs are marked by stigmatizing attitudes that create barriers to access quality treatment and make it difficult for the user to adhere to it. From this, the present study aimed to investigate the attitudes of 264 health professionals from specialised services and primary health care (PHC) in the Southeast region of Brazil, through Opening Minds Scale for Healthcare Providers (OMS-HC), taking into account the hypothesis of contact with the subject as a predictor of more positive attitudes. For this, a Multiple Hierarchical Regression was carried out to ascertain the contribution of the variables used in the explanatory model of attitudes. In addition, the measure of social desirability (SD), assessed by Brazilian Portuguese adaptation of Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, was used as a control variable in the regression model to obtain a more robust and accurate model regarding the presence of biased responses, pervasive in studies on attitudes. In general, our findings showed that contact/familiarity with substance use, either through direct contact with users or through the respondent's own use, predicted more positive attitudes, with specialised service professionals expressing more positive attitudes than those working in PHC. Blaming the user for his/her condition presented itself as a predictor of more negative attitudes. Studies like this are of paramount importance for understanding the relationship established between professionals and service users and, therefore, for tailoring interventions and programs that aim to reduce stigmatizing attitudes and provide better access to health for people with SUDs. The importance of using the SD measure as a control variable in Regression is also emphasised, as an effective way to overcome to a common limitation in studies of attitudes.

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Abstract Thiazolidinedione, often shortened to TZD or glitazone, helps lower insulin resistance, which is the underlying problem for many people with type 2 diabetes. The two most known glitazones are pioglitazone (PGZ), with the brand name medicine Actos®, and rosiglitazone (RSG), which is Avandia®. This study presented a multivariate optimization in the microextraction procedure employing Fractional Factorial Design (FFD) combined with Desirability Function (DF) to determine TZD and metabolites in biological samples. Microextraction requires several parameters to be optimized; however, most of them still use univariate optimization. Finding optimum conditions by simple response is relatively simple, but the problems, in case of microextractions, are often more complex when it has more responses. For example, changing one factor that promotes one response may suppress the effect of the others. Thus, this multivariate optimization was applied for two bioanalytical methods for determination of TZD and metabolites, one by HPLC and other by CE, both using Hollow Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction (HF-LPME). The results establish the optimal values and elucidate how the factors that affect HF-LPME procedure perform in extraction efficiency for TZDs. Additionally, this study demonstrates that DF can be an important tool to optimize microextraction procedures.

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El propósito principal de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre deseabilidad social (DS), el trastorno de conducta (TC) y el callo emocional (CE). En él participaron 150 adolescentes, entre los 13 y los 17 años (47% mujeres y 53% hombres), y se formaron dos grupos (con y sin probable TC). Se aplicó la escala de necesidad de aprobación social (ENAS), el cuestionario de detección del trastorno de conducta (CDTC), y el inventario de rasgos de insensibilidad emocional (IRIE). Se observó que el nivel de DS total resultó significativamente más bajo en el grupo con probable TC; también, una relación negativa baja entre la puntuación total del ENAS y las puntuaciones del CDTC, y negativas y moderadas con el IRIE. En conclusión se observó una relación negativa, aunque baja, entre la DS y el TC, y entre moderada y negativa con el CE. Las relaciones entre variables se modificaron en función de la edad y el género.

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between social desirability (SD), conduct disorder (CD) and callous unemotional (CU).. A total of 150 adolescents between 13 and 17 years of age (47% female and 53% male) participated in the study, and two groups were formed (with and without probable CD). The Need for Social Approval Scale (ENAS), the Conduct Disorder Screening Questionnaire (CDTC), and the Emotional Insensitivity Trait Inventory (IRIE) were applied. It was observed that the level of total SD was significantly lower in the group with probable CT; also, a low negative relationship between the ENAS total score and the CDTC scores, and negative and moderate ones with the IRIE. In conclusion, a negative, albeit low, relationship was observed between SD and CT, and moderate to negative with CE. The relationships between variables were modified by age and gender.

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre a desejabilidade social (SD), desordem de conduta (CD) e calo emocional (EC). Envolveu 150 adolescentes de 13-17 anos (47% mulheres e 53% homens), e foram formados dois grupos (com e sem provável CD). Foram administradas a Escala de Aprovação Social (ENAS), o Questionário de Avaliação de Distúrbios de Conduta (CDTC) e o Inventário de Traços de Insensibilidade Emocional (IRIE). Foi observado que o nível de SD total era significativamente menor no grupo com provável CD; também, uma relação negativa baixa entre a pontuação total do ENAS e a pontuação do CDTC, e relações negativas e negativas moderadas com o IRIE. Em conclusão, houve uma relação negativa, embora baixa, entre SD e CT, e moderada a negativa com CE. As relações entre as variáveis foram modificadas por idade e sexo.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this essay is to discuss the social desirability bias in qualitative health research. The social desirability bias consists of a systematic research error, in which the participant presents answers that are more socially acceptable than their true opinions or behaviors. Qualitative studies are very susceptible to this type of bias, which can lead to distorted conclusions about the studied phenomenon. Initially, I present the theoretical-conceptual aspects of the social desirability bias. I discuss how its occurrence can be intentional or unintentional, with a distinction between the concepts of self-deception and impression management. Then, I discuss the determining factors of this bias from four dimensions: study design; study context; interviewee's characteristic; interviewer's posture. Finally, I present a systematization of six strategies to be used by qualitative researchers for identifying and controlling social desirability bias.

