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In 2007, Mexico implemented a strategy to combat drug trafficking through military intervention, after which a significant increase in homicides, mainly among young men, was observed and linked to structural problems as well as organized crime, especially the recruitment of youth, with adolescents being particularly vulnerable. Through a systematic review of the literature from 2013 to 2022, we have compiled the reported factors influencing the recruitment of adolescents by organized crime in Mexico and conducted a metasynthesis of the data according to the multiple levels that affect adolescents: individual, family, community, cultural, and social. This research has shown that many of the factors reported are interrelated and need to be studied holistically. In addition, many of the factors are common to other forms of juvenile delinquency, but the main difference is the presence of organized crime itself in the community and culture.

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Emotional processing is a cognitive function essential for the interaction of humans with their environment and the development of adaptive behaviors. Adolescent offenders (AOs) express difficulty in cognitive processes linked to emotional processing, which is a response consistently observed during the endogenous (i.e., controlled) control of attention. Less remains understood of the extent to which such atypical responses extend beyond controlled attention and influence exogenous mechanisms (i.e., automatic). This study explores this hypothesis using the recently devised emotional Flanker paradigm. It recruited a group of 39 male AOs and 39 nonoffenders from Barranquilla, Colombia. Assessment consists of an emotional Flanker paradigm administered along with traditional neurocognitive and social cognition tasks. The AOs displayed the well-known attentional bias to threat and a relatively atypical response to emotional targets in which they detected emotions, particularly negative ones, faster than did nonoffenders. Frontal lobe functions account for these effects but not sociodemographic variables nor general cognitive abilities. The results are interpreted in light of evidence suggesting that youngsters with high levels of antisocial behaviors (e.g., callous-unemotional traits) present an enhanced orientation toward distressing stimuli, which is explained by lifelong experiences (e.g., histories of abuse). The findings suggest that environmental influences seemingly exist in the development of these traits, but additional research is required to elucidate the role of cognitive and environmental factors in the development of antisocial behavior.

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A taxa de condutas delituosas oficiais praticadas por meninas jovens tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Embora a literatura sugira um viés de gênero nesse fenômeno, ainda predominam estudos voltados ao sexo masculino. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar associações entre os aspectos de personalidade do fator Socialização, compatível com traços do Modelo dos Cinco Grandes Fatores, e condutas antissociais (delituosas e divergentes) em jovens escolares do sexo feminino. Uma amostra de 549 jovens respondeu ao Questionário de Comportamentos Juvenis (QCJ) e à Escala Fatorial de Socialização (EFS). A partir das pontuações obtidas na EFS, os dados da amostra foram agrupados, havendo formação de três clusters, com diferentes níveis de engajamento em condutas antissociais. Maior frequência e diversidade de condutas antissociais estiveram associadas a menores níveis de Amabilidade, Pró-Sociabilidade e Confiança nas Pessoas, sugerindo relação entre os aspectos de personalidade e as condutas antissociais avaliadas. São discutidas também possíveis implicações de outros fatores nessa relação.

The rate of official misconduct cases involving young girls have increased in recent years. Although the literature suggests a gender gap in this phenomenon, studies focusing on males still predominate. The present study had as objective verifying the relation between personality aspects of the Socialization factor, compatible with the characteristics of the Big Five Factors Model, and the commitment of antisocial behaviors (criminal and divergent) by young female students. To this end, a sample of 549 adolescents answered the Questionário de Comportamentos Juvenis (QCJ) and the Escala Fatorial de Socialização (EFS). Based on the results obtained in the EFS, the sample was divided into three clusters. Greater frequency and diversity of antisocial behaviors were associated with lower levels of Agreeableness, Pro-Sociability and Trust in People, suggesting a relationship between personality aspects and the antisocial behaviors evaluated. Possible implications of other factors in this relationship are also discussed.

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El presente artículo analiza la evidencia empírica que aportan los estudios sobre la influencia de los factores dinámicos asociados a la reincidencia criminal de menores infractores dentro del contexto español y portugués. La búsqueda de los términos Juvenile delinquency* OR juvenile offenders* AND recidivism* OR Risk factors * se realizó en las bases de datos Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of science, Dialnet, Scielo y ProQuest. Aplicados los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, de un total de 105 653 artículos, se seleccionaron 20 para análisis cualitativo y 3 para incluir en el metaanálisis. El estudio permite concluir que los factores dinámicos con mayor capacidad de predicción son la educación, la relación con el grupo de pares, el tiempo de ocio, la familia y el consumo de SPA.

This article analyses the empirical evidence provided by studies on the influence of dynamic factors associated with the criminal recidivism of juvenile offenders in the Spanish and Portuguese context. The search for the terms Juvenile delinquency* OR juvenile offenders* AND recidivism* OR Risk factors* was carried out in the databases Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of science, Dialnet, Scielo and ProQuest. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, out of a total of 105 653 articles, 20 were selected for qualitative analysis and 3 for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The study allows us to conclude that the dynamic factors with the greatest predictive capacity are education, relationship with peer group, leisure time, family and PAS consumption.

