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Functional response and mutual interference are important attributes of natural enemies that should be analysed in species with the potential to be used as biological control agents in order to increase the predictive power of the possible benefits and/or consequences of their release in the field. Our main objective was to determine the functional response and mutual interference of Coptera haywardi (Oglobin), a pupal parasitoid of economically important fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). The functional response of C. haywardi on A. ludens pupae corresponded to a type II model, with an attack rate of 0.0134 host pupa/h and a handling time of 1.843 h, which reveals a meticulous selection process of pupal hosts. The effect of mutual interference among foraging females was negatively correlated with increased parasitoid density in the experimental arena, showing a gradual decline in attack rate per individual female. The increase in the number of foraging females also had an impact on the number of oviposition scars per pupa and the number of immature parasitoids per dissected pupa, but not on the percentage of adult emergence or the sex ratio. Our results suggest that C. haywardi could act as a complementary parasitoid in the control of fruit fly pupae, since the random distribution of these pupae in the soil would decrease the possibility of aggregation and mutual interference between foraging females.

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Global losses of oyster populations urgently necessitate evaluating the status of underdocumented populations. The north-Patagonian Ostrea puelchana metapopulation changed in recent decades: certain beds grew and expanded; others became depleted by the Bonamia exitiosa epizootic. We surveyed eight oyster beds from the San Matías and San José gulfs; assessing the extension, demographic structure, and density-distribution pattern of each. We integrated biologic and environmental data on different spatial and temporal scales. Beds from the northestern and southern coasts continued expanding; while the northwestern beds- decimated by B. exitiosa in mid-1990-evidenced signs of recovery. We observed an envelope relationship between adult density and carriage incidence, suggesting a density-dependent compensation. Temporal data revealed decreased mean O. puelchana shell heights during recent decades. We discuss the success of extractive closures for long-term management and stress the effectiveness of a multiscale approach to determine the density-dependent processes structuring and driving marine-bivalve-population development.

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The immune system is considered a functional trait in life-history theory and its modulation is predicted to be costly and highly dependent on the host's nutrition. Therefore, the nutritional status of an individual has a great impact on an animal's immune ecology. Herbivorous insects are commonly used as model organisms in eco-immunology studies and the use of an artificial diet is the predominant rearing procedure to test them. However, this diet differs from what herbivores experience in nature and it is unclear to what degree this distinction might impact on the relevance of these studies for the real world. Here, we compared plant-based vs. artificial diet in a set of three experiments to investigate the interaction of both diets with a plastic immune strategy known as Density-Dependent Prophylaxis (DDP). We used as a model organism the velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis, which is known to adjust its immune defense in line with the DDP hypothesis. Our main results showed that larvae fed with artificial diet had 20.5% more hemocytes circulating in the hemolymph and died 20% more slowly when infected with an obligate (viral) pathogen. Crucially, however, we did not find any indication of fitness costs related to DDP. The use of artificial diet did not interact with that of DDP except in the case of host survival after infection, where the DDP effect was only observable in this diet. Our findings suggest the use of an artificial diet does not mask resource allocation conflicts between immune investment and fitness related traits, but to some extent it might lead to an overestimation of immune parameters and host survival time after infection. We believe that this is the first study to compare an artificial diet and a host plant covering all these aspects: immune parameters, life-history traits, and host survival after infection. Here we provide evidence that, besides the quantitative effects in immune parameters and host survival time, the use of artificial diet interacts only marginally with a density-dependent immune response. This provides support for the use of artificial diets in eco-immunology studies with insects.

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Organisms can change their environment and in doing so change the selection they experience and how they evolve. Population density is one potential mediator of such interactions because high population densities can impact the ecosystem and reduce resource availability. At present, such interactions are best known from theory and laboratory experiments. Here we quantify the importance of such interactions in nature by transplanting guppies from a stream where they co-occur with predators into tributaries that previously lacked both guppies and predators. If guppies evolve solely because of the immediate reduction in mortality rate, the strength of selection and rate of evolution should be greatest at the outset and then decline as the population adapts to its new environment. If indirect effects caused by the increase in guppy population density in the absence of predation prevail, then there should be a lag in guppy evolution because time is required for them to modify their environment. The duration of this lag is predicted to be associated with the environmental modification caused by guppies. We observed a lag in life-history evolution associated with increases in population density and altered ecology. How guppies evolved matched predictions derived from evolutionary theory that incorporates such density effects.

