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Drug utilization studies can provide direct insights into how a drug is used in real-world conditions and can give a rough estimate of the proportion of the study population treated with it. In the present work, we examined the consumption of permethrin 5% cream in the four provinces of Galicia (a Spanish autonomous community) and described the seasonal variability and the annual evolution of its consumption between 2018 and 2021. A descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective study of the consumption of this drug, expressed in defined daily dose per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID), was carried out. The results obtained revealed differences between the amounts consumed in the four Galician provinces (p < 0.001). No specific geographical pattern was observed; however, the results suggested a marked seasonality and a slightly increasing global trend in the consumption of permethrin 5% cream throughout the study period. Since the only authorized indication of this drug in the study area is the treatment of scabies, this work may give an idea of the epidemiological situation of the disease in Galicia and serve to establish public health strategies against this parasitosis.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: El método recomendado para la medición de consumo de antimicrobianos (AMB) en pediatría es el cálculo del indicador Días de Terapia estandarizado por ocupación (DOT-std). Sin embargo, en hospitales que no cuentan con fichas electrónicas, obtener el numerador de los días de terapia (DOT) requiere revisión directa de las indicaciones del paciente, dificultando su aplicabilidad. OBJETIVOS: Validar el sistema de registros electrónicos de dispensación de medicamentos desde farmacia como fuente para el cálculo de DOT y DOT-std en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátrica (UCIP). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se revisaron las prescripciones de AMB desde la ficha clínica (método manual) y se compararon con los registros de dispensación de AMB a la UCIP (método informático) obtenidos del sistema de medicamentos de farmacia. Se evaluó la concordancia entre los DOT obtenidos mediante el Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase. RESULTADOS: Los AMB más utilizados fueron vancomicina, meropenem y piperacilina/tazobactam. En 9 de 12 AMB se encontró concordancia significativa entre ambos métodos. CONCLUSIONES: Tras un proceso de validación local, los registros del sistema informático de dispensación de medicamentos desde farmacia podrían utilizarse para el cálculo de DOT en pediatría en hospitales que no cuenten con una ficha electrónica que permita su cálculo directo.

BACKGROUND: The recommended indicator for measuring antimicrobial (AMB) consumption in pediatric patients is the Days of Therapy indicator (DOT), which is then standardized by hospital occupancy rates (DOT-std). However, in hospitals that do not have electronic health records, obtaining the DOT requires a direct review of each pharmacological indication, which is not feasible in the long term. AIMS: To validate electronic records from the pharmacy dispensation system as a source for calculating DOT and estimating DOT-std in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). METHODS: AMB prescriptions at the PICU of a university hospital were directly reviewed (manual method) and compared with AMB dispensation records (computer method) obtained from the hospital pharmacy system. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was used to evaluate the agreement between the DOT obtained by both methods. RESULTS: The most used AMB were vancomycin, meropenem, and piperacillin/tazobactam. A significant agreement between the DOT obtained by using manual and computer methods was found in 9 of 12 evaluated AMB. CONCLUSIONS: After a local validation process, the electronic records of the pharmacy drug dispensation system could be considered a valid source for calculating DOT in PICUs in hospitals where electronic health records with prescription data are not yet available.

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Background: The consumption of antibiotics is one of the metrics used to evaluate the impact of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibiotic consumption in Brazilian intensive care units (ICUs) and estimate the deviation of the prescribed daily dose (PDD) from the defined daily dose (DDD). Methods: This is a multicenter, observational, point-prevalence study carried out in adult ICUs of 8 Brazilian hospitals from August 2019, to February 2020. We collected data on the patient's demographic and clinical characteristics, antibiotic therapy, classification and site of infections. The DU90 (antibiotic accounting for 90% of the volume utilized) was calculated, and the antibiotics were classified by the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Index and the World Health Organization (WHO) Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) groups. For the most prevalent antibiotics, the deviation of PDD from DDD was determined. Results: Three hundred thirty-two patients from 35 ICUs were analyzed. The prevalence of antibiotic use was 52.4%. The patients in use of antibiotics were predominantly over 60 years of age (81.6%) with pulmonary infections (45.8%). A predominance of empirical regimens was observed (62.6%) among antibiotic therapies. The highest frequencies of prescriptions observed were for piperacillin + tazobactam (16.1%), meropenem (13.3%), amoxicillin + clavulanate (7.2%), azithromycin (7.2%), and teicoplanin (6.1%). The watch (64.2%) and reserve (9.6%) categories of the AWaRe classification accounted for 73.8% of all antibiotics, and they were prescribed alone or in combinations. High variability of doses was observed for the most prescribed antibiotics, and large deviations of PDD from the DDD were observed for meropenem, teicoplanin, and tigecycline. Conclusions: The high prevalence of antibiotic prescription was related to a predominance of empirical regimens and antibiotics belonging to the WHO Watch classification. High variability of doses and large deviations of PDD from DDD for meropenem, teicoplanin, and tigecycline was observed, suggesting that DDD may be insufficient to monitor the consumption of these antibiotics in the ICU population. The variability of doses found for the most prescribed antibiotics suggests the need for monitoring and intervention targets for antibiotic stewardship teams.