Este artigo analisa as evidências empíricas fornecidas por estudos sobre a influência de fatores dinâmicos associados à reincidência de crimes de menores nos contextos espanhol e português. A busca pelos termosjuvenile delinquency* OR juvenile offenders* AND recidivism* OR risk factors* foi realizada nos bancos de dados Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Dialnet, SciELO e ProQuest. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, de 105.653 artigos, 20 foram selecionados para a análise qualitativa e 3 para a inclusão na meta-nálise. O estudo nos permite concluir que os fatores dinâmicos com maior capacidade preditiva são educação, relacionamento com o grupo de pares, tempo de lazer, família e consumo de PAS.

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Antecedentes: el sicariato es un fenómeno de violencia que afecta a la sociedad contemporánea, en medio de valores relativos al respeto de la vida y la integridad humana. En Colombia, los datos y cifras de los homicidios evidencian que durante los años 2017-2020 se presentaron aproximadamente 26 161 casos en la modalidad sicariato; las motivaciones se asocian fundamentalmente al narcotráfico, economías ilegales, disputas territoriales y factores sociales. Objetivo: identificar la etimología de la palabra "sicario", características, investigaciones y algunas tendencias generacionales sobre el sicariato. Método: este estudio se realizó desde un enfoque cualitativo, diseño documental mediante la revisión de algunas teorías sobre subculturas criminales (Cohen, 1955), el aprendizaje de la conducta delictiva (Sutherland, 1974), aprendizaje social (Bandura, 1987; Becker, 1974), crimen y castigo (Bourdieu, 1997), el entorno social que lo rodea y economía criminal, otros autores y revisión bases de datos: Mendeley, Proquest, Redalyc, base, BBC learning english, entre otros. Resultados: este trabajo permitió recoger conceptos, características, tendencias delictivas y análisis criminológicos del fenómeno; se establecen algunas tipologías, por modus operandi y capacidad del perpetrador del hecho punible, surgimiento del sicariato en Colombia y algunas características de los códigos de conducta de las dos últimas generaciones de sicarios. Finalmente, se plantean las conclusiones.

Background: hired assassination is a phenomenon of violence that affects contemporary society, amidst values related to respect for life and human integrity. In Colombia, homicide data and figures show that during the years 2017-2020 there were approximately 26 161 cases in the form of hired killings; the motivations mainly associated with drug trafficking, illegal economies, territorial disputes and social factors. Objective: to identify the etymology of the word "sicario", characteristics, research and some generational trends regarding contract killing. Method: this study was conducted based on a qualitative approach, documentary design by reviewing several theories on criminal subcultures (Cohen, 1955), learning about criminal behaviour (Sutherland, 1974), social learning (Bandura, 1987; Becker, 1974), crime and punishment (Bourdieu, 1997) and the surrounding social environment and criminal economy, studying other authors and reviewing the databases: Mendeley, Proquest, Redalyc, base, BBC learning English, among others. Results: this work allowed the collection of concepts, characteristics, criminal trends and criminological analysis of the phenomenon; some typologies are established, by modus operandi and capacity of the perpetrator of the punishable act, the emergence of assasination by contract in Colombia and some characteristics of the codes of conduct of the last two generations of hitmen. Finally, conclusions are drawn.

Antecedentes: o sicariato ou o assassinato contratado é um fenômeno de violência que afeta a sociedade contemporânea, em meio a valores relacionados ao respeito à vida e à integridade humana. Na Colômbia, os dados e números de homicídios mostram que, durante 2017 e 2020, houve aproximadamente 26 161 casos na forma de sicariato ou assassinatocontratado; as motivações estão associadas principalmente ao tráfico de drogas, economias ilegais, disputas territoriais e fatores sociais. Objetivo: identificar a etimologia da palavra "sicário", características, pesquisas e algumas tendências geracionais sobre o sicariato. Método: este estudo foi realizado a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, com desenho documental, por meio da revisão de algumas teorias sobre subculturas criminais (Cohen, 1955), aprendizagem do comportamento criminoso (Sutherland, 1974), aprendizagem social (Bandura, 1987; Becker, 1974), crime e castigo (Bourdieu, 1997), ambiente social circundante e economia criminal, outros autores e bancos de dados de revisão: Mendeley, Proquest, Redalyc, base, BBC learning english, entre outros. Resultados: este trabalho permitiu a coleta de conceitos, características, tendências criminais e análise criminológica do fenômeno; são estabelecidas algumas tipologias, por modus operandi e capacidade do autor do ato punível, o surgimento do sicariato na Colômbia e algumas características dos códigos de conduta das duas últimas gerações de sicários. Por fim, são apresentadas as conclusões.

