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Dental tissue stem cells (DTSCs) are well known for their multipotent capacity and regenerative potential. They also play an important role in the immune response of inflammatory processes derived from caries lesions, periodontitis, and gingivitis. These oral diseases are triggered by toxins known as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) produced by gram-negative bacteria. LPS present molecular patterns associated with pathogens and are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in dental stem cells. In this review, we describe the effect of LPS on the biological behavior of DTSCs. We also focus on the molecular sensors, signaling pathways, and emerging players participating in the interaction of DTSCs with lipopolysaccharides. Although the scientific advances generated provide an understanding of the immunomodulatory potential of DTSCs, there are still new reflections to explore with regard to their clinical application in the treatment of oral inflammatory diseases.

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En el campo de la odontología, prevalecen actualmente alternativas terapéuticas con una filosofía conservadora. Sin embargo, con el advenimiento de los tratamientos con células madre (CM), se amplían las posibilidades terapéuticas, que buscan la combinación y el equilibrio entre la intervención tradicional y las posibilidades de reposición de estructuras anatómicas dañadas, a través de la regeneración de tejidos utilizando células madre o sus derivados (AU)

In the dentistry field, therapeutic alternatives with a conservative philosophy currently prevail. However, with the advent of stem cell (SC) treatments, therapeutic possibilities are expanding, seeking a combination and balance between traditional intervention and the pos- sibility of replacing damaged anatomical structures through tissue regeneration, using stem cells or their derivatives (AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the healing response of critical defects in rat calvaria with recombinant cementum protein 1 (hrCEMP-1) combined with human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSC) and polylactide-co-glycolide/hydroxyapatite (PLGA/HA) scaffold. METHODS: The effect of hrCEMP-1 on proliferation and differentiation of human dental stem cells (hDPSCs) toward a mineralizing-like phenotype was evaluated in monolayer and PLGA/HA scaffold by qPCR. 5 mm calvarial defects were created in Wistar rats and filled with: 1) PLGA/HA scaffold; 2) hDPSCs-PLGA/HA scaffold; 3) hrCEMP-1-hDPSc-PLGA/HA scaffold; 4) control (without scaffold). Bone formation was evaluated by histological-histomorphometric analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and radiographic evaluation. Comparisons between groups were made with a one-way analysis of variance ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test. RESULTS: In vitro results showed that the PLGA/HA scaffold loaded with hrCEMP-1 improved the proliferation and differentiation of hDPSCs towards a mineralization phenotype by inducing mRNA expression of ALP, OSX, RUNX2, OP, and COL-I genes. The hrCEMP-1/hDPSCs/-PLGA/HA scaffold resulted only in connective tissue formed after ten weeks of healing, larger central radiolucency, and a low peripheral density. We showed superior bone growth and repair with a PLGA/HA matrix scaffold alone and containing hDPSCs compared to the hrCEMP/cells group. CONCLUSIONS: PLGA/HA scaffold with hrCEMP-1 induces hDPSC commitment to mineralizing phenotype in vitro, but does not promote critical size osseous defect repair in vivo when it is included in a substitute biomaterial with hDPSc-PLGA/HA scaffold.

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Abstract Direct pulp capping process is a therapeutic method aimed at maintenance of pulp vitality and health by using a biocompatible material placed directly over the exposed pulp. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of direct pulp capping procedures by dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) or calcium hydroxide on dentin tissue formation. Three mongrel dogs were used as experimental model. Two access cavities were prepared in the right and left mandibular fourth premolars in all dogs to expose and extirpate the pulp tissues which were processed in the lab to obtain a single-cell suspensions. The isolated cells were cultures in odontogenic medium for subsequent differentiation. The maxillary teeth (3 incisors and one canine) of the corresponding dog number were subjected to class V cavities to expose their pulps which were assigned into 2 groups of 12 teeth each ( group I - pulp capping with calcium hydroxide) and (group II - pulp capping with dental stem cells DPSCs). The operated teeth were collected after 3 months and processed for histological and electron microscopic examinations. Specimens were subjected to elemental analysis of calcium and phosphorus. EDX elemental analysis revealed significant differences in the calcium and phosphorous wt, % in the reparative dentin of calcium hydroxide treated group which confirmed histologically. Direct pulp capping by DPSCs has shown promising generative potential for regaining normal dentin.