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BACKGROUND: The Southern Right Whale (Eubalaena australis) population of the South-western Atlantic Ocean is recovering. In the breeding ground of Peninsula Valdés, as a consequence of the population growth, expansion to new areas by some types of groups and a change in the habitat use patterns at the coastal area were recorded. METHODS: We analysed information gathered from aerial surveys conducted along the coast of Peninsula Valdés in 15 years of effective sampling in a 19-year span. These surveys were divided into four periods (1999-2000; 2004-2007; 2008-2012 and 2013-2016) and estimated the density of whales in a 620 km of coast divided into segments of five km. RESULTS: The density of the whales increased to near three whales per km2 (averaged over each period) in the high-density areas. When this mean number was reached, the significant changes in density in the adjacent areas were detected in the following period. These changes were a decrease in density in the high-density areas and an increase of density in the low-density areas. DISCUSSION: We propose that a threshold in density elicits a response in habitat use, with the Mother-calf pairs remaining in the area, while the other groups are displaced to new areas.

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One of the hypothesized benefits of seed dispersal is to escape density- and distance-responsive, host-specific, natural enemies near maternal plants where conspecific seed and seedling densities are high. Such high conspecific neighbor densities typically result in lower offspring growth and survival (i.e., negative density-dependent effects), yet many dispersal modes result in clumped seed distributions. New World leaf-nosed bats transport fruits to their feeding roosts and deposit seeds, thereby creating high-density seed/seedling patches beneath feeding roosts in heterospecific trees away from maternal trees, which seemingly nullifies a key benefit of seed dispersal. Such dispersal may still be adaptive if negative density-dependent effects are reduced under feeding roosts or if the benefit of being dispersed away from maternal trees outweighs negative effects of conspecific seed/seedling density below roosts. We mapped the entire post-germination population of a bat-dispersed tree species Calophyllum longifolium (Calophyllaceae) in a 50-ha plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama in each of three successive years. We tested two hypotheses: (1) distance-dependent effects are stronger than density-dependent effects on seedling performance because seedlings far from conspecific adults are more likely to escape natural enemies even when at high densities and (2) negative density-dependent effects will be reduced far from vs. near conspecific adults. Density and distance were naturally decoupled, as expected. However, in contrast to our expectation, we found positive density effects on seedling survival and density-dependent effects did not differ with distance from conspecific adults. Both density and distance had positive effects on seedling survival when considered together, while only year had a significant effect on seedling growth. Thus, both being dispersed under bat feeding roosts and escaping the vicinity of conspecific adults were beneficial for C. longifolium seedling survival, supporting the directed dispersal and escape hypotheses, respectively. Despite resulting in high densities of conspecific seedlings, favorable habitat under bat feeding roosts and lack of negative density-dependent effects appear to provide evolutionary advantages in C. longifolium.

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The responses of native plants to competition with invasive plants depend mainly on the density of the invasive plants and on the ability of the native plants to compete for resources. In this study, we tested the influence of the invasive exotic Urochloa arrecta (Poaceae) on the early colonization of two native species (Pontederia cordata and Leersia hexandra) of aquatic macrophytes. Our hypotheses were (i) the competitive effects of U. arrecta on the native species P. cordata and L. hexandra are density-dependent and that (ii) these species respond differently to competitive interactions with the invasive species. We conducted the experiments in a greenhouse and in the field, in a tropical reservoir. The biomass of U. arrecta (ranging from 206.2 to 447.1 g) was manipulated in the greenhouse in trays with different densities. After the establishment of the invasive species, we added P. cordata and L. hexandra propagules to each tray. In the field, a propagule of P. cordata was planted in 36 sites with different densities of U. arrecta. The biomass and length of the natives and the biomass of the invasive species were measured in the greenhouse and in the field experiments. The biomass and length of the native plants decreased with increasing biomass of the exotic species in both experiments, showing that the competition between U. arrecta and native species depends on the density of the exotic species. The root:shoot ratio of L. hexandra decreased with increasing U. arrecta biomass, but the opposite occurred for P. cordata. These results indicate that native species exhibit different strategies of biomass allocation when interacting with U. arrecta. The strong competitive effects of U. arrecta and the different responses of the native species help to explain the reduced diversity of native macrophytes observed in sites colonized by U. arrecta. The results also suggest that in a scenario of dominance of exotic species, recolonization by native macrophytes is unlike to occur naturally and without human interventions that reduce the biomass of the exotic species.

