RESUMO
Background: Six percent of the Chilean population has a disability requiring assistance with daily-living-activities and 69 percent of these individuals are cared by direct family members. The latter are at risk of developing caregiver burden. Zarit scales are used to assess the severity of caregiver burden. Aim: To validate the original and abbreviated Zarit scales for caregiver burden. Material and methods: Two groups of interviewers applied the original and abbreviated Zarit scales, along with a single subjective indicator for burden and surveys for depression, to 32 caregivers from an outpatient clinic in Melipilla, Chile. In 22 subjects, the instruments were applied again, four months later Results: Both Zarit scales showed high correlation with the subjective indicator for burden and with depression (r =0.51 and 0.67, respectively), supporting its construct validity. The abbreviated scale had a high correlation with the original scale (r =0.92), supporting its criterion validity. It had a 100 percent sensitivity 77.7 percent, specificity 86.6 percent positive predictive value and 100 percent negative predictive value to discriminate severe caregiver burden, using the original scale as standard. Both instruments showed high internal consistency (Cronbach alpha =0.84 and 0.87, respectively), inter-observer reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient =0.81 and 0.86, respectively) and stability reliability (Kappa test-retest =0.91 and 0.93, respectively). Conclusions: Both original and abbreviated Zarit burden scales are valid to assess caregiver's burden in a Chilean context. The abreviate scale Szeged particularly useful for primary care.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cuidadores/psicologia , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Inquéritos e Questionários , Chile , Família , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Psicometria , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Carga de TrabalhoRESUMO
"This article presents a brief discussion of the primary aspects associated with aging of the Cuban population, from a demographic, socioeconomic and political perspective. The first issue discussed in the article is how international immigration has contributed to the aging process of the country's population, and the possible causes of this immigration. The author...points out the efforts that the country is making to deal with an accelerated increase in the sixties-plus population...." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Assuntos
Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Dependência Psicológica , Emigração e Imigração , Dinâmica Populacional , Política Pública , Adulto , Fatores Etários , América , Região do Caribe , Cuba , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Características da PopulaçãoRESUMO
PIP: This article provides a very simplified analysis of the impact of changes in unemployment, retirement age, and fertility on economic dependency and per capita income in Latin America. The macroeconomic consequences of variations in age structure have received a little recent attention among Latin American researchers and policymakers, partly because of the lack of simple but rigorous analytical models to orient research. This analysis is simplified in that it focuses on changes in age distribution but does not explicitly consider effects of changes in population size, even though in reality the 2 types of changes are interrelated. The analysis has also been simplified by not taking into account any type of causal interaction between the demographic and economic variables analyzed; only the most elementary accounting relations between them are utilized. The 1st section defines the concept of economic dependency, specifies the effects of changes in its demographic and economic components, and establishes a simple link between the dependency ratio and per capita income. These and other derivations in the following sections permit evaluation of the impact of changes in employment, retirement age, and fertility on the dependency ratio and per capita income. The work concludes with a synthesis and general discussion, including a theoretical consideration of the effects of interactions among components. Only the most important equations are presented in the main text, but all variables, equations, and relations are defined and derived in the appendix. 6 countries were studied to illustrate the relationships in the context of the demographic diversity of Latin America. Argentina and Cuba represented countries in an advanced stage of the demographic transition, Chile and Mexico represented an intermediate phase, and Bolivia and Peru represented countries at the beginning of the transition. Results of decomposition of changes in dependency and income due to each of the factors showed substantial variation between countries in regard to changes in unemployment and fertility, but much less variation in regard to changes in retirement age. A 50% decline in unemployment would have comparatively moderate effects and would increase per capita income by 1-6.5%. Shortterm impacts of fertility decline would be greater, and would vary between 1-8.5%, while an increase of 2 years in the retirement age would produce more uniform increments fluctuating between 6-8%. The analysis indicates that few Latin American countries have reached the stage where small fertility reductions would be detrimental to their dependency burden or per capita income. Some countries with slow growth like Argentina are gradually approaching the stage when efforts of demographic aging will be more important.^ieng