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(analítico) La investigación sobre agresividad en jóvenes delincuentes es insuficiente en Colombia y, en consecuencia, no hay suficiente información sobre las diferencias de género en esta población. No evaluar e intervenir este comportamiento desde un enfoque de diferencias sexuales impacta negativamente la efectividad de las políticas criminales. En esta investigación participaron 1050 jóvenes infractores, seleccionados por conveniencia. Se incluyeron 855 hombres y 195 mujeres de 14 a 19 años de edad residentes en Medellín (Antioquia). Los principales resultados fueron: 1) muy altos niveles de agresividad proactiva, reactiva y total en los adolescentes infractores; 2) la existencia de diferencias en la agresividad proactiva y agresividad total en las mujeres comparadas con los hombres; y 3) la variación de la agresividad de acuerdo con ciertas variables sociodemográficas y asociadas con el delito.

(analytical) Research on aggressiveness among young offenders is insufficient in Colombia and, consequently, there is not enough information on gender differences related to aggression for this population. Failure to evaluate and intervene with this behavior using a gender perspective negatively impacts the effectiveness of criminal policies. A total of 1050 young offenders, selected based on ease of access, participated in this research study. The population consisted of 855 males and 195 females between 14 and 19 years of age living in Medellín. The main results were: 1) there were very high levels of proactive, reactive and total aggressiveness in adolescent offenders; 2) there were differences in proactive aggressiveness and total aggressiveness in females compared to males; and 3) levels of aggressiveness varied depending on certain sociodemographic and crime-associated variables.

(analítico) A pesquisa sobre a agressividade em jovens infratores é insuficiente na Colômbia e, conseqüentemente, não há informações suficientes sobre as diferenças de gênero nesta população. Não avaliar e intervir neste comportamento a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero tem um impacto negativo na eficácia das políticas criminais. Esta pesquisa envolveu 1050 jovens infratores, selecionados por conveniência. Entre eles estavam 855 homens e 195 mulheres entre 14 e 19 anos de idade morando em Medellín. Os principais resultados foram: 1) níveis muito altos de agressividade proativa, reativa e total nos adolescentes infratores; 2) a existência de diferenças na agressividade proativa e total nas mulheres em comparação com os homens, e 3) a variação da agressividade de acordo com certas variáveis sociodemográficas e relacionadas ao crime.

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El trastorno de conducta grave es un notable problema social y de salud mental en población infantil y adolescente. Aquí se presentan los resultados de una investigación cuantitativa de nivel descriptivo, que tuvo como objetivo general realizar una caracterización de la agresividad en un grupo de adolescentes con este tipo de trastorno. El estudio se desarrolló con jóvenes de un centro de internamiento preventivo que se encontraban en proceso de judicialización, aún no sancionados, pero privados de la libertad. Se seleccionaron por conveniencia 115 hombres, a los que se les aplicaron cinco instrumentos de medición: el Inventario de Motivos para la Agresión, el Inventario de Situaciones y Comportamientos Agresivos, el Cuestionario de Agresión de Buss-Perry, el Cuestionario de Agresividad Proactiva y Reactiva, y la Escala de Agresividad Apetitiva. El principal motivo para la agresión era conseguir algo que querían, eran agresivos sin que hubiese algún motivo, expresaban frecuentemente su ira, amenazaban a personas conocidas, se enojaban cuando tenían desacuerdos, creían que los demás se burlaban de ellos a sus espaldas, se sentían bien después de agredir física o verbalmente a alguien, portaban armas para usarlas en peleas y consideraban que pelear era lo único que querían hacer en la vida.

Severe conduct disorder is a notable social and mental health problem in child and adolescent population. Here we present the results of a descriptive quantitative research with the general objective of characterizing aggressiveness in a group of adolescents with this type of disorder. The study was carried out with young people from a preventive detention center who were in the process of judicialization, not yet sanctioned, but deprived of their liberty. A total of 115 males were selected by convenience and five measurement instruments were applied: the Motives for Aggression Inventory, the Aggressive Situations and Behavior Inventory, the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, the Proactive and Reactive Aggressiveness Questionnaire, and the Appetitive Aggressiveness Scale. The main motive for aggression was to get something they wanted, they were aggressive for no reason, they frequently expressed anger, threatened people they knew, got angry when they had disagreements, believed that others made fun of them behind their backs, felt good after physically or verbally assaulting someone, carried weapons to use in fights, and considered that fighting was the only thing they wanted to do in life.