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Abstract:The seed dispersal process is a crucial stage in plant regeneration and maintenance of forest biological diversity. While the number of removed seeds is quantitative, the distance to which a seed is removed from its origin is qualitative, because it affects the probability that a seed will germinate and recruit to the next life stage. However, the creation of forest margins can negatively affect the seed dispersal process, especially for largediaspore plant species. In this study, the diaspore removal and dispersal distance of Caryocar coriaceum, a tree with large diaspores that is in danger of extinction, were analyzed. The study was conducted for two consecutive years in a protected forest in Northeastern Brazil. Each year, 1 200 diaspores with a nylon wire and a satin tape yellow were used and equally distributed in 120 experimental stations established on the forest margin and in the interior. During the first year of the study, no differences in diaspore removal and dispersal distance were found among the investigated environments. However, for the second year of the study, the number of removed diaspores differed significantly; nevertheless, the dispersal distance was not different between the forest margin and the interior. The low diaspore removal percentages suggest that species recruitment may be compromised because the diaspore accumulation close to the relatives enables higher fungi and insect attack. In addition, most of the few removed diaspores were found at short distances from their sources (up to 5 m), which can lead to low genetic variability. Virtually no diaspore was found buried by hoarding rodents, and no diaspore was found preyed upon by these animals. Evidence found in this study suggests the local loss of species dispersers, which can compromise the maintenance of forest biological diversity. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1117-1127. Epub 2016 September 01.

ResumenEl proceso de dispersión de semillas es una etapa crucial en la regeneración de las plantas y el mantenimiento de la diversidad biológica de los bosques. Mientras que el número de semillas removidas es cuantitativo, la distancia a la que se elimina una semilla desde su origen es cualitativa, porque afecta la probabilidad de que una semilla germine y sea reclutada para la próxima etapa del ciclo de vida. Sin embargo, la creación de márgenes de los bosques puede afectar negativamente el proceso de dispersión, especialmente para especies de plantas con diásporas grandes. En este estudio, analizamos la remoción diásporas y la distancia de dispersión de C. coriaceum, un árbol de diásporas grandes que está en peligro de extinción. El estudio se llevó a cabo durante dos años consecutivos en un bosque protegido en el Noreste de Brasil. Cada año, un total de 1 200 diásporas fueron igualmente distribuidas, con un hilo de nylon y una cinta amarilla de satén, en 120 estaciones experimentales establecidas en el margen y en el interior del bosque. En el primer año del estudio, no se encontraron diferencias en la remocíon de las diásporas y la distancia de dispersión entre los ambientes estudiados. Sin embargo, en el segundo año el número de diásporas retiradas difería significativamente, pero la distancia de dispersión no fue diferente entre el margen de bosques y el interior. El bajo porcentaje de remoción encontrado sugiere que el reclutamiento de especies puede estar comprometido, ya que la acumulación de diásporas próximas unas de otras es propicio para un mayor ataque de hongos e insectos. Además, la mayoría de las pocas diásporas removidas fueron encontradas a pequeñas distancias de su origen (hasta 5 m), lo que puede generar una baja variabilidad genética. Prácticamente ninguna diáspora fue encontrada enterrada por los roedores recolectores y ninguna estaba depredada por estos animales. La evidencia encontrada en este estudio indica la pérdida local de dispersores de las especies, lo que puede poner en peligro el mantenimiento de la diversidad biológica de los bosques.

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Rumour spreading is a ubiquitous phenomenon in social and technological networks. Traditional models consider that the rumour is propagated by pairwise interactions between spreaders and ignorants. Only spreaders are active and may become stiflers after contacting spreaders or stiflers. Here we propose a competition-like model in which spreaders try to transmit an information, while stiflers are also active and try to scotch it. We study the influence of transmission/scotching rates and initial conditions on the qualitative behaviour of the process. An analytical treatment based on the theory of convergence of density-dependent Markov chains is developed to analyse how the final proportion of ignorants behaves asymptotically in a finite homogeneously mixing population. We perform Monte Carlo simulations in random graphs and scale-free networks and verify that the results obtained for homogeneously mixing populations can be approximated for random graphs, but are not suitable for scale-free networks. Furthermore, regarding the process on a heterogeneous mixing population, we obtain a set of differential equations that describes the time evolution of the probability that an individual is in each state. Our model can also be applied for studying systems in which informed agents try to stop the rumour propagation, or for describing related susceptible-infected-recovered systems. In addition, our results can be considered to develop optimal information dissemination strategies and approaches to control rumour propagation.

