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Divulgamos el caso de Queiron de Celso del cuero cabelludo en una niña de 6 años, procedente de área urbana con antecedente patológico de tiña capitis. La tiña de la cabeza, tinea capitis o dermatofitosis es una infección fúngica causada por hongos, denominados «dermatofitos». El querión es una manifestación grave de tinea capitis que resulta de una intensa respuesta inmune a la infección y caracteriza por el desarrollo de una placa inflamatoria con pústulas, costras gruesas y/o drenaje.

We report the case of Queiron de Celso of the scalp in a 6-year-old girl from an urban area with a pathologic history of tinea capitis. Tinea capitis or dermatophytosis is a fungal infection caused by fungi called "dermatophytes". Kerion is a severe manifestation of tinea capitis resulting from an intense immune response to infection and characterized by the development of an inflammatory plaque with pustules, thick crusts and/or drainage.

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Dermatomycosis is an infection with global impacts caused especially by dermatophytes and Candida species. Current antifungal therapies involve drugs that face fungal resistance barriers. This clinical context emphasizes the need to discover new antifungal agents. Herein, the antifungal potential of 10 curcumin analogs was evaluated against four Candida and four dermatophyte species. The most active compound, 3,3'-dimethoxycurcumin, exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 1.9‒62.5 to 15.6‒62.5 µg ml-1 against dermatophytes and Candida species, respectively. According to the checkerboard method, the association between DMC and terbinafine demonstrated a synergistic effect against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum. Ergosterol binding test indicated DMC forms a complex with ergosterol of Candida albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis. However, results from the sorbitol protection assay indicated that DMC had no effect on the cell walls of Candida species. The in vivo toxicity, using Galleria mellonella larvae, indicated no toxic effect of DMC. Altogether, curcumin analog DMC was a promising antifungal agent with a promising ability to act against Candida and dermatophyte species.

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Dermatomycosis is a common fungal infection, and its treatment is limited by few antifungal agents. Clioquinol (CQ) is an antiparasitic agent that has been studied for new uses, such as antifungal and antiviral applications. CQ was incorporated into a lipid-based nanocarrier as a new, promising option for dermatomycosis. This study aimed to develop a CQ-loaded lipid-based nanocarrier for cutaneous application and to evaluate its antifungal activity. CQ-loaded nanoformulation (LBN-CQ) was developed using the ultrasonication method, and the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), pH, zeta potential, and drug content were monitored for 45 days. To evaluate antifungal activity, broth microdilution and a time-kill assay were performed. LBN-CQ presented a particle size of 91 ± 3 nm and PDI of 0.102 ± 0.009. The zeta potential and pH values were -9.7 ± 2.0 mV and 6.0 ± 0.1, respectively. The drug content was 96.4 ± 2.3%, and the encapsulation efficiency was 98.4%. LBN-CQ was able to reduce the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in a 2-fold or 4-fold manner in most of the tested strains. Additionally, LBN-CQ presented stable fungistatic action that was not concentration- or time-dependent. In conclusion, the developed CQ-loaded nanocarrier is a promising treatment for skin fungal infections and a promising candidate for future randomized clinical trials.

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OBJECTIVES: Dermatomycoses, fungal diseases that affect the superficial layers of skin, hair or nails, are a public health concern due to their high prevalence. In Brazil, dermatomycoses are not notifiable diseases, so only fragmented epidemiological studies have been reported in the national literature. To evaluate the epidemiological profile of dermatomycoses in preschoolers and school children in Sinop, Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil. METHODS: Classic methods were used to perform 782 mycological examinations to identify dermatophytosis, cutaneous candidosis and pityriasis versicolor in preschoolers and school children aged between 6 months and 12 years in 11 educational institutions in Sinop, MT. RESULTS: Among the evaluated clinical specimens, 5.2% tested positive for dermatophytosis, with 58.45% of these cases corresponding to tinea capitis, followed by skin (tinea corporis and tinea pedis) and toenail (tinea unguium) lesions; zoophilic fungi predominated. Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex were isolated in 53.66% and 24.39% of the cases, respectively. Regarding cutaneous candidosis, 9.1% of the specimens tested positive for this disease, with 59.16% and 12.7% of the cases corresponding to toenails and interdigitoplantar lesions, respectively. Candida albicans caused 70.43% of the lesions. The remaining specimens (85.7%) tested positive for pityriasis versicolor; children aged between 6 and 12 were the most affected (71.79%). CONCLUSION: Our results agree with most epidemiological studies carried out in Brazil and demonstrate the high frequency of mycoses in preschoolers and school children, a result of poor personal hygiene and favourable weather conditions in Northern Mato Grosso, Brazil.

