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The stingless bee Frieseomelitta varia Lepeletier 1836 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) is an essential pollinator in natural and agricultural ecosystems in the Neotropical region. However, these bees may be exposed to pesticides during foraging, which can affect both individuals and their colonies. One example comes from the use of pyraclostrobin (a fungicide) and thiamethoxam (an insecticide) for pest control in pepper crops, which F. varia visits. This study aimed to evaluate the isolated and combined sublethal effects of thiamethoxam (TMX) (0.000543 ng a.i./µL) and pyraclostrobin (PYR) (1.5 ng i.a./µL) on the morphology of the midgut and Malpighian tubules of F. varia workers. Results showed that both pesticides, regardless of the exposure time (through feeding during 48 h or 96 h), disturbed the morphology of the analyzed organs. Specifically, F. varia exposed orally to sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam and pyraclostrobin, either alone or in combination, exhibited a higher rate of damage to the midgut (e.g., vacuolization, apocrine secretion, and cellular elimination) compared to the bees in the control groups, both after 48 h and 96 h of exposure. In Malpighian tubules, vacuolation is the only damage present. As the observed morphological alterations likely compromise the excretion and absorption functions, exposure to pyraclostrobin and thiamethoxam may lead to disturbances at both the individual and colony levels. These results highlight the urgent need for a future reassessment of the safety of fungicides and insecticides regarding their potential effects on bee populations.
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Inseticidas , Túbulos de Malpighi , Estrobilurinas , Tiametoxam , Animais , Abelhas/efeitos dos fármacos , Abelhas/fisiologia , Tiametoxam/toxicidade , Estrobilurinas/toxicidade , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Túbulos de Malpighi/efeitos dos fármacos , Fungicidas Industriais/toxicidade , Neonicotinoides/toxicidade , Nitrocompostos/toxicidadeRESUMO
This paper presents a literature review on the economic valuation of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) impacts, identifying methodological challenges, policy implications, and gaps. Unlike previous literature reviews, we are particularly interested in determining whether the economic valuations of HABs have included a policy analysis. Our paper provides a conceptual framework that allows us to evaluate whether applications of economic studies of HABs are consistent with a well-defined economic welfare analysis. It links methodologies and techniques with welfare measures, data types, and econometric methods. Based on this literature review, we present an example of economic valuation that closes the gap between policy analysis and valuation methodology. We use a stated preferences study to estimate a "seafood price premium" to create a fund to support monitoring systems and for damage compensation to producers in the presence of HABs. Results show that most economic studies on HAB valuation do not consider any cost-benefit analysis of a defined policy intervention. The predominant economic valuation methodology uses market information to estimate a proxy for welfare measure of the impact of HABs (loss revenue, sales, exports). Moreover, nonuse and indirect use values are ignored in the literature, while stated preference methodologies are underrepresented. Finally, results from 1293 surveys found that people are willing to pay an increase in the price of mussels to support a policy that informs on HAB. However, the lack of institutional trust affects the probability of paying negatively.