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Dependência Psicológica , Fertilidade , Renda , Métodos , Aposentadoria , Desemprego , América , Argentina , Bolívia , Região do Caribe , Cuba , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Emprego , América Latina , México , América do Norte , Peru , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do SulRESUMO
Both high rates of labor force growth and large dependency ratios are forecast in this paper for the countries of Latin America in the 1990s. The author concludes that "population and employment problems must be given high priority in bilateral negotiations and/or with international organizations when deciding upon structural adjustment strategies." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Assuntos
Dependência Psicológica , Emprego , Previsões , Dinâmica Populacional , Crescimento Demográfico , Política Pública , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , População , Pesquisa , Estatística como AssuntoRESUMO
PIP: Trends in aging in Uruguay over the past 30 years are analyzed, with a focus on the impact of economic, social, and political factors. The extent to which declining birth rates and increased immigration have contributed to the extensive changes in age distribution is considered. Regional and sex differentials are noted, and possible means of supporting an increasingly aging population are suggested. Data are from the censuses of 1963, 1975, and 1985.^ieng
Assuntos
Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Demografia , Dependência Psicológica , Economia , Fertilidade , Geografia , Assistência a Idosos , Política , Dinâmica Populacional , Qualidade de Vida , Fatores Sexuais , Mudança Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Urbanização , Adulto , Fatores Etários , América , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , População , Características da População , Seguridade Social , América do Sul , População Urbana , UruguaiRESUMO
PIP: Mexico's population growth rate declined from about 3% annually in 1970 to about 2.6% in 1982, but the country's growth earlier in the century produces an unprecedented increase in the size of its labor force and in the demand for jobs. Because of continued high fertility and simultaneous decline in mortality, Mexico experienced rapid rates of population growth from 1960-75. According to recent population projections from the US Census Bureau, the working age population in general will grow faster than the total population. The growth rate of the total population was 2.8% from 1970-80, but the growth rate for the population in working ages will increase to 3.8% during the 1980-85 period, as the children born during periods of high fertility become working age adults. After 1985 the growth rate of the population aged 15-64 will start to decline, yet the working age population during the last decade of the 20th century will continue to grow at the pace that the total population grew during 1970-80. And the number of persons that will be added to the 15-64 age group will continuously increase from now to the year 2010. Accompanying the growth of the working age population, there will likely be an increase in educational attainment and a decline in fertility. Thus, the demand for jobs will grow at an astonishingly high rate, as a larger proportion of women and a better educated population want to enter the labor force. A problem in predicting the size of the labor force is predicting the percent of persons at each age who will be working or looking for work. From 1980-85, the growth rate will be about 4% a year, and it will decline to about 3.1% a year during the last 5 years of the century. A complicating factor is the composition of the labor force. In Mexico, rapid urbanization and a large reduction in the proportion of the labor force in agriculture has begun. From 1980-2000 the urban population is expected to grow at a rate of 3.1% a year, while the rural population will grow at an annual rate of 0.7%, implying that most of the demand for new jobs will be in urban areas in the nonagricultural sector. The question is whether the Mexican economy can create jobs rapidly in the nonagricultural sector and whether the modern sector of the economy can create enough jobs to meet the expected demand.^ieng
Assuntos
Distribuição por Idade , Fatores Etários , Economia , Emprego , Mão de Obra em Saúde , Dinâmica Populacional , Crescimento Demográfico , População , Fatores Sexuais , Planejamento Social , América , América Central , Demografia , Dependência Psicológica , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , México , América do Norte , Características da PopulaçãoRESUMO
"The paper analyzes the demographic aspects of the aging of the population in Latin America. Aging is still incipient in the great majority of countries of the region, but it will become generalized and will be accentuated especially after the year 2000. The dependency relationship will continue to decrease until higher levels of aging are reached; the proportion of the aged in the potentially dependent population will increase and the relationship between the population from 15 to 59 years of age and over 60 will decrease. "At present, the proportion of single women [over 60] is much higher than that of single men. From the information on participation in the labour force and the access that the aged have to income or pension benefits, the paper also shows that most of the aged that continue to work do so because they require an income for subsistence. "The paper finally includes some conclusions on the causes and consequences of the aging of the population and the actions that would be necessary to broaden knowledge for the formulation of policies." (summary in ENG)