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Abstract Diabetic mellitus is an emerging disease in Saudi Arabia. In this regard, a cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted to evaluate drug utilization pattern and the cost associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus disease management in Saudi Arabia. Data retrieved from the electronic pharmacy records during the last one year were employed in this study. World Health Organization (WHO) Defined Daily Dose (DDD) method was employed to compute the daily price of each oral hypoglycaemic agent. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines and protocols were used to evaluate the level of adherence. A total of 17057 patients were enrolled in the study. Out of the 17057 patients enrolled in the study, 60.06 % (10246) were males and the rest females. In monotherapy, biguanides (metformin) were the most recommended and utilised drugs among 5673 patients (33.25%). The most commonly used drug combination was found to be sitagliptin+metformin (1754 units). The cost per unit dose was highest for liraglutide (A10BJ02) 258.32SR (68.79USD), and lowest for metformin (A10BA02) 0.49SR (0.13 USD). Metformin was the choice drug for the diabetes patients; biguanides (metformin) and DPP-4 (sitagliptins) were the most familiar established dose combination employed. Generic drugs should be used in order to reduce overall cost.

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Pharmacoepidemiological research about antibiotics is supported by the World Health Organization (WHO), but data regarding antibiotic prevalence based on actual prescriptions and dosing patterns are insufficient. The aims were: (i) To estimate the prevalence and prescribed daily dose (PDD) of antibiotics in outpatients from Mexico City and (ii) to compare the PDD against the defined daily dose (DDD), as established by the WHO. The study included 685 prescriptions of antibiotics selected randomly from five geographical zones of Mexico City. Drug, dose, frequency, and duration of treatment were obtained from each prescription. PDD values of each antibiotic drug were calculated as the average of the daily doses. Sub-use and overuse were determined by the ratio PDD/DDD for each prescription. The most prescribed antibiotics to outpatients from Mexico City included six pharmacological groups: quinolones (28%), penicillins (23%), cephalosporins (17%), macrolides (10%), lincosamides (9%), and sulfonamides (4%). Both overuse and sub-use were high (55% and 63%, respectively). In conclusion, most of the antibiotics with a high prevalence of prescription also had a high rate of either sub-use or overuse, with prescribed doses that significantly differ with their corresponding DDD. The dosing variation has important clinical implications since it denotes low prescription control.

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BACKGROUND: Candida bloodstream infections carry a significant mortality risk, justifying the importance of adequate antifungal therapy. This study describes trends in antifungal consumption using the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) and Days of Therapy (DOT) metrics, identifies the microbiological profile, the time to initiation of empirical therapy, the adjustment after positive blood culture results for Candida, and the impact on in-hospital mortality rate in patients with candidemia. METHODS: An analysis of antifungal consumption from 2008 to 2016, and of candidemia cases from 2012 to 2016 was carried out in a private tertiary hospital. RESULTS: A total of 11,273 admissions were identified with a prescription for at least one type of antifungal therapy. Fluconazole was the most prescribed antifungal drug in terms of general consumption. Through the DDD and DOT metrics, we observed that over time, there was an increase in the consumption of liposomal amphotericin B, micafungin and voriconazole. Candida albicans was the most isolated species in blood cultures. Regarding candidemia, we analyzed samples from 115 patients. Empirical therapy was started within 24 h of blood culture in 44.3% of the cases, and in 81.7% of the cases, the antifungal was deemed to be adequate based in antifungal susceptibility testing, both of which were not associated with the in-hospital mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reinforces the importance of monitoring the consumption of antifungal agents, which helps in proposing actions that lead to their rational use and, consequently, reduces the appearance of resistant strains.