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Studies on insect natural enemies and their effects on host populations are of immense practical value in pest management. Predation and parasitism on a citrus pest, the leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, were evaluated by sampling over 3 years in four locations within a world leading lemon producing area in Northwest Argentina. Both mortality factors showed seasonal trends consistent across locations, with predation exerting earlier and more sustained pressure than parasitism, which showed wider seasonal variations. The dominant parasitoids, native Cirrospilus neotropicus and introduced Ageniaspis citricola, showed different seasonal trends: C. neotropicus was dominant in spring whereas A. citricola superseded it in autumn and winter. Although parasitism rates were relatively low, the native C. neotropicus revealed favourable features as potential control agent, by showing density-dependence, parasitism rates comparable with those of the specific A. citricola during part of the cycle, and earlier synchronization with the host. The study provides highly relevant information for a sustainable management of this worldwide pest, for which biological control is considered the best long-term option.

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One important factor determining the efficacy of parasitoids is the way they exploit different host patch. This study evaluated the response of females of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to the oviposition sites of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on processing tomato plants. In fully developed caged tomato plants T. absoluta moths were released, followed by the release of T. pretiosum females 12h later. After 24h of parasitoid release, the moth oviposition sites were mapped according to the plant canopy, and levels of parasitism assessed. The parasitism rate varied from 1.5 to 28 percent. There was not influence of plant structures on parasitism, except for the absence of parasitism on the plant apex. Levels of both T. absoluta oviposition and parasitism by T. pretiosum were higher on the upper third of the plant, decreasing downward along the plant canopy.

Um dos fatores que podem determinar a eficácia de parasitóides é como esses agentes de controle biológico exploram o habitat de seus hospedeiros. Este estudo avaliou a resposta de fêmeas de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) à oviposição da praga Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) em tomate industrial. Mariposas de T. absoluta foram liberadas em gaiolas contendo plantas de tomate e, após 12h, foi realizada a liberação de fêmeas de T. pretiosum. Após 24h da liberação do parasitóide, a oviposição da praga foi mapeada de acordo com as estruturas no dossel da planta de tomate e, posteriormente, foram determinados os níveis de parasitismo. O parasitismo de ovos da praga variou de 1,5 a 28 por cento. Não houve influência significativa das estruturas da planta na taxa de parasitismo dos ovos da praga, exceto pela ausência de parasitismo na parte apical da planta. Ambos os níveis de oviposição de T. absoluta e parasitismo por T. pretiosum foram maiores no terço superior da planta de tomate.

RESUMO

One important factor determining the efficacy of parasitoids is the way they exploit different host patch. This study evaluated the response of females of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to the oviposition sites of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on processing tomato plants. In fully developed caged tomato plants T. absoluta moths were released, followed by the release of T. pretiosum females 12h later. After 24h of parasitoid release, the moth oviposition sites were mapped according to the plant canopy, and levels of parasitism assessed. The parasitism rate varied from 1.5 to 28%. There was not influence of plant structures on parasitism, except for the absence of parasitism on the plant apex. Levels of both T. absoluta oviposition and parasitism by T. pretiosum were higher on the upper third of the plant, decreasing downward along the plant canopy.

Um dos fatores que podem determinar a eficácia de parasitóides é como esses agentes de controle biológico exploram o habitat de seus hospedeiros. Este estudo avaliou a resposta de fêmeas de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) à oviposição da praga Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) em tomate industrial. Mariposas de T. absoluta foram liberadas em gaiolas contendo plantas de tomate e, após 12h, foi realizada a liberação de fêmeas de T. pretiosum. Após 24h da liberação do parasitóide, a oviposição da praga foi mapeada de acordo com as estruturas no dossel da planta de tomate e, posteriormente, foram determinados os níveis de parasitismo. O parasitismo de ovos da praga variou de 1,5 a 28%. Não houve influência significativa das estruturas da planta na taxa de parasitismo dos ovos da praga, exceto pela ausência de parasitismo na parte apical da planta. Ambos os níveis de oviposição de T. absoluta e parasitismo por T. pretiosum foram maiores no terço superior da planta de tomate.