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The aim of the current report is to describe a cutaneous candidiasis case affecting a canine individual treated at the University Veterinary Hospital of State University of Maranhão (UEMA), in São Luís City. The patient had three-month history of skin diseases; it had been previously subjected to several treatments based on antibiotics, corticosteroids and antifungal drugs that have failed to show clinical improvements. Dermatological assessment has indicated generalized moist dermatitis, intense skin desquamation, alopecia, pruritus and meliceric crusts along the animal's body, mainly in its dorsal region. Complementary tests, such as skin cytology and microscopy, trichogram, qualitative PCR and serology for canine visceral leishmaniasis, as well as fungal culture and antifungigram were requested based on this scenario. Serology recorded inconclusive results for leishmaniasis, whereas PCR recorded negative results in the presence of the agent's DNA. Cytology, microscopy and trichogram results have evidenced fungal infection in the assessed samples. Moreover, mycological culture and antifungigram resulted in the growth of Candida sp. specimens capable of resisting antifungal agents such as amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole and nystatin. The therapy adopted after candidiasis diagnosis confirmation comprised oral doses of manipulated ketoconazole, in combination to topical therapy with shampoo based on moisturizing formulas associated with Miconazole and Chlorhexidine (at 2%), for four weeks. After 30 days, when the adopted therapy was over, the aforementioned animal presented remission of the previously observed lesions and fully improved condition.

The aim of the current report is to describe a cutaneous candidiasis case affecting a canine individual treated at the University Veterinary Hospital of State University of Maranhão (UEMA), in São Luís City. The patient had three-month history of skin diseases; it had been previously subjected to several treatments based on antibiotics, corticosteroids and antifungal drugs that have failed to show clinical improvements. Dermatological assessment has indicated generalized moist dermatitis, intense skin desquamation, alopecia, pruritus and meliceric crusts along the animal's body, mainly in its dorsal region. Complementary tests, such as skin cytology and microscopy, trichogram, qualitative PCR and serology for canine visceral leishmaniasis, as well as fungal culture and antifungigram were requested based on this scenario. Serology recorded inconclusive results for leishmaniasis, whereas PCR recorded negative results in the presence of the agent's DNA. Cytology, microscopy and trichogram results have evidenced fungal infection in the assessed samples. Moreover, mycological culture and antifungigram resulted in the growth of Candida sp. specimens capable of resisting antifungal agents such as amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole and nystatin. The therapy adopted after candidiasis diagnosis confirmation comprised oral doses of manipulated ketoconazole, in combination to topical therapy with shampoo based on moisturizing formulas associated with Miconazole and Chlorhexidine (at 2%), for four weeks. After 30 days, when the adopted therapy was over, the aforementioned animal presented remission of the previously observed lesions and fully improved condition.

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INTRODUCTION: Onychomycosis is a frequent complaint in dermatological practice and corresponds to the most common nail disease. The treatment of onychomycosis remains a challenge, as several factors end up compromising and making treatment difficult. Nail abrasion is considered a useful method in many cases. However, there is controversy about this approach, as there is an aerosol formation that could contaminate the environment and cause fungal changes or hypersensitivity reactions by the disseminated dust. We conducted a pilot study to investigate the fungal viability of nail particles from nails with onychomycosis after abrasion procedure. METHODS: In this study, nail dust from the gloves and mask, used in the procedure, was collected from 9 patients with clinical and dermoscopic diagnoses of onychomycosis. RESULTS: Hyaline septate hyphae were found in 12 materials (gloves and/or masks) from 7 patients. However, these hyphae were morphologically deformed or mutilated in all exams. In Mycosel® agar, there was no growth of any fungus. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: The absence of dermatophyte isolation in all fungal cultures may demonstrate that the deformed fungal structures shown are not viable and would not present risks of contamination after nail abrasion.