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Background: The increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics threatens the survival of patients and health costs. Aim: To determine the impact of an antimicrobial stewardship program in bacterial resistance and antibiotic consumption. Materials and Methods: Quasi experimental study in a third level clinic in the city of Medellin, that evaluate in two time periods (pre-intervention between October 2012 and September 2013 and post intervention between October 2013 and September 2014) the impact of an antimicrobial stewardship program in terms of antibiotic consumption and bacterial ecology. Results: Adherence to institutional guidelines for management of infections in the post-intervention period was 82%. Antibiotic consumption of meropenem, ceftriaxone, vancomycin and colistin decreased, and imipenem, daptomycin and linezolid was increased. A significant decrease in antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed, including carbapenems. An increase of extended spectrum beta lactamase production (ESBL) in Enterobacteriaceae (especially E. coli) and piperacillin/tazobactam resistance was observed. Conclusions: The construction and implementation of a strategy in hospitals with guidelines for managing infectious diseases, restrictions in antibiotic use, a permanent monitoring system for the formulation of antibiotics, achieved a positive impact on reducing antibiotic use and bacterial resistance.

Introducción: El aumento progresivo de la resistencia bacteriana a antimicrobianos amenaza la sobrevida de los pacientes y los costos en salud. Objetivo: Determinar el impacto de un programa para el uso racional de antimicrobianos en resistencia bacteriana y consumo de antimicrobianos en una institución de tercer nivel de atención. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio cuasi experimental realizado en una clínica de tercer nivel de la ciudad de Medellín, donde se comparó en dos períodos de tiempo (pre intervención entre octubre de 2012 y septiembre de 2013 y post intervención entre octubre de 2013 y septiembre de 2014) el consumo y la resistencia a antimicrobianos de las bacterias hospitalarias. Resultados: La adherencia a las guías institucionales para el manejo de la patología infecciosa en el período post intervención fue 82%. Se observó una disminución en el consumo de meropenem, ceftriaxona, colistín, vancomicina, y un incremento en el consumo de imipenem, daptomicina y linezolid. Se observó una disminución significativa en la resistencia de Pseudomonas aeruginosa a los antimicrobianos, incluyendo los carbapenémicos. Se presentó un incremento en la proporción de enterobacteriaceas productoras de BLEE (principalmente Escherichia coli) y resistencia a piperacilina/tazobactam. Conclusiones: La construcción e implementación en las instituciones hospitalarias de una estrategia conformada por guías de manejo de la patología infecciosa, restricción en el uso de antimicrobianos y un sistema de vigilancia y un monitoreo permanente a la formulación de éstos, logra un impacto positivo en disminución del consumo de antimicrobianos y resistencia bacteriana.

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El presente es un estudio de consumo de antidepresivos (ad) en el Hospital Policial de tercer nivel de atención. El objetivo del trabajo es determinar el consumo de ad en el período enero 2010-diciembre 2014. Se trata de un estudio observacional y retrospectivo del consumo de ad. Se utilizó el método dosis diaria definida (ddd) por 1000 habitantes por día (dhd). El estudio incluyó los consumos de ad de pacientes ambulatorios en el período enero 2010-diciembre 2014. De los resultados se destaca que el valor total de dhd presentó un aumento del 8 %. Los ad más consumidos en el período estudiado fueron sertralina y fluoxetina. Se observó un incremento lineal significativo en el consumo de venlafaxina, citalopram, escitalopram y fluvoxamina. El consumo de aden la población pediátrica disminuyó un 66 %. La medición del consumo de ad para el período enero 2010-diciembre 2014 proporciona un diagnóstico inicial de situación en el Hospital Policial.