RESUMO

One important factor determining the efficacy of parasitoids is the way they exploit different host patch. This study evaluated the response of females of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to the oviposition sites of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on processing tomato plants. In fully developed caged tomato plants T. absoluta moths were released, followed by the release of T. pretiosum females 12h later. After 24h of parasitoid release, the moth oviposition sites were mapped according to the plant canopy, and levels of parasitism assessed. The parasitism rate varied from 1.5 to 28%. There was not influence of plant structures on parasitism, except for the absence of parasitism on the plant apex. Levels of both T. absoluta oviposition and parasitism by T. pretiosum were higher on the upper third of the plant, decreasing downward along the plant canopy.

Um dos fatores que podem determinar a eficácia de parasitóides é como esses agentes de controle biológico exploram o habitat de seus hospedeiros. Este estudo avaliou a resposta de fêmeas de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) à oviposição da praga Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) em tomate industrial. Mariposas de T. absoluta foram liberadas em gaiolas contendo plantas de tomate e, após 12h, foi realizada a liberação de fêmeas de T. pretiosum. Após 24h da liberação do parasitóide, a oviposição da praga foi mapeada de acordo com as estruturas no dossel da planta de tomate e, posteriormente, foram determinados os níveis de parasitismo. O parasitismo de ovos da praga variou de 1,5 a 28%. Não houve influência significativa das estruturas da planta na taxa de parasitismo dos ovos da praga, exceto pela ausência de parasitismo na parte apical da planta. Ambos os níveis de oviposição de T. absoluta e parasitismo por T. pretiosum foram maiores no terço superior da planta de tomate.

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Durante o estudo dos metazoários parasitos de Paroaria dominicana Linnaeus, 1758 (Passeriformes), quatro infrapopulações de Platynosomum illiciens (Brown, 1901) (Trematoda) foram coletadas nos ductos hepáticos, com intensidades parasitárias de 10, 11, 18 e 36 espécimes respectivamente. Diferenças entre os valores morfométricos médios e o número total de ovos das infrapopulações foram estatisticamente testadas. O peso do fígado não se correlacionou ao peso das aves, ao comprimento do corpo das aves e à abundância parasitária. Foram detectadas correlações positivas entre o tamanho das infrapopulações e o número de ovos produzidos e entre o tamanho do corpo dos parasitos e o tamanho dos ovos. Correlações negativas foram observadas entre a intensidade parasitária e o peso do fígado; entre o tamanho das infrapopulações e o tamanho dos indivíduos dessas infrapopulações; entre o número e o tamanho dos ovos e entre o tamanho do corpo dos parasitos e o número de ovos. Os resultados indicaram que as infrapopulações maiores se estabeleceram em aves com fígados menores e que quanto maiores as infrapopulações foram observados menor tamanho corporal e menor tamanho dos ovos, os que se apresentaram em maior quantidade.

During the study of the metazoan parasites of Paroaria dominicana Linnaeus, 1758 (Passeriformes), four infrapopulations of Platynosomum illiciens (Brown, 1901) (Trematoda), parasitic in the liver ducts were collected, with intensity of infection 10, 11, 18 and 36 specimens respectively. Differences between the means of morphometrical values and the total number of eggs were statistically tested. The liver weigh were not significantly correlated with avian total weigh and length, and with the total parasitic abundance. Positive correlations were observed between the size of infrapopulations and the total number of eggs, and between parasite body size and the eggs. size. Negative correlations were observed between parasitic intensity and liver weigh; between the size of infrapopulations and the parasite body size; between total number and the size of eggs and between parasite body size and total number of eggs. These results suggests that host with smaller liver had greater infrapopulations. These greater infrapopulations showed smaller parasite body size and higher size and number of eggs.

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Sex ratio is an essential component of life history to be considered in population growth. Chrysomya albiceps is a blowfly species with a naturally biased sex ratio. In this study, we evaluated the impact of changes in sex ratio on the dynamic behavior of C. albiceps using a density-dependent mathematical model that incorporated demographic parameters such as survival and fecundity. These parameters were obtained by exponential regression, with survival and fecundity being estimated experimentally as a function of larval density. Bifurcation diagram of the results indicated the evolution of stable equilibrium points as a function of sex ratio. A continually increasing sex ratio yielded a hierarchy of bifurcating stable equilibrium points that evolved into a chaotic regime. The demographic parameters obtained by exponential regression were also changed to maximum and minimum values in order to analyze their influence on dynamic behavior with sex ratio being considered as an independent variable. Bifurcations with periodicity windows between chaos regimes were also found.