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The tropical verrucous syndrome includes infectious, chronic, and granulomatous skin conditions appearing with plaques, nodules, or ulcers with a warty surface which gives name to the syndrome. It includes forms of chromoblastomycosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, lobomycosis, leishmaniasis, and tuberculosis verrucosa cutis with ample distribution in tropical and subtropical areas. The diagnoses may be difficult and confused among them, especially between sporotrichosis and leishmaniasis. Clinical, epidemiologic, intradermal reactions, direct smears, skin biopsies, cultures, immunofluorescence, and PCR are used to differentiate them, although several of these methods are not commonly used. We present an 18-year-old man with extensive verrucous plaques in one knee interpreted by clinic, epidemiology, and biopsy as verrucous cutaneous leishmaniasis. He was treated with Glucantime® for 20 days without improvement. A new biopsy was made that was also interpreted as cutaneous leishmaniasis. The revision of both biopsies showed inflammation with abscessed granulomas and asteroid sporotrichotic bodies at the center of the granulomas that led to the diagnosis of sporotrichosis later confirmed by the fungus culture. The patient responded to the treatment with itraconazole. As clinical and epidemiological findings of leishmaniasis and sporotrichosis can be similar, skin biopsy and other paraclinical studies are necessary to establish a proper diagnosis. The asteroid sporotrichotic body is pathognomonic of this mycosis. We review here the essential concepts of leishmaniasis and sporotrichosis and the criteria to differentiate them.

El síndrome verrugoso tropical comprende condiciones cutáneas infecciosas, crónicas y granulomatosas que cursan con placas, nódulos o úlceras verrugosas, de ahí su nombre. Este síndrome incluye la cromoblastomicosis, la esporotricosis, la paracoccidioidomicosis, la lobomicosis, la leishmaniasis y la tuberculosis cutánea verrugosa, todas ellas enfermedades de amplia distribución en áreas tropicales y subtropicales. Sus diagnósticos pueden ser difíciles y confundirse entre sí, lo cual es más frecuente entre la esporotricosis y la leishmaniasis. Para distinguirlas se recurre a criterios clínicos y epidemiológicos, y a métodos diagnósticos como intradermorreacción, examen directo, biopsia, cultivo, inmunofluorescencia y PCR, algunos de los cuales no son de uso común. El diagnóstico preciso conduce al tratamiento adecuado. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 18 años con extensas placas verrugosas en una rodilla, inicialmente interpretadas como leishmaniasis verrugosa por la clínica, la epidemiología y la biopsia. Se le trató con Glucantime® durante 20 días, pero no presentó mejoría, por lo que se tomó una nueva biopsia que también se interpretó como leishmaniasis cutánea. La revisión de ambas biopsias evidenció inflamación con granulomas abscedados y presencia de cuerpos asteroides esporotricósicos, que condujeron al diagnóstico de esporotricosis, el cual se confirmó luego con el cultivo del hongo. Las lesiones remitieron con la administración de itraconazol. La clínica y la epidemiología de la leishmaniasis y las de la esporotricosis pueden ser semejantes, por lo que la biopsia y los estudios de laboratorio son esenciales para establecer el diagnóstico. El cuerpo asteroide esporotricósico es patognomónico de esta entidad.

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Resumen | El síndrome verrugoso tropical comprende condiciones cutáneas infecciosas, crónicas y granulomatosas que cursan con placas, nódulos o úlceras verrugosas, de ahí su nombre. Este síndrome incluye la cromoblastomicosis, la esporotricosis, la paracoccidioidomicosis, la lobomicosis, la leishmaniasis y la tuberculosis cutánea verrugosa, todas ellas enfermedades de amplia distribución en áreas tropicales y subtropicales. Sus diagnósticos pueden ser difíciles y confundirse entre sí, lo cual es más frecuente entre la esporotricosis y la leishmaniasis. Para distinguirlas se recurre a criterios clínicos y epidemiológicos, y a métodos diagnósticos como intradermorreacción, examen directo, biopsia, cultivo, inmunofluorescencia y PCR, algunos de los cuales no son de uso común. El diagnóstico preciso conduce al tratamiento adecuado. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 18 años con extensas placas verrugosas en una rodilla, inicialmente interpretadas como leishmaniasis verrugosa por la clínica, la epidemiología y la biopsia. Se le trató con Glucantime® durante 20 días, pero no presentó mejoría, por lo que se tomó una nueva biopsia que también se interpretó como leishmaniasis cutánea. La revisión de ambas biopsias evidenció inflamación con granulomas abscedados y presencia de cuerpos asteroides esporotricósicos, que condujeron al diagnóstico de esporotricosis, el cual se confirmó luego con el cultivo del hongo. Las lesiones remitieron con la administración de itraconazol. La clínica y la epidemiología de la leishmaniasis y las de la esporotricosis pueden ser semejantes, por lo que la biopsia y los estudios de laboratorio son esenciales para establecer el diagnóstico. El cuerpo asteroide esporotricósico es patognomónico de esta entidad. Se revisaron los conceptos esenciales de estas condiciones y los criterios para diferenciarlas.