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El presente es un estudio de consumo de antidepresivos (ad) en el Hospital Policial de tercer nivel de atención. El objetivo del trabajo es determinar el consumo de ad en el período enero 2010-diciembre 2014. Se trata de un estudio observacional y retrospectivo del consumo de ad. Se utilizó el método dosis diaria definida (ddd) por 1000 habitantes por día (dhd). El estudio incluyó los consumos de ad de pacientes ambulatorios en el período enero 2010-diciembre 2014. De los resultados se destaca que el valor total de dhd presentó un aumento del 8 %. Los ad más consumidos en el período estudiado fueron sertralina y fluoxetina. Se observó un incremento lineal significativo en el consumo de venlafaxina, citalopram, escitalopram y fluvoxamina. El consumo de aden la población pediátrica disminuyó un 66 %. La medición del consumo de ad para el período enero 2010-diciembre 2014 proporciona un diagnóstico inicial de situación en el Hospital Policial.

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Introduction: To achieve rational use of antibiotics (ATB), is necessary to know its use and prescription patterns over time, Objective: To describe and analyze the characteristics of the use of ATB in the Guillermo Rawson Hospital (GRH) adult intensive care unit (ICU). Material and Method: Observational, descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study (2008-2011). Pharmacy and Statistics records were consulted, ATC code was used, the group analyzed was J01, Oral or parenteral DDD were assigned, Data was processed with Excel 2007, Unit of measure: DDD/100 bed-days, for each ATB per year and an average of use. Results and Discussion: Over 4 years, 48 different medicines were dispensed (33 drugs), The average consumption of ATB was 177,07 DDD/100 bed-days and distribution per year was: 183,10, 165,90, 180,94, 178,34, The DDD/100 bed-days average for treatment groups more used were: penicillin (57.10), other β-lactam antibacterials (48.01), other antibacterials (21.07), trimethoprim and sulfonamides (19,54), quinolones (15,64), macrolides/azalides and lincosamides (6,53), aminoglycosides (5,65) and tetracyclines (3,53), There were changes in consumption without clear pattern of increase or decrease. Conclusions: ATB used in the ICU and its variation in use between 2008-2011 were described, The ATB most used were penicillins and other β-lactams and 2008 was the year that more ATB was dispensed. Understanding these patterns of consumption will be useful to develop a founded antibiotic policy reached by consensus and beneficial to the patients.

Introducción: El uso racional de antibióticos (ATB) implica conocer su utilización y variaciones de prescripción en el tiempo. Objetivo: Describir y analizar el uso de ATB en la unidad de terapia intensiva (UTI) de adultos del Hospital Guillermo Rawson (HGR). Material y Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal, retrospectivo 2008-2011. Se consultaron registros de Farmacia y Estadísticas. Se usó la clasificación ATC, se analizó el Grupo J01, se asignaron las DDD vía oral o parenteral. Procesamiento: Excel 2007. Unidad de medida: N° DDD/100 camas-día, para cada ATB/año y promedio de uso. Resultados y Discusión: En los cuatro años se dispensaron 48 medicamentos diferentes (33 principios activos). El consumo promedio de ATB fue 177,07 DDD/100 camas-día y la distribución por año creciente fue 183,10; 165,90; 180,94; 178,34. Promedio de DDD/100 camas-día para los grupos terapéuticos más utilizados: penicilinas (57,10), otros antibacterianos β-lactámicos (48,01), otros antibacterianos (21,07), trimetoprim y sulfonamidas (19,54), quinolonas (15,64), macrólidos/azálidas y lincosamidas (6,53), aminoglucósidos (5,65) y tetraciclinas (3,53). Hubo cambios en el consumo sin patrón claro de aumento o disminución. Conclusiones: Se describieron los ATB utilizados en UTI y su variación de uso entre 2008-2011. Los ATB más utilizados fueron penicilinas y otros β-lactámicos. En 2008 se dispensó la mayor cantidad de ATB. El conocimiento de estos patrones de consumo será de utilidad para desarrollar una política antimicrobiana consensuada y fundamentada en beneficio de los pacientes.