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(analítico) Este estudio analiza la relación entre la empatía y la disposición a la reconciliación socioemocional en adolescentes infractores de la ley. Con un diseño no experimental, correlacional-predictivo, participaron 171 jóvenes entre 15 y 23 años, judicializados con medida privativa de la libertad en Colombia, 81.1% (n = 137) hombres y 19.9 % (n = 34) mujeres. Se utilizó el índice de reactividad interpersonal y la escala de reconciliación socioemocional. Se hallaron correlaciones positivas (p < 0.05) entre la empatía y la reconciliación socioemocional. El análisis de regresión mostró que la empatía tiene efecto predictor positivo (p < 0.001) sobre la reconciliación socioemocional total (R2=0.154), intrapersonal (R2 = 0.081) e interpersonal (R2 = 0.185). Se concluye que la empatía incide en los procesos de reconciliación socioemocional de los adolescentes judicializados.

(analytical) This study analyzes the relationship between empathy and the disposition to socioemotional reconciliation in adolescent offenders of the law. With a non-experimental, correlational-predictive design, 171 young people between 15 and 23 years of age participated in the study, all of whom had been sentenced to imprisonment in Colombia. 81.1% (n = 137) males and 19.9% (n = 34) females. The interpersonal reactivity index and the socioemotional reconciliation scale were used. Positive correlations (p < 0.05) were found between empathy and socioemotional reconciliation. Regression analysis showed that empathy has positive predictor effect (p < 0.001) on total (R2 = 0.154), intrapersonal (R2 = 0.081) and interpersonal (R2 = 0.185) socioemotional reconciliation. It is concluded that empathy has an impact on the socioemotional reconciliation processes of judicialized adolescents.

(analítico) Neste estudo é analisada a relação entre empatia e disposição para a reconciliação sócio-emocional em adolescentes infratores da lei. Com um desenho não experimental, correlativo-preditivo, participaram do estudo 171 jovens entre 15 e 23 anos de idade, que haviam sido condenados a penas de prisão na Colômbia. 81,1% (n = 137) machos e 19,9% (n = 34) fêmeas. Foram utilizados o índice de reatividade interpessoal e a escala de reconciliação socioemocional. Foram encontradas correlações positivas (p< 0,05) entre empatia e reconciliação socioemocional. A análise de regressão mostrou que a empatia tem um efeito preditor positivo (p < 0,001) sobre o total (R2 = 0,154), intrapessoal (R2 = 0,081) e a reconciliação sócio-emocional interpessoal (R2 = 0,185). Conclui-se que a empatia tem um impacto sobre os processos de reconciliação socioemocional de adolescentes judicializados.

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INTRODUCTION: Delinquent behaviors are risky behaviors that increase during puberty and reach their highest peak in late adolescence. It has been proposed that poor decision-making and theory of mind (ToM) are key cognitive processes implicated with delinquency during adolescence, affecting evaluation of risks and impairing appreciation of social norms. Nevertheless, it is not yet clear whether adolescent offenders who are subjected to provisional deprivation of liberty due to conflict with the law (adolescents in conflict with the law [ACL]) might, in fact, present a specific profile with regard to these cognitive processes. OBJECTIVES: To assess deliberative decision-making and ToM among adolescents in conflict with the law and adolescents not in conflict with the law. METHODS: The sample comprised 62 participants: ACL (n = 29) and a control group (CG) (n = 33). ToM was assessed with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) and decision-making was assessed with the Columbia Card Task (CCT). Substance use, callous-unemotional traits, childhood maltreatment, and intelligence quotient (IQ) were also assessed. RESULTS: ACL had more ToM errors for negative mental states in comparison to CG, but not for error rates concerning neutral and positive mental states. With regards to decision-making, our results suggest that ACL group members did not vary their behavior based on the available information and that the risk information had an opposite effect on the number of cards chosen (risk-taking behavior) when compared to CG. CONCLUSION: These findings have important implications for development of interventions for these adolescents, suggesting that they tend to learn little from negative outcomes and have reduced capacity to process negative emotions.

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La delincuencia juvenil va en aumento, ya que factores individuales, familiares y sociales hacen vulnerables a muchos menores a que en la adolescencia delincan. Los factores individuales y los familiares son los que más fácilmente pueden ser tratados de forma tal que la mejoría en ellos traiga como resultado una disminución en la probabilidad de que luego los menores caigan en conductas delictivas. Objetivo: revelar la presencia de factores de riesgo personales y familiares de la delincuencia en menores que viven en la zona sureste de la ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros, República Dominicana, al identificar en ellos su nivel intelectual, analizar su inteligencia emocional y determinar su estilo de afrontamiento y cuán funcionales son sus familias. Muestra: 538 menores que estudiaban en la escuela Ana Josefa Jiménez en los grados cuarto, quinto y sexto de primaria. Resultados: más de la mitad de los menores tienen un nivel bajo de inteligencia, en cuanto a la inteligencia emocional la puntuación más baja la tiene autocontrol, seguido por autoconciencia y empatía, el estilo de afrontamiento que utiliza la mayoría es indefinido, y más de la mitad de las familias son funcionales. Conclusión: 94% presentó factores de riesgo para la delincuencia, 29% un indicador, 38% dos indicadores, 23% tres indicadores y 4% los cuatro indicadores, revelando la presencia de factores de riesgo personales y familiares de la delincuencia en los menores que viven en la zona sureste de Santiago de los Caballeros.