Abstract | The tropical verrucous syndrome includes infectious, chronic, and granulomatous skin conditions appearing with plaques, nodules, or ulcers with a warty surface which gives name to the syndrome. It includes forms of chromoblastomycosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, lobomycosis, leishmaniasis, and tuberculosis verrucosa cutis with ample distribution in tropical and subtropical areas. The diagnoses may be difficult and confused among them, especially between sporotrichosis and leishmaniasis. Clinical, epidemiologic, intradermal reactions, direct smears, skin biopsies, cultures, immunofluorescence, and PCR are used to differentiate them, although several of these methods are not commonly used. We present an 18-year-old man with extensive verrucous plaques in one knee interpreted by clinic, epidemiology, and biopsy as verrucous cutaneous leishmaniasis. He was treated with Glucantime® for 20 days without improvement. A new biopsy was made that was also interpreted as cutaneous leishmaniasis. The revision of both biopsies showed inflammation with abscessed granulomas and asteroid sporotrichotic bodies at the center of the granulomas that led to the diagnosis of sporotrichosis later confirmed by the fungus culture. The patient responded to the treatment with itraconazole. As clinical and epidemiological findings of leishmaniasis and sporotrichosis can be similar, skin biopsy and other paraclinical studies are necessary to establish a proper diagnosis. The asteroid sporotrichotic body is pathognomonic of this mycosis. We review here the essential concepts of leishmaniasis and sporotrichosis and the criteria to differentiate them.

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BACKGROUND: The molecular reclassification of the order Trichosporonales placed the medically relevant Trichosporon species into three genera of the family Trichosporonaceae: Cutaneotrichosporon, Trichosporon, and Apiotrichum. From the clinical and epidemiological standpoint, it is important to identify any species of the family Trichosporonaceae because they present different antifungal susceptibility profiles. In Mexico, little is known about trichosporonosis etiology because the fungi are identified through phenotypic methods. AIMS: To identify at a molecular level 12 yeast isolates morfologically compatible with Trichosporon, obtained from patients with superficial infections. METHODS: The yeast isolates were obtained from patients with white piedra, onychomycosis, and hand and foot dermatomycosis, and were identified morphologically and genotypically (sequencing of the IGS1 region and phylogenetic analysis using the Maximum Likelihood Method). The phylogenetic analysis included 40 yeast sequences from the order Trichosporonales and one from Cryptococcus neoformans as outgroup. RESULTS: Based on the molecular analysis, we identified three (25%) Trichosporon inkin isolates, two (16.7%) Trichosporon asteroides, two (16.7%) Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides, and one each (8.3%) of Trichosporon aquatile, Trichosporon asahii, Apiotrichum montevideense, Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum, and Cutaneotrichosporon jirovecii. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular characterization of the isolates showed a broad diversity of species within the order Trichosporonales, particularly among onychomycosis. It is essential to identify these yeasts at the species level to delve into their epidemiology.

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Dermatomycoses include superficial fungal infections of the skin and its appendages. Trichophyton rubrum, Candida albicans, and Candida parapsilosis are some of the most prevalent species that cause dermatomycoses. Several studies show a variable predominance of Candida spp. in relation to dermatophytes, especially in onychomycosis and the possibility of isolating both from the same site. The ability of dermatophytes to form biofilms recently been explored and there is currently no evidence on the involvement of these filamentous fungi in multi-species biofilms. Thus, this study aims to investigate the probable dual-species interaction between T. rubrum and C. albicans and T. rubrum and C. parapsilosis biofilms, considering variable formation conditions, as well as the susceptibility of these dual-species biofilms against terbinafine and efinaconazole. Three conditions of formation of dual-species biofilms were tested: (a) the suspensions of T. rubrum and Candida albicans or C. parapsilosis placed together; (b) suspensions of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis added the pre-adhesion of T. rubrum biofilms; (c) after the maturation of T. rubrum sessile cells. In the first and second conditions, the quantification of metabolic activities, biomass, and polysaccharide materials of mixed biofilms tended to resemble Candida monospecies biofilms. In the third condition, the profiles were modified after the addition of Candida, suggesting that T. rubrum biofilms served as substrate for the development of Candida biofilms. Scanning electron microscopy showed Candida predominance, however, numerous blastoconidia were noted, most evident in the conditions under which Candida was added after the pre-adhesion and maturation of T. rubrum biofilms. Despite the predominance of Candida, the presence of T. rubrum appears to inhibit C. albicans filamentation and C. parapsilosis development, confirming an antagonistic interaction. Fungal burden assays performed when the biofilms were formed together confirmed Candida predominance, as well as susceptibility to antifungals. Further studies will be needed to identify the components of the Candida and T. rubrum biofilm supernatants responsible for inhibiting dermatophyte growth and C. albicans filamentation.