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OBJECTIVES: To assess a bundled Antimicrobial Stewardship Program and its effect on mortality. DATA: Eight months of clinical electronic medical records and Antimicrobial Stewardship Program registries were used as source of data. METHOD: This is a historical cohort study conducted in a Brazilian University Hospital. Eligible patients were admitted to general wards or intensive care units and had an antimicrobial therapy prescribed and assessed by different strategies: Bundled Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (bundled intervention consisted of clinical pharmacist chart review, discussion with microbiologist and infectious disease physicians, local education and continuous follow-up) or Conventional Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (clinical pharmacist chart review and discussion with infectious disease physician). Primary outcome from this study was 30-day mortality, which was compared between groups, by using Kaplan-Meier survival curve and log-rank test. Other outcomes included Defined Daily Doses per 1000 patient-days and occurrence of resistant bacteria. RESULTS: From 533 patients, 491 were eligible for the study, of which 191 patients were included to Antimicrobial Stewardship Program and 300 to Conventional strategy. In general, they were likely to be male and age was similar in groups (58.9 vs 55.5 years, p=0.38). Likewise, Charlson Comorbidity Index was not statistically different between groups (2.6 vs 2.7, p=0.2). Bloodstream site infections were frequently diagnosed in both groups (30.89% vs 26%, p=0.24). Other less common sites of infections were central nervous system and lungs. The ASP group had higher survival rates (p<0.01) and the risk difference was 10.8% (95% CI: 2.41-19.14). There were less Defined Daily Doses per 1000 patient-days (417 vs 557.2, p<0.05) and higher rates of resistant bacteria identified in the ASP group (83% vs 17%). CONCLUSION: Bundled ASP was the most effective strategy, with reduced mortality and Defined Daily Doses per 1000 patient-days.

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Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de un programa de uso regulado de antibióticos en adherencia, consumo antibiótico y resistencia bacteriana en 2 unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de un hospital universitario de tercer nivel en Colombia. Materiales y Método: Estudio prospectivo observacional de intervención que analiza 2 períodos en el tiempo en 2 UCI: preintervención (agosto de 2008 a febrero de 2009) y posintervención (marzo a septiembre de 2009). El estudio se llevó a cabo en el Hospital Universitario del Valle Evaristo García E.S.E. Se evaluaron: adherencia a guías de uso de antibióticos creadas por epidemiología hospitalaria, consumo antibiótico en dosis diaria definida e incidencia acumulada mensual de infección por Escherichia coli (E. coli) y Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) BLEE, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) resistente a quinolonas y cefalosporinas de cuarta generación, Staphylococcus aureus resistente a oxacilina y Acinetobacter baumannii multirresistente. Resultados: Se encontró adherencia a guías de uso de antibióticos superior al 80% para ambas UCI durante la intervención. Se redujo significativamente el consumo de meropenem (UCI-1 p = 0,009/UCI-2 p = 0,000), vancomicina (UCI-1 y UCI-2 p = 0,018), ceftriaxona (UCI-1 p = 0,015/ UCI-2 p = 0,018), ciprofloxacina (UCI-1 p = 0,027/UCI-2 p = 0,018), se incrementó el consumo de piperacilina/tazobactam (UCI-1 p = no significativa/UCI-2 p = 0,017) y cefepime (UCI-1 p = 0,028/UCI-2 p = 0,004). Se redujo la incidencia de infección por E. coli y K. pneumoniae BLEE + (UCI-1 83%/UCI-2 78%), P. aeruginosa resistente a ciprofloxacina (UCI-1 87%/UCI-2 82%) y cefalosporinas de cuarta generación (UCI-1 83%/UCI-2 76%). Conclusiones: La creación de un programa de uso regulado de antibióticos reduce significativamente el consumo y los costos de antibióticos en las UCI del Hospital Universitario del Valle y la infección por microorganismos resistentes.

Objective: To determine the impact of a Program of Regulated Use of Antibiotics in adherence, antibiotic use and bacterial resistance in two medical-surgical Intensive Units Care (ICU´s) in a third level mayor teaching hospital in Colombia. Materials and Methods: Prospective observational study of intervention that examines two time periods in two ICU: pre-intervention (august/2008 to February/2009) and post-intervention (march to September/2009). The study was carried out in the Hospital Universitario del Valle Evaristo García E.S.E. (H.U.V). We evaluated adherence to the antibiotic therapy guidelines established by Hospital Epidemiology, antibiotic use measured by Defined Daily Doses and monthly incidence of infection by ESBL producer E.coli and K.pneumoniae, P.aeruginosa fluoroquinolone and four generation cephalosporin resistant, oxacilin resistant S.aureus and multidrug resistant A.baumannii. Results: The adherence to the antibiotic guidelines of antibiotic use was greater to 80% for the both ICU during the intervention period. Antibiotic use was significantly reduced for meropenem (ICU1 p=0,009/ICU2 p=0,000), vancomycin (ICU1-ICU2 p=0,018), ceftriaxone (ICU1 p=0,015/ICU2 p=0,018), ciprofloxacin (ICU1 p=0,027/ICU2 p=0,018), and increased the used of piperacilin/tazobactam (ICU2 p=0,017), and cefepime (ICU1 p=0,028/ICU2 p=0,004). The incidences of infection by ESBL producer E.coli and K.pneumoniae (ICU1 83%/ ICU2 78%), ciprofloxacin resistant and four generation cephalosporin resistant P.aeruginosa (ICU1 87%/ ICU2 82%) and (ICU1 83%/ICU2 76%) ware also reduced. Conclusions: The implementation of a Program of Regulated Use of Antibiotics reduces antibiotics use and resistant micro-organism specific infection rate in the Hospital Universitario del Valle´s ICU.