A razão sexual é um componente essencial da biologia de organismos a ser considerado em crescimento populacional. Chrysomya albiceps é uma espécie de mosca varejeira que exibe um desvio na razão sexual em relação à proporção 1:1. Neste estudo avaliamos o impacto de alterações na razão sexual sobre o comportamento dinâmico de C. albiceps utilizando um modelo matemático dependente da densidade que incorpora parâmetros demográficos como sobrevivência e fecundidade. Os parâmetros foram obtidos por regressão exponencial, com sobrevivência e fecundidade sendo estimadas experimentalmente em função da densidade larval. O diagrama de bifurcação gerado pelos resultados indicou a evolução de pontos de equilíbrio estável em função da razão sexual. A sucessão contínua dos valores da razão sexual resultou em uma hierarquia de pontos de equilíbrio estável produzida por bifurcações, resultando em regime caótico. Os parâmetros demográficos obtidos por regressão exponencial foram também mudados para valores máximos e mínimos, a fim de analisar a influência deles sobre o comportamento dinâmico da espécie, tendo a razão sexual como variável independente. Bifurcações com janelas de periodicidade intercaladas com o regime caótico também foram encontradas.

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This study quantified parasitoid occurrence on five lepidopteran caterpillars species that use Caryocar brasiliense as host plant, trying to verify if there was a direct relationship between host abundance and the proportion of parasitism; if leaf shelters served as cues or protection from parasitoids; if host size influenced the proportion of parasitism, and if attacks by Diptera were more frequent than by Hymenoptera. Searches for external folivorous caterpillars were carried out in an area of cerrado sensu stricto, from July/2003 to June/2004. Caterpillars were more parasitized when occurred on mature leaves. Nola sp. (Noctuiidae) had the highest proportion of parasitism and a negative correlation between their body size and parasitoid attack. Caterpillars that constructed shelters suffered lower parasitism than those exposed. Hymenopteran parasitoids were more abundant than Dipteran parasitoids attacking caterpillars on C. brasiliense leaves. In general, parasitoid species richness and the proportion of parasitism in lepidopteran caterpillar on C. brasiliense showed associations with host population density, their life strategy, diet and leaf nutritional quality.

Este estudo quantificou a ocorrência de parasitóides em cinco espécies de lagartas de Lepidoptera que possuem Caryocar brasiliense como planta hospedeira, verificando se existe uma relação direta e positiva entre a abundância do hospedeiro e a proporção de parasitismo; se os abrigos utilizados pelas espécies de Lepidoptera atuam como pistas ou proteção contra os parasitóides; se o tamanho do hospedeiro influencia as taxas de parasitismo e se existe uma maior ocorrência de ataques de Diptera em comparação com Hymenoptera nas lagartas de Lepidoptera no cerrado do Distrito Federal, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em uma área de cerrado sensu stricto da Fazenda Água Limpa no período de julho de 2003 a junho de 2004, à procura de lagartas folívoras externas. As lagartas foram mais parasitadas quando ocorreram em folhas maduras. Nola sp. (Noctuidae) apresentou a maior proporção de parasitismo em comparação com as outras espécies e foi a única espécie em que se verificou uma correlação negativa entre as taxas de parasitismo e o tamanho de seus indivíduos. As espécies de lagartas que constroem abrigos apresentaram menores porcentagens de parasitismo em comparação com as que vivem expostas. Os parasitóides da ordem Hymenoptera foram mais freqüentes que os Diptera. No geral, para as espécies de Lepidoptera em C. brasiliense, a riqueza de espécies de parasitóides e a porcentagem de parasitismo apresentaram associações com a densidade, a estratégia de vida, a dieta do hospedeiro e a qualidade nutricional da folha de C. brasiliense.

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Sex ratio is an essential component of life history to be considered in population growth. Chrysomya albiceps is a blowfly species with a naturally biased sex ratio. In this study, we evaluated the impact of changes in sex ratio on the dynamic behavior of C. albiceps using a density-dependent mathematical model that incorporated demographic parameters such as survival and fecundity. These parameters were obtained by exponential regression, with survival and fecundity being estimated experimentally as a function of larval density. Bifurcation diagram of the results indicated the evolution of stable equilibrium points as a function of sex ratio. A continually increasing sex ratio yielded a hierarchy of bifurcating stable equilibrium points that evolved into a chaotic regime. The demographic parameters obtained by exponential regression were also changed to maximum and minimum values in order to analyze their influence on dynamic behavior with sex ratio being considered as an independent variable. Bifurcations with periodicity windows between chaos regimes were also found.