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Chrysosporium-related fungi, the cause of superficial and deep mycoses, are an emerging infectious disease affecting not only reptiles but also immunocompromized humans. However, the information on Nannizziopsis arthrosporioides is extremely scarce. We herein characterized N. arthrosporioides isolated from a Cuban rock iguana (Cyclura nubila). Three skin ulcers were found in a Cuban rock iguana after captivity for 8 years. Microscopic examination revealed hyperplastic, hyperkeratotic, and ulcerative dermatitis coupled with numerous branched, septate fungal hyphae. The fungal culture yielded growth of zonate, felted cottony-powdery colonies with lobate margins on medium. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny tree based on the combined partial actin and partial ß-tubulin genes demonstrated that current isolates were mostly close to N. arthrosporioides. Furthermore, antifungal susceptibility test demonstrated that N. arthrosporioides had lowest minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values to isavuconazole, efinaconazole, and luliconazole, which may be the potential treatment of choice for N. arthrosporioides infection. The current study describes the first confirmed case of dermatomycosis caused by N. arthrosporioides of a captive reptile in Asia with detailed descriptions of the clinical, histopathological, and mycological features. The current findings provide new information on global distribution and host range of N. arthrosporioides and can raise the concern on the transboundary or emerging disease of N. arthrosporioides in Asian region.

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Ageratina pichinchensis is utilized in traditional medicine for the treatment of dermatomycosis and inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and mycological effectiveness of the topical administration of an enecalin standardized extract of A. pichinchensis for treating onychomycosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). A double blind, randomized, and controlled clinical trial was carried out that included patients with DM2 and who had mild or moderate onychomycosis. Participants were administered topically, for 6 months, a lacquer containing the encecalin standardized extract of A. pichinchensis (experimental group) or 8% ciclopirox (control group). In a large percentage of both, the control group (77.2%) and the experimental group (78.5%), clinical efficacy was detected as a decrease in the number of affected nails and a reduction in the severity of nail involvement. Without exhibiting statistically significant differences between groups, the encecalin standardized extract of A. pichinchensis was clinically and mycologically effective in the treatment of mild and moderate onychomycosis in patients with DM2. The treatment of onychomycosis in patients with DM2 implies a greater challenge, while control of blood glucose levels in these patients, played a very important role in the response of patients to treatment.

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Introducción: las micosis superficiales o dermatomicosis se encuentran entre las enfermedades infecciosas de piel más comunes. Se localizan en las capas superficiales de la piel y sus anexos (pelo y uñas), por esta razón son motivo de consulta dermatológica. De estas micosis, las dermatofitosis, las malasseziosis y las candidiasis cutáneas son las más frecuentes. Objetivo: describir las características epidemiológicas de las micosis superficiales de piel lampiña. Metodología: estudio observacional, retrospectivo y de corte transverso, donde se analizaron fichas epidemiológicas de pacientes que acudieron al Centro de Especialidades Dermatológicas en el periodo comprendido entre julio del 2017 hasta agosto del 2019, con diagnóstico presuntivo de micosis superficiales de piel lampiña. Resultados: se observaron 341 casos de micosis superficiales de piel lampiña. Entre los agentes causales, los dermatofitos fueron los responsables del 56 % (190/341) de los casos; Malassezia spp. 42 % (142/341) y Candida spp. 2 % 9/341. Se observaron 3 casos de micosis mixtas, donde Candida spp. y dermatofitos fueron los agentes causales. Conclusión: entre las micosis superficiales que afectan piel lampiña, se encuentran en primer lugar los dermatofitos seguidos por las malasseziosis. Este reporte constituye un aporte importante para el conocimiento de la epidemiología de las micosis superficiales en nuestro país.

Introduction: superficial mycoses or dermatomycosis are among the most common skin infectious diseases. These are located in the superficial layers of the skin and its annexes (hair and nails), for this reason it´s a frecuent cause of medical consult. Of these mycoses, dermatophytosis, malasseziosis and cutaneous candidiasis are the most frequent. Objectives: describe the epidemiological characteristics of superficial mycoses of skin. Methodology: observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study, where epidemiological records of patients who were attended at the Dermatological Specialties Center were analyzed in the period from July 2017 to August 2019, with presumptive diagnosis of superficial mycoses of skin. Results: 341 cases of superficial mycosis of skin were observed. Among the causative agents, dermatophytes were responsible for 56 % (190/341) of the cases; Malassezia sp. 42 % (142/341) and Candida sp. 2 % (9/341). Three cases of mixed mycosis were observed; Candida spp. and Dermatophytes were the causative agents. Conclusion: among the superficial mycoses of skin, dermatophytes followed by malaseziosis are in the first places. This report constitutes an important contribution to the knowledge of the epidemiology of superficial mycoses in our country.