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OBJECTIVES: To investigate the trends and characteristics of pethidine prescriptions and users in Taiwan from 2002 to 2007. METHOD: All pethidine users (n = 3,301,136) in Taiwan from 2002 to 2007 were linked to National Health Insurance claims to identify pethidine prescriptions. We examined the trends in pethidine user prevalence and the proportion of pethidine prescriptions according to health care characteristics. A logistic regression model was used to compare patient demographics and health care characteristics associated with pethidine prescriptions between 2002 and 2007. RESULTS: Despite the decline in the number of pethidine users and prescriptions over the six-year period, more than half a million people were prescribed pethidine annually. In fact, an increasing proportion of pethidine prescriptions were observed in clinics, outpatient settings, and patients who had both operations and cancer diagnoses. Pethidine prescriptions were mostly associated with a non-operation status without a cancer diagnosis (>60%). However, approximately 10% of the total pethidine prescriptions were found in patients with a cancer diagnosis but no operation. Compared to those in 2002, pethidine prescriptions in 2007 were more likely to be found in people 80 years or older, rural residents, patients from clinics, outpatient settings and operation patients with cancer diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: A population-based survey in Taiwan demonstrated decreasing consumption of pethidine from 2002 to 2007; however, an increased proportion of prescriptions in certain health care settings was observed. In addition, 10% of the pethidine prescriptions were for cancer patients without operations. These cases need further evaluation for the determination of appropriate pethidine use.

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Os antimicrobianos são um dos grupos de medicamentos mais prescritos nos hospitais e que causam uma grande preocupação quanto à adequação do seu uso. Descreveu-se o perfil dos antimicrobianos utilizados num hospital privado do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, analisando a quantidade consumida de cada antimicrobiano. Foram analisadas todas as prescrições de pacientes que utilizaram antimicrobianos enquanto internados no período de março a junho de 2006. O consumo dos antimicrobianos foi expresso em dose diária definida (DDD) por 100 leitos-dia. As análises de utilização de antimicrobianos foram feitas em geral e estratificadas por grupos de idade e por clínicas médicas. Durante o período em estudo, a prevalência do uso de antimicrobianos foi de 52,4 por cento (IC95 por cento 49,2-55,7). As cefalosporinas foram as mais utilizadas (43,4 por cento), seguidas das penicilinas (16,3 por cento), fluorquinolonas (13,0 por cento) e aminoglicosídeos (9,7 por cento). O alto consumo de antimicrobianos durante o período em estudo é resultado da ausência de uma política de controle dos medicamentos prescritos no hospital e da falta de protocolos de uso de antimicrobianos. Para que haja um controle do consumo de antimicrobianos, os hospitais devem assumir uma política de vigilância sobre as prescrições deste grupo de medicamentos.

The antimicrobials are one of the groups of the most prescribed drugs in hospitals and which cause a great concern for the suitability of their use. The profile of the antimicrobials utilized in a private hospital in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul State was described and the quantity of each antimicrobial consumed was analyzed. All the prescriptions of patients who utilized antimicrobials while they were hospitalized in the period from March to June 2006 were analyzed. The antimicrobial consumption was expressed in Defined Daily Dose (DDD) in 100 day-beds. The antimicrobial utilization analysis were done generally speaking and divided by age groups and by medical clinics. During the studying period the antimicrobial use prevalence was of 52.4 percent (IC 95 percent 49.2 - 55.7). The cephalosporins were the most utilized (43.4 percent), followed by the penicillins (16.3 percent), fluoroquinolones (13.0 percent) and aminoglycosides (9.7 percent). The high consumption of antimicrobials during the studying period is the result of the absence of a policy for controlling the drugs prescribed in hospital and the lack of protocols of antimicrobial use. In order to exist a control of antimicrobial consumption the hospitals must assume a surveillance policy on the prescriptions of this drug group.