Juvenile delinquency is on the rise, as individual, family and social factors make many children vulnerable to delinquency in adolescence. Individual and family factors are the ones that can most easily be addressed in such a way that an improvement in these factors results in a decrease in the likelihood that children will later engage in delinquent behaviour. Objective: to reveal the presence of personal and family risk factors for delinquency in minors living in the southeastern area of the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, by identifying their intellectual level, analysing their emotional intelligence and determining their coping style and how functional their families are. Sample: 538 children studying at the Ana Josefa Jiménez school in the fourth, fifth and sixth grades of primary school. Results: more than half of the children have a low level of intelligence, in terms of emotional intelligence the lowest score is self-control, followed by self-awareness and empathy, the co-ping style used by the majority is undefined, and more than half of the families are functional. Conclusion: 94% presented risk factors for delinquency, 29% one indicator, 38% two indicators, 23% three indicators and 4% all four indicators, revealing the presence of personal and family risk factors for delinquency in minors living in the southeast area of Santiago de los Caballeros.

A delinqüência juvenil está aumentando, pois fatores individuais, familiares e sociais tornam muitas crianças vulneráveis à delinqüência na adolescência. Os fatores individuais e familiares são os que mais facilmente podem ser abordados de tal forma que uma melhoria desses fatores resulte em uma diminuição da probabilidade de que as crianças se envolvam mais tarde em comportamentos delinqüentes. Objetivo: revelar a presença de fatores de risco pessoal e familiar para a delinqüência em menores que vivem na região sudeste da cidade de Santiago de los Caballeros, República Dominicana, identificando seu nível intelectual, analisando sua inteligência emocional e determinando seu estilo de lidar com a delinqüência e quão funcionais são suas famílias. Amostra: 538 crianças estudando na escola Ana Josefa Jiménez na quarta, quinta e sexta séries do ensino fundamental. Resultados: mais da metade das crianças tem um baixo nível de inteligência, em termos de inteligência emocional a pontuação mais baixa é autocontrole, seguido de autoconsciência e empatia, o estilo de lidar com a maioria é indefinido, e mais da metade das famílias são funcionais. Conclusão: 94% apresentaram fatores de risco para a delinqüência, 29% um indicador, 38% dois indicadores, 23% três indicadores e 4% todos os quatro indicadores, revelando a presença de fatores de risco pessoal e familiar para a delinqüência em menores que vivem na área sudeste de Santiago de los Caballeros.

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Resumo Este artigo, segmento do trabalho de doutorado do autor, apresenta uma revisão integrativa de literatura nas diversas áreas de conhecimento que abordam a temática adolescência e ato infracional. Segue o método sistemático e o formato narrativo, tomando a ciência como prática social e levantando aspectos qualitativos da literatura produzida entre 2011 e 2020, com enfoque no estado atual do conhecimento e no modo como se tem produzido os saberes científicos nesse campo. Os resultados apresentam recortes importantes acerca da problemática, porém, de modo geral, o panorama revela saberes fragmentados, com discursos disciplinares e pouco dialogados. Os modos de considerar o adolescente nas pesquisas tendem a se dar com práticas de silenciamento, priorizando o saber-fazer-poder-dizer de adultos, "especialistas" e instituições. Ressalta-se a importância do pensamento crítico, decolonial, complexo e transdisciplinar como orientadores de uma ciência capaz de integrar diferentes saberes, rompendo com lógicas estanques de separação, oposição, redução, hierarquização e silenciamento.

Abstract This article, segment of the author's doctoral work, presents an integrative literature review in the different areas of knowledge that address the issue of adolescence and infractions. It follows the systematic method and narrative format, taking science as a social practice and raising qualitative aspects of the literature produced between 2011 and 2020, focusing on the current state of knowledge and the way scientific knowledge in this field has been produced. The results show important insights into this issue, however, in general, the panorama reveals fragmented knowledge, with disciplinary scientific discourses and little dialogue. The ways of considering adolescents in research tend to be based on silencing practices, prioritizing know-can-do-say from adults, "experts" and institutions. The importance of critical, decolonial, complex and transdisciplinary thinking is highlighted as guiding a science capable of integrating different knowledge, breaking with stagnant logics of separation, opposition, reduction, hierarchization and silencing.