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Objetivo: Tendo em vista a possibilidade de variação na incidência e prevalência das dermatofitoses de uma região geográfica para outra, e seu potencial zoonótico, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo fornecer dados a respeito da frequência de dermatofitoses em cães na cidade de Chapecó-SC. Métodos: Avaliaram-se resultados de exames micológico direto e cultura fúngica de caninos, emitidos por um laboratório particular de análises clínicas veterinárias na cidade de Chapecó, Santa Catarina. Os dados foram coletados do sistema Multvet e analisados por meio do software IBM SPSS 22.0 através do cálculo de frequência. Resultados: No período compreendido foram solicitados 108 exames para micológico direto e 223 para cultura fúngica. Destes, 81 laudos de micológico direto (75%) e 159 laudos de cultura fúngica (71%) atendiam aos critérios de inclusão, sendo a maioria dos resultados pertencentes a fêmeas com idade entre 1 e 8 anos, sem raça definida (SRD); além disso verificou-se que não houve diferença significativa entre as solicitações dos exames por estação do ano. A respeito da espécie de dermatófito isolado na cultura fúngica, corroborando com demais estudos, o Microsporum canis foi o mais frequente. Conclusão: Visto que as dermatofitoses são consideradas doenças com potencial zoonótico, e sua epidemiologia é conhecida por mudar ao longo do tempo, os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram que tanto o papel do médico veterinário quanto o do patologista clínico são de suma importância para o prognóstico favorável do paciente.

Objective: Given the possibility of occurrence of variance and prevalence of dermatophytosis from one geographical region to another, and its zoonotic potential, the present study had an impact on the frequency of dermatophytosis in dogs in the city of Chapecó SC. Methods: Evaluation of results obtained through direct mycological examination and canine culture issued by a private veterinary clinical anamnesis laboratory in the city of Chapecó, Santa Catarina, with data collected by the IBM SPSS 22.0 system through frequency calculation. Results: No complete year, 108 direct microbial and 223 religious culture tests were requested, at the same time, 81 direct micrological compliments (75%) and 159 fungal culture reports (71%) within inclusion lips, a large majority of the results belonged to female dog aged 1 to 8 years, with no defined race (SRD), and it was found that there was no major difference between examinations by season. Treating the resistance of sexual dermatitis in fungal culture, corroborating other Dermatophytosis is a closed disease with zoonotic potential, and its epidemiology is known to change over time. The results of the research are as important as the role of the veterinarian in clinical pathology are important for the favorable prognosis of the disease patient.

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Within the Neoscytalidium genus, N. dimidiatum, N. oculus, N. orchidacearum, and N. novaehollandiae have been recognized. Although these species are frequently found in soil, N. dimidiatum has been identified as an etiologic agent of onychomycosis or dermatomycosis, and N. oculus has been identified as an etiologic agent of an ocular lesion. All these species can be cultured in vitro, but their morphological identification by macroscopic and microscopic traits is difficult and imprecise due to their similarity. In this study, 34 isolates of Neoscytalidium spp. from 32 onychomycosis and two dermatomycosis cases in Medellin (Colombia) were identified at the species level using sequencing of the ITS1+5.8S+ITS2 nuclear rDNA region and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS). Neoscytalidium dimidiatum strain MUM 17.21 was used to construct the reference spectrum in the in-house library to identify the clinical isolates by MALDI-TOF MS. Additionally, N. dimidiatum PPC-216 and PLAB-055 strains were used to validate the in-house constructed reference spectra. Although four groups were observed in the dendrogram obtained from the proteins of each isolate profile, MALDI-TOF MS and sequencing results are in accordance, since all isolates were identified as N. dimidiatum.

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Objetivo: Describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas de una población con diagnóstico de infección cutánea micótica en los pies confirmada por examen directo con KOH y cultivo en un centro de referencia de Bogotá, Colombia. Material y método: Estudio observacional descriptivo en el que se incluyeron todos los pacientes con lesiones en los pies que fueron atendidos en el servicio de micología entre el año 2011 y el 2016. Se analizaron las características sociodemográficas, clínicas, etiologías y el perfil de tratamiento por medio de un análisis bivariado. Resultados: Se incluyeron 305 pacientes, de los cuales el 82% residía en zona urbana de la ciudad de Bogotá. El hábito más frecuente fue bañarse descalzo, la forma clínica que predominó fue la interdigital y el 35% de los casos presentó de forma simultánea tiña del pie y onicomicosis. Los agentes etiológicos más comunes fueron los dermatofitos con el 95,2% de los casos. Discusión: La presentación clínica sugestiva de micosis, además del resultado positivo del examen directo y del cultivo, permiten hacer el diagnóstico de estas in fecciones. Las características sociodemográficas de quienes sufren este tipo de micosis en Colombia se relacionan con su contagiosidad y tendencia a la cronicidad. La intervención de tales aspectos debe hacer parte de las estrategias para su prevención.

Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the population with cutaneous mycosis in the feet confirmed by positive mycological studies diagnosed in a reference center in Bogota, Colombia. Methods: Descriptive observational study in which all patients with lesions in the feet that were treated in the mycology service between 2011 and 2016 were included. In all cases KOH examination and fungal culture were performed. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, etiologies and the treatment profile were assessed using a bivariate analysis. Results: A total of 305 patients were included, of which 61% were men and 82% lived in an urban area of the city of Bogota. The most common behavior was to take a barefoot bath, the most important comorbidities were venous insufficiency and psoriasis, the main clinical form was interdigital and 35% of the cases presented simultaneously tinea pedis and onychomycosis. The group of dermatophytes was the most frequently isolated (95.2%). Discussion: Clinical examination corresponding with mycosis in the feet, direct examination, and positive culture, allow the physician accurate diagnosis and guide the most appropriate treatment of these infections according to their etiology. The sociodemographic characteristics of those who suffer from this mycosis in Co lombia are related to their contagiousness and tendency to chronicity, therefore, the intervention of such aspects must be part of the strategies for their prevention.

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The combination of tools such as time-kill assay with subsequent application of mathematical modeling can clarify the potential of new antimicrobial compounds, since minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value does not provide a very detailed characterization of antimicrobial activity. Recently, our group has reported that the 8-hydroxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acid presents relevant antifungal activity. However, its intrinsic acidity could lead to an ionization process, decreasing fungal cell permeability. To overcome this potential problem and enhance activity, the purpose of this study was to synthesize and evaluate a novel series of hybrids between the 8-hydroxyquinoline core and sulfonamide and to prove their potential using broth microdilution method, obtaining the pharmacodynamic parameters of the most active derivatives combining time-kill studies and mathematical modeling and evaluating their toxicity. Compound 5a was the most potent, being active against all the fungal species tested, with low toxicity in normal cells. 5a and 5b have presented important antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus strain. The EC50 values obtained by combination of time-kill studies with mathematical model were similar to those of MIC, which confirms the potential of compounds. In addition, these derivatives are non-irritant molecules with the absence of topical toxicity. Finally, 5a and 5b are promising candidates for treatment of dermatomycosis and candidiasis.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In general, colloids provide increased cutaneous permeation of drugs. Still, skin interaction and main pathways for drug diffusion may vary depending on system and formulation characteristics. The knowledge of how different colloidal systems interact with biological membranes and the formulation impact on delivery is especially relevant for drugs that can be encapsulated in multiple nanosystems, as voriconazole (VOR). In here, we compared VOR release and permeation profile from liposomes (LP) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in aqueous colloidal dispersions and in gel formulations. Despite the controlled drug release provided by gel formulations, formulation only had a significant impact on drug skin accumulation from LP. The reduced mobility in gel formulations compromised follicle deposition and drug retention in the skin. Such a hypothesis was confirmed by permeation experiments evaluating follicle pathway influence. Follicular route also had an influence on delivery from NLC, which was only significant for total drug that reached the acceptor medium. These differences could be attributed to the mechanisms of colloid interaction with the skin and subsequent drug release. Follicle LP deposition and slow drug release leads to higher cutaneous amounts whilst NLC interaction with skin and fast drug release leads to fast drug diffusion and deeper penetration. By the low MIC50 values encountered against Trichophyton rubrum (∼ 0.001 µg/mL), permeated amounts could inhibit fungal growth, regardless the system. In conclusion, both LP and NLC seem to be valuable systems for cutaneous VOR delivery. Fluidic formulations could provide better efficiency for cutaneous drug delivery from LP.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A criptococose é a micose profunda mais comum em gatos, mas raramente diagnosticada na clínica médica de pequenos animais. O agente infeccioso da doença é o Cryptococcus sp., um fungo oportunista que pode disseminar-se por todo o organismo. Uma gata com aproximadamente dois anos de idade, 3 kg e sem raça definida foi atendida em uma clínica particular na cidade de São Paulo. O exame físico revelou lesões cutâneas piogranulomatosas invasivas, principalmente em plano nasal e no segundo dígito do membro torácico esquerdo. O animal não apresentava sinais neurológicos ou respiratórios. A resposta ao antifúngico nas lesões cutâneas foi favorável, porém o animal não resistiu a uma segunda sedação e veio a óbito vinte e oito dias após início do tratamento. Este relato apresenta um caso atípico de criptococose, devido à inexistência de imunodeficiência.(AU)