A razão sexual é um componente essencial da biologia de organismos a ser considerado em crescimento populacional. Chrysomya albiceps é uma espécie de mosca varejeira que exibe um desvio na razão sexual em relação à proporção 1:1. Neste estudo avaliamos o impacto de alterações na razão sexual sobre o comportamento dinâmico de C. albiceps utilizando um modelo matemático dependente da densidade que incorpora parâmetros demográficos como sobrevivência e fecundidade. Os parâmetros foram obtidos por regressão exponencial, com sobrevivência e fecundidade sendo estimadas experimentalmente em função da densidade larval. O diagrama de bifurcação gerado pelos resultados indicou a evolução de pontos de equilíbrio estável em função da razão sexual. A sucessão contínua dos valores da razão sexual resultou em uma hierarquia de pontos de equilíbrio estável produzida por bifurcações, resultando em regime caótico. Os parâmetros demográficos obtidos por regressão exponencial foram também mudados para valores máximos e mínimos, a fim de analisar a influência deles sobre o comportamento dinâmico da espécie, tendo a razão sexual como variável independente. Bifurcações com janelas de periodicidade intercaladas com o regime caótico também foram encontradas.

RESUMO

During the study of the metazoan parasites of Paroaria dominicana Linnaeus, 1758 (Passeriformes), four infrapopulations of Platynosomum illiciens (Brown, 1901) (Trematoda), parasitic in the liver ducts were collected, with intensity of infection 10, 11, 18 and 36 specimens respectively. Differences between the means of morphometrical values and the total number of eggs were statistically tested. The liver weigh were not significantly correlated with avian total weigh and length, and with the total parasitic abundance. Positive correlations were observed between the size of infrapopulations and the total number of eggs, and between parasite body size and the eggs. size. Negative correlations were observed between parasitic intensity and liver weigh; between the size of infrapopulations and the parasite body size; between total number and the size of eggs and between parasite body size and total number of eggs. These results suggests that host with smaller liver had greater infrapopulations. These greater infrapopulations showed smaller parasite body size and higher size and number of eggs.

Durante o estudo dos metazoários parasitos de Paroaria dominicana Linnaeus, 1758 (Passeriformes), quatro infrapopulações de Platynosomum illiciens (Brown, 1901) (Trematoda) foram coletadas nos ductos hepáticos, com intensidades parasitárias de 10, 11, 18 e 36 espécimes respectivamente. Diferenças entre os valores morfométricos médios e o número total de ovos das infrapopulações foram estatisticamente testadas. O peso do fígado não se correlacionou ao peso das aves, ao comprimento do corpo das aves e à abundância parasitária. Foram detectadas correlações positivas entre o tamanho das infrapopulações e o número de ovos produzidos e entre o tamanho do corpo dos parasitos e o tamanho dos ovos. Correlações negativas foram observadas entre a intensidade parasitária e o peso do fígado; entre o tamanho das infrapopulações e o tamanho dos indivíduos dessas infrapopulações; entre o número e o tamanho dos ovos e entre o tamanho do corpo dos parasitos e o número de ovos. Os resultados indicaram que as infrapopulações maiores se estabeleceram em aves com fígados menores e que quanto maiores as infrapopulações foram observados menor tamanho corporal e menor tamanho dos ovos, os que se apresentaram em maior quantidade.