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Proliferação Nociva de Algas , Análise Custo-Benefício , Política Ambiental/economiaRESUMO
The maize crop is used as food for humans, livestock and poultries forms, it is also used in bread making, corn flakes, corn syrup, corn starch and corn oils. The field study consisted of one experimental trial, about the incidence of that insect pest complex on maize cultivar Azam during the Kharif season 2020 at the Agricultural, Research Station, Baffa, Mansehra. The trial was laid out in the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), and then it was divided into three replications. The result obtained from the trial showed that a number of the pest species were recorded during the experimental period; however, the population was noticed at a low level. The obtained insect species were corn leaf aphid (6.90 ± 5.5) per square inch, corn leafhopper (1.32 ± 0.63), maize stem borer (0.63 ± 0.29), corn flea beetle (0.43 ± 0.28), Thrips (0.38 ± 0.22), Hairy caterpillar (0.21 ± 0.22), Grasshopper (0.17 ± 0.11) and shoot fly (0.11 ± 0.08) throughout the season
A cultura do milho é utilizada na alimentação humana, pecuária e avícola, bem como na panificação, flocos de milho, xarope de milho, amido de milho e óleos de milho. O estudo de campo consistiu em um ensaio experimental sobre a incidência desse complexo de insetos-praga na cultivar de milho Azam durante a temporada de Kharif 2020 na Estação de Pesquisa Agrícola, Baffa, Mansehra. O ensaio foi estabelecido no Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) e, em seguida, dividido em três repetições. O resultado obtido no ensaio mostrou que várias espécies de pragas foram registradas durante o período experimental; no entanto, foi observado um baixo nível da população. As espécies de insetos obtidas foram pulgão-da-folha-do-milho (6,90 ± 5,5) - por polegada quadrada -, cigarrinha-do-milho (1,32 ± 0,63), broca-do-caule-do-milho (0,63 ± 0,29), besouro-da-pulga-do-milho (0,43 ± 0,28), tripses (0,38 ± 0,22), lagarta-cabeluda (0,21 ± 0,22), gafanhoto (0,17 ± 0,11) e mosca (0,11 ± 0,08) ao longo da temporada
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Animais , Controle de Pragas , Zea mays , Insetos , Paquistão , AgriculturaRESUMO
In Brazil, more than 90% of steel mills are located in states that have Atlantic Forest which, together with the pollution of large urban centers, represent risk factors for the environmental quality of this important biome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of urban and industrial air pollution in a city in Minas Gerais that has a steel mill on the symptomatology, on the leaf chemistry, and on the anatomy and micromorphology of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) of Joannesia princeps Vell. (Euphorbiaceae), a native species of the Atlantic Forest. For 126 days, seedlings of J. princeps were exposed on stand systems in the urban and industrial area of MG (Ipatinga city), in the following places: Bom Retiro, Cariru, Cidade Nobre, and Veneza. For anatomical analysis, EFNs were collected and processed for microscopic analysis. In the southern parts of the steel mill closest to the Rio Doce State Park (RDSP) (Bom Retiro and Cariru), there was a predominance of NO, NOX, SO2 (Bom Retiro), naphthalene, benzene, and total suspended particulates (Cariru). In locations north of the steel mill (Cidade Nobre and Veneza), there was a predominance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the urban environment, intense anatomical and micromorphological damage to EFNs, leaf damage, leaf metal accumulation, and alterations in the histochemical tests of the plants were observed. The interior of the RDSP presented environmental quality, but the contribution of pollutants near the border between the RDSP and the city of Ipatinga is worrying, requiring constant monitoring of this area to verify the impact and threat that pollution can cause on these Atlantic Forest remnants.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluição do Ar , Euphorbiaceae , Brasil , Florestas , Poluição do Ar/análise , Ecossistema , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Monitoramento AmbientalRESUMO
ATM and DNA-PKcs coordinate the DNA damage response at multiple levels following the exposure to chemotherapy. The Topoisomerase II poison etoposide (ETO) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent that induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), but it is responsible from the chromosomal rearrangements frequently found in therapy-related secondary tumors. Targeted inhibition of DNA-PKcs in ATM-defective tumors combined with radio- or chemotherapy has been proposed as relevant therapies. Here, we explored the DNA repair mechanisms and the genetic consequences of targeting the non-oncogenic addiction to DNA-PKcs of ATM-defective tumor cells after exposure to ETO. We demonstrated that chemical inhibition of DNA-PKcs followed by treatment with ETO resulted in the accumulation of chromatid breaks and decreased mitotic index in both A-T cells and ATM-knocked-down (ATMkd) tumor cells. The HR repair process in DNA-PKcs-inhibited ATMkd cells amplified the RAD51 foci number, with no correlated increase in sister chromatid exchanges. The analysis of post-mitotic DNA lesions presented an augmented number of persistent unresolved DSB, without alterations in the cell cycle progression. Long-term examination of chromosome aberrations revealed a strikingly high number of chromatid and chromosome exchanges. By using genetic and pharmacological abrogation of PARP-1, we demonstrated that alternative end-joining (alt-EJ) repair pathway is responsible for those chromosome abnormalities generated by limiting c-NHEJ activities during directed inhibition of DNA-PKcs in ATM-deficient cells. Targeting the non-oncogenic addiction to DNA-PKcs of ATM-defective tumors stimulates the DSB repair by alt-EJ, which is liable for the origin of cells carrying stable chromosome aberrations that may eventually restrict the therapeutic strategy.