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Objective: The objective was to identify the variables that affect the delinquency rate in banking and microfinance institutions, between the periods 2015 and 2020, for which panel data models were used, considering the information registered in the banking and financial institutions to the level of Peru. Method: The methodological design used is quantitative, not experimental, with a descriptive-correlational design, applying the analysis of the data panel for each financial institution (Multiple Banking, Municipal Savings Banks), to observe the behavior over time for the same individuals. Results: It was determined that the behavior of the delinquency of microfinance institutions is having significant effects on the delinquency of loans, and macroeconomic variables like microeconomic variables do determine delinquency rates such as provisions, efficiency of analysts, financial income, liquidity in national currency, growth rate of Gross Domestic Product, and the level of unemployment, both for banks and for municipal savings and credit banks, explaining the study variables in 84.30% in the banking system and in 48.95% in the financial system with respect to delinquency. Conclusions: Macroeconomic and microeconomic variables are determining factors for the level of delinquency in financial institutions.

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Resumen (analítico) El artículo propone caracterizar y comprender los procesos de inserción de jóvenes en las organizaciones delincuenciales, tomando el caso de una cultura juvenil del noreste mexicano: los cholombianos. Plantea un marco de referencia construido por la articulación de categorías como violencia posestructural, desciudadanización, construcción de pánicos morales, estigmatización territorial, criminalización y sujeción criminal, para debatir y ampliar la conceptualización sobre el juvenicidio en México. Para ello, se analizan casos documentados por antropólogos y periodistas de jóvenes de distintas clases sociales que participan o son vinculados con la delincuencia organizada. A partir de un análisis teórico conceptual, se realizan observaciones sobre cómo los grupos delincuenciales forjan fuentes de pertenencia, respeto e identidad, y cómo estos y los poderes públicos llevan a cabo acciones de desciudadanización que destruyen culturas juveniles como la de los cholombianos.

Abstract (analytical) This article aims to characterize and comprehend the processes of young people joining criminal organizations by using a case study of a youth culture in the northeastern region of Mexico, the Cholombianos. The authors propose a reference framework based on the articulation of categories such as post-structural violence, de-citizenization, fabrication of moral panic, territorial stigmatization, criminalization and criminal subjection to discuss and expand the conceptualization of youthcide in Mexico. To achieve this process, the authors analyze cases documented by anthropologists and journalists of young people from different social classes who participate in or are linked to organized crime. Using a conceptual theoretical analysis, the authors discuss how criminal groups fabricate senses of belonging, respect and identity and how they and public authorities carry out de-citizenization actions that destroy youth cultures like the Cholombianos.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo se propõe a caracterizar e compreender os processos de inserção de jovens em organizações criminosas, tomando o caso de uma cultura juvenil do nordeste mexicano, os cholombianos, propõe um quadro de referência construído pela articulação de categorias como violência pós-estrutural, descidadania, construção de pânicos morais, estigmatização territorial, criminalização e sujeição criminal, para debater e ampliar a conceituação do assassinato juvenil no México. Para isso, são analisados casos, documentados por antropólogos e jornalistas, de jovens de diferentes classes sociais que participam ou estão ligados ao crime organizado. A partir de uma análise teórica conceitual, são feitas observações sobre como grupos criminosos forjam fontes de pertencimento, respeito e identidade, como eles e o poder público realizam ações de descidadania que destroem culturas juvenis como a dos cholombianos.

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Moral disengagement is a process of cognitive restructuring that allows individuals to disassociate from their internal moral standards and behave unethically without feeling distressed. It has been described as a key predictor of maladaptive behaviors (e.g., delinquency, aggression, and cyberbullying) and as a mediator between individual variables and unethical outcomes (e.g., empathy and aggression). We aimed to provide evidence of validity based on the internal structure, reliability, and correlations with other constructs of the most used instrument to measure disengagement from moral self-sanctions: Bandura's Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement Scale (MMDS). A non-probabilistic national sample of 528 Chilean adolescents from 14 to 18 years participated in the study. The results showed that the 10-item version of the MMDS had a unidimensional structure and good internal consistency. As expected, the MMDS-10 showed positive and medium correlations with abusive, violent antisocial, and delinquent behaviors and negative and medium associations with prosocial behavior and empathy. Additionally, moral disengagement fully mediated the relationship between empathy and violent antisocial behavior, supporting the hypothesis on moral disengagement as a self-regulatory cognitive process. The results confirm previous research, and the findings are discussed in terms of their implications for reducing the use of moral disengagement strategies in adolescence.

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Evidence from several longitudinal studies has established the relevance of the approach of evolutionary criminology to understanding and intervening with adolescent criminal offenders, seeking to halt the criminal behavior before its potential consolidation in adulthood. The aim of this study is to present the psychometric properties of the Criminal Engagement Severity Scale (EGED) to discriminate between transitory and persistent delinquency in Chilean adolescents of both sexes. The characteristics of the sample are revealed through descriptive analyses, and evidence of validity and reliability is provided that show its discriminant capacity using ROC curves and odds ratios, measures of internal consistency (Cronbach's α and McDonald's Ω), intraclass correlation, and unidimensional statistics. The results indicate that the EGED adequately discriminates between transitory and persistent delinquency, so that its use in contexts of assessment and intervention with adolescent criminal offenders can be recommended, because it helps to determine the intensity of the intervention required.