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the monodominant non-pioneer Peltogyne gracilipes, typically does not suffer density-dependent herbivory (Janzen-Connell model). Two components of intraspecific variation in leaf herbivory were measured: 1) the variation between individuals in the population at the same time and 2) the temporal variation in rates of damage to each individual. The study was carried out on Maracá Island, Roraima, Brazil in three plots (50 m 50 m) in each of three forest types: Peltogyne-rich forest (PRF), Peltogyne-poor forest (PPF), and forest without Peltogyne (FWP). Two other non-pioneer species (Ecclinusa guianensis and Pradosia surinamensis) were chosen for comparison because they were fairly abundant and their seedlings could be readily identified. The values of leaf area removed by herbivores of trees and seedlings of the three study species were in the range reported for other tropical tree species (2-16%, standing damage). There were no differences within species between forests. However, there was a significant difference among species but this was not correlated with seedling density. Peltogyne seedlings showed no evidence of density-dependent herbivory as predicted by the Janzen-Connell model despite the fact that adult trees were observed to suffer a mass defoliation in April 1992. This result suggests that Peltogyne may be dominant partly due to escape from herbivory in the early stages of its life although it may suffer occasional mass defoliation as an adult.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a hipótese de que Peltogyne gracilipes, espécie climax e monodominante, tipicamente não sofre herbivoria dependente da densidade (Modelo de Janzen-Connell). Dois componentes da variação intraespecífica na herbivoria foliar foram avaliados: 1) a variação entre indivíduos na população no mesmo tempo e 2) a variação temporal na taxa de danos em cada indivíduo. O estudo foi realizado na Ilha de Maracá, Roraima, Brasil em três parcelas de 50 m 50 m em cada um dos três tipos florestais (Floresta rica em Peltogyne, PRF; Floresta pobre em Peltogyne, PPF e Floresta sem Peltogyne, FWP). Duas outras espécies não pioneiras (Ecclinusa guianensis e Pradosia surinamensis) foram escolhidas para comparações por serem abundantes nas diferentes classes de tamanho e suas plântulas de fácil identificação no campo. A percentagem de área foliar removida pelos herbívoros está entre os valores reportados para outras espécies arbóreas tropicais (2-16%). Não houve diferenças dentro das espécies entre florestas. Entretanto, existiu uma diferença significativa entre espécies. As plântulas de Peltogyne não apresentaram nenhuma evidência de herbivoria dependente da densidade como previsto pelo modelo de Janzen-Connell, embora para árvores adultas tenha sido observado a ocorrência de desfolhamento em massa em abril de 1992. Este resultado sugere que Peltogyne pode ser dominante parcialmente devido ao escape da herbivoria nos estágios iniciais de sua vida embora possa sofrer ocasionais desfolhamentos quando adulta.

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the monodominant non-pioneer Peltogyne gracilipes, typically does not suffer density-dependent herbivory (Janzen-Connell model). Two components of intraspecific variation in leaf herbivory were measured: 1) the variation between individuals in the population at the same time and 2) the temporal variation in rates of damage to each individual. The study was carried out on Maracá Island, Roraima, Brazil in three plots (50 m 50 m) in each of three forest types: Peltogyne-rich forest (PRF), Peltogyne-poor forest (PPF), and forest without Peltogyne (FWP). Two other non-pioneer species (Ecclinusa guianensis and Pradosia surinamensis) were chosen for comparison because they were fairly abundant and their seedlings could be readily identified. The values of leaf area removed by herbivores of trees and seedlings of the three study species were in the range reported for other tropical tree species (2-16%, standing damage). There were no differences within species between forests. However, there was a significant difference among species but this was not correlated with seedling density. Peltogyne seedlings showed no evidence of density-dependent herbivory as predicted by the Janzen-Connell model despite the fact that adult trees were observed to suffer a mass defoliation in April 1992. This result suggests that Peltogyne may be dominant partly due to escape from herbivory in the early stages of its life although it may suffer occasional mass defoliation as an adult.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a hipótese de que Peltogyne gracilipes, espécie climax e monodominante, tipicamente não sofre herbivoria dependente da densidade (Modelo de Janzen-Connell). Dois componentes da variação intraespecífica na herbivoria foliar foram avaliados: 1) a variação entre indivíduos na população no mesmo tempo e 2) a variação temporal na taxa de danos em cada indivíduo. O estudo foi realizado na Ilha de Maracá, Roraima, Brasil em três parcelas de 50 m 50 m em cada um dos três tipos florestais (Floresta rica em Peltogyne, PRF; Floresta pobre em Peltogyne, PPF e Floresta sem Peltogyne, FWP). Duas outras espécies não pioneiras (Ecclinusa guianensis e Pradosia surinamensis) foram escolhidas para comparações por serem abundantes nas diferentes classes de tamanho e suas plântulas de fácil identificação no campo. A percentagem de área foliar removida pelos herbívoros está entre os valores reportados para outras espécies arbóreas tropicais (2-16%). Não houve diferenças dentro das espécies entre florestas. Entretanto, existiu uma diferença significativa entre espécies. As plântulas de Peltogyne não apresentaram nenhuma evidência de herbivoria dependente da densidade como previsto pelo modelo de Janzen-Connell, embora para árvores adultas tenha sido observado a ocorrência de desfolhamento em massa em abril de 1992. Este resultado sugere que Peltogyne pode ser dominante parcialmente devido ao escape da herbivoria nos estágios iniciais de sua vida embora possa sofrer ocasionais desfolhamentos quando adulta.