Cryptococcosis is the most common deep mycosis in cats, despite its rarity in the medical practice of small animals. The infectious agent of the disease is Cryptococcus sp, an opportunistic fungus that can spread throughout the body. An approximately two-year-old mixed breed cat, weighing 3 kg was presented to a private practice in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Physical examination revealed pyogranulomatous skin lesions, mainly on the nasal planum and the second digit of the left thoracic limb. The animal presented no neurological or respiratory signs.The response to antifungal on cutaneous lesions was favorable, but the animal did not resist a second sedation and died within twenty-eight days after starting treatment. This report shows an atypical case of cryptococcosis due to the lack of immunodeficiency.(AU)

La criptococosis es la micosis profunda más común en los gatos, aunque es muy raro su diagnóstico en la clínica de pequeños animales. El agente infeccioso de esta enfermedad es el Cryptococcus sp., un hongo oportunista que se puede diseminar por todo el organismo. Una gata mestiza de aproximadamente dos años de edad y 3 kg de peso fue atendida en una clínica particular de la ciudad de São Paulo (Brasil). Durante el examen físico se comprobó la presencia de lesiones cutáneas piogranulomatosas invasivas, principalmente en la región nasal, y también en la segunda falange del miembro anterior izquierdo. El animal no presentaba signos neurológicos o respiratorios. A pesar de que la respuesta al antifúngico en las lesiones cutáneas fue favorable, el paciente no resistió a un segunda sedación y murió 28 días después de iniciado el tratamiento. El presente relato muestra un caso atípico de criptococosis en el que no existía un cuadro previo de inmunodeficiencia.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A criptococose é a micose profunda mais comum em gatos, mas raramente diagnosticada na clínica médica de pequenos animais. O agente infeccioso da doença é o Cryptococcus sp., um fungo oportunista que pode disseminar-se por todo o organismo. Uma gata com aproximadamente dois anos de idade, 3 kg e sem raça definida foi atendida em uma clínica particular na cidade de São Paulo. O exame físico revelou lesões cutâneas piogranulomatosas invasivas, principalmente em plano nasal e no segundo dígito do membro torácico esquerdo. O animal não apresentava sinais neurológicos ou respiratórios. A resposta ao antifúngico nas lesões cutâneas foi favorável, porém o animal não resistiu a uma segunda sedação e veio a óbito vinte e oito dias após início do tratamento. Este relato apresenta um caso atípico de criptococose, devido à inexistência de imunodeficiência.

Cryptococcosis is the most common deep mycosis in cats, despite its rarity in the medical practice of small animals. The infectious agent of the disease is Cryptococcus sp, an opportunistic fungus that can spread throughout the body. An approximately two-year-old mixed breed cat, weighing 3 kg was presented to a private practice in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Physical examination revealed pyogranulomatous skin lesions, mainly on the nasal planum and the second digit of the left thoracic limb. The animal presented no neurological or respiratory signs.The response to antifungal on cutaneous lesions was favorable, but the animal did not resist a second sedation and died within twenty-eight days after starting treatment. This report shows an atypical case of cryptococcosis due to the lack of immunodeficiency.

La criptococosis es la micosis profunda más común en los gatos, aunque es muy raro su diagnóstico en la clínica de pequeños animales. El agente infeccioso de esta enfermedad es el Cryptococcus sp., un hongo oportunista que se puede diseminar por todo el organismo. Una gata mestiza de aproximadamente dos años de edad y 3 kg de peso fue atendida en una clínica particular de la ciudad de São Paulo (Brasil). Durante el examen físico se comprobó la presencia de lesiones cutáneas piogranulomatosas invasivas, principalmente en la región nasal, y también en la segunda falange del miembro anterior izquierdo. El animal no presentaba signos neurológicos o respiratorios. A pesar de que la respuesta al antifúngico en las lesiones cutáneas fue favorable, el paciente no resistió a un segunda sedación y murió 28 días después de iniciado el tratamiento. El presente relato muestra un caso atípico de criptococosis en el que no existía un cuadro previo de inmunodeficiencia.

Assuntos