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The FER-R, Risk and Resource Assessment Form, is a multidimensional inventory of structured professional judgment that assesses criminogenic risks and resources for the design and management of individualized intervention plans with criminally sanctioned adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the FER-R, reviewing its factorial structure to contribute evidence of convergent and discriminant construct validity in a sample of adolescents sentenced for crimes in Chile. For each domain (risks and resources) with its respective facets, a unidimensional bifactor structure (CFA-BF) was obtained, with adequate indices of fit that confirmed its construct validity, while the convergent validity was demonstrated with the YLS/CMI and the divergent validity with two MACI scales. The FER-R adds factorial validity to the evidence of the previously reported predictive validity, making it a robust inventory for the evaluation of young offenders, and a relevant tool to manage differentiated interventions in Chile, with a high potential for use in Latin America. The importance of finding a suitable balance in assessing risks and protective factors is discussed, in order to manage interventions adjusted to the needs of the adolescents to promote their criminal desistance.

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Mexican-origin children from immigrant families are impacted by various systemic oppressions in life. The study seeks to examine how adolescents' developmental outcomes are associated with specific phenotypic, psychological, and social features of skin color, as manifested by skin tone, skin color satisfaction, and foreigner stress. By taking a holistic approach, we examine both positive and negative adjustment outcomes, including delinquency, resilience, and effortful control. Participants were 604 Mexican-origin adolescents aged between 11.08 and 15.29 (Mage = 12.91, SD = 0.92) with at least one immigrant parent. The findings highlight the harm of foreigner stress and the benefit of skin color satisfaction in Mexican-origin adolescents' development of delinquency, resilience, and effortful control, especially for those with a darker skin color.

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RESUMO. O objetivo desta pesquisa é caracterizar o convívio entre adolescentes em medida socioeducativa de internação, a partir da perspectiva dos adolescentes. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com dez adolescentes entre 16 e 18 anos em uma unidade socioeducativa de Porto Alegre. Os dados gerados nas entrevistas foram organizados a partir de uma análise temática de perspectiva êmica, isto é, geraram-se categorias nativas de acordo com a percepção dos participantes. Os adolescentes revelaram que facções criminosas eram o ponto de partida para o estabelecimento de relações amistosas ou de rivalidade; também descreveram um conjunto de normas que configuravam um pacto coletivo a favor de uma ordem institucional. Relações de amizades foram descritas, indicando a confiança e a segurança como facilitador do momento de internação. Houve ainda o relato da ocorrência de relações sexuais consentidas como resultado do longo período de internação. Os resultados indicam, sobretudo, um clima interpessoal hostil que promove o sofrimento psicológico e agrava a situação de vulnerabilidade. Ademais, a convivência entre adolescentes ociosos sem o devido acompanhamento pedagógico favorece a perpetuação de valores e interesses relacionados ao envolvimento com a criminalidade.

RESUMEN. El objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar la convivencia entre adolescentes en medida socioeducativa de internamiento, desde la perspectiva de los adolescentes. Se realizó entrevistas semiestructuradas con diez adolescentes, entre 16 y 18 años, internos en una unidad socioeducativa en Porto Alegre. Los datos generados en las entrevistas fueron tratados a partir de un análisis temático émico, esto és, generando categorías nativas de acuerdo con las percepciones de los participantes. Los adolescentes revelaron que las facciones criminales eran el base para el establecimiento de relaciones de amistad y rivalidad. Describieron también un conjunto de normas que configuraban un pacto colectivo en favor de una orden institucional. Relaciones de amistad fueron retratadas, lo que indica la confianza y la seguridad como facilitadores del tiempo de internación. Había también el relato de relaciones sexuales consentidas en consecuencia del longo período de internación. Los resultados indican un clima interpersonal hostil que promueve el sufrimiento psicológico y empeora la situación de vulnerabilidad. Además, la convivencia entre adolescentes ociosos sin el apoyo pedagógico adecuado favorece la perpetuación de los valores e intereses relacionados con la implicación con la criminalidad.

ABSTRACT. The objective of this research is to characterize the coexistence among adolescents in a juvenile detention facility from their perspective. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten adolescents between 16 and 18 years of age in a social-educational unit in Porto Alegre. The data generated in the interviews were organized based on thematic analysis from an emic perspective, that is, generating native categories according to the perception of the participants. The adolescents revealed that criminal factions were the starting point for the establishment of friendly or rivalry relationships. They also described a set of norms that configured a collective pact in favor of an institutional order. Friendly relationships were described, indicating trust and safety as a facilitator of the moment of deprivation of liberty. There were also reports of consensual sexual relations as a result of the long period of detention. The results mainly indicate a hostile interpersonal climate that promotes psychological suffering and aggravates the situation of vulnerability. Furthermore, the coexistence of idle adolescents without the proper pedagogical following favors the perpetuation of values and interests related to involvement in criminal behaviors.