RESUMO Ensaio com o objetivo de discutir o viés de desejabilidade social na pesquisa qualitativa em saúde. O viés de desejabilidade social consiste em um erro sistemático de pesquisa, no qual o participante apresenta respostas que são mais socialmente aceitáveis do que suas opiniões ou comportamentos verdadeiros. Estudos qualitativos são muito suscetíveis a esse tipo de viés, que pode levar a conclusões distorcidas sobre o fenômeno em estudo. Inicialmente, apresento os aspectos teórico-conceituais do viés de desejabilidade social. Discuto como sua ocorrência pode ser intencional ou não intencional, com diferenciação entre os conceitos de autoengano e gerenciamento de impressão. Em seguida, discuto os fatores determinantes desse viés a partir de quatro dimensões: desenho do estudo; contexto do estudo; característica do entrevistado; postura do entrevistador. Por fim, apresento uma sistematização de seis estratégias a serem utilizadas por pesquisadores qualitativos para a identificação e controle do viés de desejabilidade social.

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Objetivo: compreender os significados que cercam o tema "valorização profissional" e suas implicações no agir e pensar dos sujeitos envolvidos. Método: trata-se de um estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa ancorado, principalmente, na teoria do Interacionismo Simbólico de Blumer e nos postulados da Análise do Conteúdo de Bardin. A coleta de dados ocorreu mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas, com profissionais e estudantes das várias áreas de atuação da enfermagem, cuja pergunta central foi "O que é valorização profissional para você?". Os diálogos foram gravados e posteriormente transcritos, analisados e categorizados por meio do software Atlas.ti. Resultados: a partir do conteúdo das falas, pôde-se agrupá-las em categorias, a saber: engajamento político, feedback social, investimento de recursos, relação interpessoal e realização profissional. Todas essas categorias foram elencadas devido à relação direta, segundo os entrevistados, com o tema valorização profissional uma vez que se evidenciou a grande importância desses fatores para se instigar o sentimento do sentir-se valorizado. Considerações finais: em consonância com as teorias empregadas, pôde-se ratificar a interferência das experiências e desafios profissionais nas concepções e juízos acerca do mote central deste estudo. Ademais, evidenciou-se o enfoque concedido ao engajamento político e ao feedback social como formas eficazes de se alcançar a valorização. (AU)

Objective: To understand the meanings surrounding the theme "professional valorization" and its implications for the actions and thinking of the subjects involved. Methods: This is an exploratory study with a qualitative approach anchored, mainly, in the theory of Symbolic Interactionism by Blumer and in the postulates of Bardin's Content Analysis. Data collection took place through semi-structured interviews, with professionals and students from the various areas of nursing practice, whose central question was "What is professional valorization for you?". The dialogues were recorded and later transcribed, analyzed and categorized using the Atlas.ti software. Results: Based on the statements, it was possible to group them into categories, namely: political engagement, social feedback, investment of resources, interpersonal relationships and professional achievement. All of these categories were listed due to the direct relationship with the theme of professional valorization since the great importance of these factors was evidenced to instigate the feeling of feeling valued. Conclusion: According to the theories discussed, it was possible to ratify the interference of professional experiences and challenges in the conceptions and judgments about the central motto of this study. Moreover, the focus on political engagement and social feedback was shown to be effective ways of achieving appreciation. (AU)

Objetivo: Comprender los significados que rodean el tema "valorización profesional" y sus implicaciones para las acciones y el pensamiento de los sujetos involucrados. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo anclado, principalmente, en la teoría del Interaccionismo Simbólico de Blumer y en los postulados del Análisis de Contenido de Bardin. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, con profesionales y estudiantes de las distintas áreas de la práctica de enfermería, cuya pregunta central fue "¿Qué es para ti la valorización profesional?". Los diálogos fueron grabados y sistematizado utilizando el software Atlas.ti. Resultados: Fue posible agrupar el contenido en categorías, a saber: compromiso político, retroalimentación social, inversión de recursos, relaciones interpersonales y logros profesionales. Todas estas categorías fueron enumeradas debido a la relación directa, con el tema de la valoración profesional desde que se hizo evidente su importancia para instigar el sentimiento de apreciación. Conclusion: En línea con las teorías, se logró ratificar la interferencia de experiencias y desafíos profesionales en las concepciones y juicios sobre el lema central de este estudio. Además, se demostró que el enfoque en el compromiso político y la retroalimentación social son formas efectivas de lograr el reconocimiento. (AU)

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