Resumo O processo de capeamento pulpar direto é um método terapêutico que visa a manutenção da vitalidade e saúde da polpa, usando um material biocompatível colocado diretamente sobre a polpa exposta. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar o efeito do capeamento pulpar direto usando células-tronco da polpa dentária (CTPDs) ou hidróxido de cálcio sobre o tecido da dentina formação. Três cães sem raça definida foram utilizados como modelo experimental. Duas cavidades de acesso foram preparados nos quartos pré-molares inferiores direito e esquerdo em todos os cães para expor e extirpar os tecidos pulpares que foram processados ​​em laboratório para obter suspensões de uma célula única. As células isoladas foram cultivadas em meio odontogênico para posterior diferenciação. Os dentes superiores (3 incisivos e um canino) do respectivo cão foram submetidos ao preparo de cavidades classe V para expor suas polpas, as quais foram atribuídas a 2 grupos de 12 dentes cada (grupo I - capeamento pulpar com hidróxido de cálcio) e (grupo II - capeamento pulpar com CTPDs). Os dentes operados foram extraídos após 3 meses e processado para exames histológicos e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os espécimes foram submetidos a análises elementares de cálcio e fósforo. Análise elementar por EDX revelaram diferenças significativas no peso de cálcio e fósforo, % na massa reparadora dentina do grupo tratado com hidróxido de cálcio, o que foi confirmado histologicamente. O capeamento pulpar com CTPDs mostrou potencial promissor para recuperar a dentina normal.

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Tissue engineering is an emerging field of science that focuses on creating suitable conditions for the regeneration of tissues. The basic components for tissue engineering involve an interactive triad of scaffolds, signaling molecules, and cells. In this context, stem cells (SCs) present the characteristics of self-renewal and differentiation capacity, which make them promising candidates for tissue engineering. Although they present some common markers, such as cluster of differentiation (CD)105, CD146 and STRO-1, SCs derived from various tissues have different patterns in relation to proliferation, clonogenicity, and differentiation abilities in vitro and in vivo. Tooth-derived tissues have been proposed as an accessible source to obtain SCs with limited morbidity, and various tooth-derived SCs (TDSCs) have been isolated and characterized, such as dental pulp SCs, SCs from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament SCs, dental follicle progenitor cells, SCs from apical papilla, and periodontal ligament of deciduous teeth SCs. However, heterogeneity among these populations has been observed, and the best method to select the most appropriate TDSCs for regeneration approaches has not yet been established. The objective of this review is to outline the current knowledge concerning the various types of TDSCs, and discuss the perspectives for their use in regenerative approaches.

RESUMO

La ingeniería tisular basada en las células troncales de pulpa dental se considera como un enfoque prometedor para la odontología regenerativa, con el objetivo final de reemplazar morfológica y funcionalmente los tejidos periodontales y/o los dientes perdidos a través de la síntesis in vitro de sustitutos análogos tisulares o, incluso, de un diente humano denominado biodiente. Las células troncales de la pulpa dental representan una colonia de células adultas que tienen la capacidad de autorrenovación y diferenciación en diferentes linajes. El origen exacto de las células troncales de la pulpa dental no ha sido completamente determinado y estas células troncales parecen ser la fuente de los odontoblastos que contribuyen a la formación del complejo dentinopulpar. Recientemente, los logros obtenidos a partir de la investigación de las células troncales nos han permitido contemplar las posibles aplicaciones terapéuticas de las células troncales de la pulpa dental. Algunos estudios han demostrado que las células troncales de la pulpa dental son capaces de producir tejidos dentales in vivo, incluyendo la dentina, la pulpa dental y las estructuras de la corona. Mientras que otras investigaciones han demostrado que estas células troncales se diferencian in vitro e in vivo, por ejemplo, en osteoblastos, neuroblastos, condrocitos, fibroblastos y endotelio. En teoría, un biodiente sintetizado a partir de las células troncales de la pulpa dental debe ser la mejor opción para recuperar la totalidad de la estructura y función de un diente humano. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión es hacer una breve descripción de la localización, origen, aislamiento y marcadores candidatos de células troncales de pulpa dental, para así plantear las perspectivas de aplicación en la clínica odontológica.

Tissue engineering based on dental pulp stem cells is considered as a promising approach for regenerative dentistry. It purports the final target of morphologically and functionally replacing periodontal tissues and/or lost teeth by means of the in vitro synthesis of tissue-analog substitutes, or even a human tooth (called bio-tooth). Dental pulp stem cells represent a colony of adult cells which have the ability to auto-renovate and differentiate in different lineages. Dental pulp stem cells exact origin has yet to be fully determined; these stem cells seem to be the source of odontoblasts, which contribute to the formation of the dentin-pulp complex. Recently, achievements obtained through research conducted on stem cells, have allowed us to contemplate the possible therapeutic applications of dental pulp stem cells. Some studies have shown that dental pulp stem cells are able to produce in vivo dental tissues, including dental pulp and crown structures. Other research has demonstrated that these stem cells differentiate in vivo and in vitro into osteoblasts, neuroblasts, chondrocytes fibroblasts, and endothelium. In theory, a bio-tooth synthesized from autogenic dental pulp stem cells should be the best option to recover the whole structure and function of a human tooth. The aim of the present review article was to undertake a brief description of the location, origin, isolation and candidate markers of dental pulp stem cells in order to thus present application perspectives to be used in the dental clinic.