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En Chile diversas investigaciones coinciden en afirmar que la implementación de la Ley de Responsabilidad Penal Adolescente no ha logrado proteger los derechos de los jóvenes sancionados. Desde la perspectiva teórica de la gobernamentalidad, este estudio tiene como objetivo comprender la articulación entre las tecnologías de gobierno y las prácticas de subjetivación de adolescentes con infracción de ley en un programa de Libertad Asistida en el sur de Chile. Utilizamos una metodología cualitativa de estudio de caso de un programa que consideró entrevistas a interventores, observación de talleres, análisis de documentos y de perfiles Facebook. Como principales resultados afirmamos que en el programa se produce una articulación entre las tecnologías que pretenden gobernar comportamientos de los adolescentes y las prácticas o tecnologías del yo de los adolescentes que permite, al mismo tiempo, la mantención del programa, así como de contra conductas de los adolescentes que entra en conflicto con la ley. Se discute el rol del sistema de licitación de estos programas y su relación con la lógica penal de cuantificación de las sanciones en la producción de sujetos.(AU)

In Chile, several investigations coincide in affirming that the implementation of the Adolescent Penal Responsibility Law has failed to protect the rights of penalized youth. From the theoretical perspective of governmentality, this study aims to understand the articulation between government technologies and the subjectivization practices of adolescents with a law violation in an Assisted Freedom program in southern Chile. We used a qualitative methodology of case study of the program that consisted of interviews with staff, observation of workshops, analysis of documents and Facebook profiles of adolescents. As main results we affirm that in the program there is an articulation between the technologies that seek to govern adolescent behaviors and the practices or technologies of the self of adolescent that allows both, the maintenance of the program, and counter-behaviors of the teenagers who conflict with the law. The role of the bidding system for these programs and its relationship with the penal logic of quantifying sanctions in the production of subjects are discussed.(AU)

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Abstract The cognitive and emotional development of adolescents is affected by how they perceive their parents' upbringing, or parenting style. This study aimed to verify the relationship between the perception of parenting styles by adolescents who committed transgressive acts and compare it to that of adolescents without such a history, also searching for associations with the moral emotions of pride, shame, and guilt. In total, 219 adolescents in conflict with the law and 243 non-offender adolescents participated in the study. They answered questionnaires containing sociodemographic questions and scales that assess moral emotions and parenting styles. The Chi-square and t-test were used to verify significant correlations between the demandingness dimension of the perceived parenting style and the practice of transgressive acts. Results revealed that the demandingness dimension and two guilt factors can act as protection against transgressive acts, especially in male adolescents.

Resumo A maneira como os adolescentes percebem a educação recebida por seus pais, ou seja, os estilos parentais, afeta tanto no desenvolvimento cognitivo quanto no emocional. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar as relações dos estilos parentais percebidos por adolescentes que cometeram atos infracionais, comparando com adolescentes sem esse histórico, e buscando associações entre emoções morais: orgulho, vergonha e culpa. Participaram 219 adolescentes em conflito com a lei e 243 não infratores. Responderam questionários contendo questões sociodemográficas e escalas que avaliam emoções morais e estilos parentais. A partir do Teste-t e qui-quadrado verificaram correlações significativas entre a dimensão exigência do estilo parental percebido e a prática de atos infracionais. Os resultados deste estudo apontam que a dimensão de exigência e os dois fatores de culpa podem atuar como proteção para o ato infracional, principalmente em adolescentes do sexo masculino.

Resumen La forma en la que los adolescentes perciben la educación recibida de sus padres, es decir, los estilos parentales, afecta tanto el desarrollo cognitivo como el emocional de ellos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar las relaciones de los estilos parentales percibidos por los adolescentes que han cometido actos infractores, comparándolos con adolescentes sin este historial, y buscando asociaciones entre las emociones morales: orgullo, vergüenza y culpa. Participaron 219 adolescentes en conflicto con la ley y 243 adolescentes no infractores. Todos respondieron cuestionarios con preguntas sociodemográficas y escalas que evalúan las emociones morales y los estilos parentales. Se utilizaron el test t y la prueba chi cuadrado para verificar las correlaciones significativas entre la dimensión exigencia de estilo parental percibido y la práctica de actos infractores. Los resultados indicaron que la dimensión de exigencia y los dos factores de culpa pueden influir como protección del acto infractor, especialmente para adolescentes del sexo masculino.

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