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Mediante un estudio observacional y de corte transversal, relacionado con el esquema terapéutico, se describió el consumo y las prácticas de prescripción de antibióticos parenterales en el servicio de medicina interna del Hospital Universitario La Samaritana de Bogotá. Se administraron 32,6 ddd/100 pacientes/día, siendo los grupos terapéuticos más prescritos: cefalosporinas, penicilinas y quinolonas. Los errores en el esquema terapéutico se presentaron en el régimen de dosificación, en la elección del medicamento y en la duración del tratamiento. Del presente estudio se extraen los primeros indicadores de consumo y prescripción para el servicio, estableciendo un punto de referencia para próximas evaluaciones.

A cross-sectional and observational study related with therapeutic plan, was described the utilization and prescription practices of parenteral antibiotics, in the internal medicine service of the Hospital Universitario La Samaritana E.S.E from Bogota city. Were administered 32.6 ddd/100 patients-day. The most prescribed therapeutic groups were: cephalosporins, penicillins and quinolones. The errors in the therapeutic plan were in: the dosification regimen, the drug selection and the therapy duration. From this study were extracted the first consumption and prescription indicators to the service, for establishing a reference point to next evaluations.

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Objetivo La utilización de antibióticos ha sido objeto de abuso y se relaciona con el desarrollo de grave resistencia bacteriana.Analizar la dispensación de antibióticos de uso sistémico a nivel ambulatorio en una población colombiana entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2006 y la valoración de su costo económico. Métodos Estudio observacional descriptivo sobre utilización de antibióticos a partir de prescripciones dispensadas a la totalidad de usuarios que hayan recibido algún antibiótico en 10 ciudades colombianas. Se determinó dosis definida por 1 000 habitantes y día y el costo por 1 000 habitantes y día. Se analizaron las asociaciones de antibióticos empleadas comúnmente. Resultados La dosis diaria definida fue de 1,58 por 1 000 habitantes y día. Los antibióticos más dispensados fueron las penicilinas (amoxicilina dicloxacilina), seguidos de cefalosporinas de primera generación y sulfonamidas. El uso de antibióticos en presentación inyectable fue del 10,4 por ciento y 9,3 por ciento para los años 2005 y 2006 respectivamente. En 11,0 por ciento de los casos se empleó una asociación de antibióticos. El costo total de dispensación de antibióticos fue de $ 4 356 294 644 pesos (US $ 1 708 350) y el coste por mil habitantes y día de $ 3 114 pesos (US $ 1,13) en 2005 y de $ 2 564 pesos (US $ 1,00) en 2006. Discusión Las dosis diarias definidas por mil habitantes y día y el costo de los antibióticos por mil habitantes y día son menores a los reportados en otros países.

Objectives Analysing how systemic antibiotic agents were dispensed to outpatients in a Colombian population between January 2005 and December 2006 and assessing their economic cost as antibiotic use and abuse have been related to serious bacterial resistance. Methods This was a descriptive observational study of antibiotic drug use; a database was compiled from medication usage records maintained by dispensing pharmacies in 10 Colombian cities regarding the total of users who had received some type of antibiotic. The defined daily dose (DDD) and cost per 1,000 inhabitants/day were assessed. The commonly used antibiotic associations were analysed. Results DDD was 1.58 per 1,000 inhabitants per day. The antibiotics most frequently prescribed were penicillin (amoxiciline; dicloxaciline), followed by first-generation cephalosporines and sulphonamides. Injectable antibiotic use was 10.4 percent in 2005 and 9.3 percent in 2006; an association of anti-bacterial agents was used for 11 percent of the patients. Total antibiotic dispensation cost in 2005 was US$ 1,708,350 and cost per 1,000 inhabitants per day was US$ 1.13 in 2005 and US$ 1 in 2006. Conclusions DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day and cost per inhabitant per day was low compared to other countries.

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