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Aberrações Cromossômicas , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Humanos , Etoposídeo/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Reparo do DNA , Proteína Quinase Ativada por DNA/genética , Proteína Quinase Ativada por DNA/metabolismo , DNA/genética , Reparo do DNA por Junção de Extremidades , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/genética , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/metabolismoAssuntos
Compensação e Reparação/legislação & jurisprudência , Psiquiatria Legal/métodos , Jurisprudência , Transtornos Mentais/reabilitação , Resiliência Psicológica , Estresse Psicológico/diagnóstico , Experiências Adversas da Infância , Alostase , Humanos , Plasticidade Neuronal , Prognóstico , Recuperação de Função FisiológicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The search for novel metallic chemical compounds with toxicogenic effects has been of great importance for more efficient cancer treatment. OBJECTIVE: The study evaluated the cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic activity of organoteluran RF07 in the S-180 cell line. METHODS: The bioassays used were cell viability with 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazole)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, evaluation of apoptosis and necrosis using fluorescence and flow cytometry, cytokinesisblock micronucleus test and comet assay. The compound was tested at 1; 2.5 and 5µM. RESULTS: The results showed the cytotoxicity of RF07 at concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20µM when compared to the negative control. For genotoxicity tests, RF07 showed effects in all concentrations assessed by increased index and frequencies of damage and mutagenic alterations. The compound was also cytotoxic due to the significant decrease in the nuclear division index, with significant values of apoptosis and necrosis. The results of fluorescence and flow cytometry showed apoptosis as the main type of cell death caused by RF07 at 5µM, which is thought to avoid an aggressive immune response of the organism. CONCLUSION: In addition to cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, RF07 creates good perspectives for future antitumor formulations.
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Antineoplásicos/química , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Organometálicos/química , Sarcoma 180/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos de Espiro/química , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Camundongos , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Mutagênicos/metabolismo , Necrose/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos Organometálicos/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais , Compostos de Espiro/farmacologiaRESUMO
Textiles damage analysis is a very valuable tool in forensic investigations. However, to date, very little research has been carried out to understand the impact of bullet causing damages to clothing. According to the review of the most recent scientific papers, the frictional heating and crushing action of a bullet passing through synthetic fibres cause a unique transformation in their ends called mushroom-shaped morphology. In this study, the textile remains of six individuals executed during the first decade of the Chilean military dictatorship period (1973-1990) were analysed. The purpose was to examine their clothing in order to describe the fibre defects in the bullet holes. The fibres were directly observed using two different models of stereomicroscopy (MZ16A and EZ4D, Leica Microsystem Ltd., Wetzlar, Germany) and through a combination of transmitted, oblique and co-axial illumination (with Leica DFC500 Digital Camera), at × 230 and at a resolution of up to 840 Lp/mm. The mushroom-shaped morphology, along with rupturing of yarns, fibrillation or splitting of fibres, was observed in the bullet holes. Although the mushroom-shaped is a useful pattern for bullet hole identification in synthetic fibres, further research needs to be performed for developing a sounder interpretational framework of this type of forensic evidence.
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Vestuário , Balística Forense/métodos , Nylons/análise , Poliésteres/análise , Ferimentos por Arma de Fogo , Adulto , Chile/etnologia , Humanos , Masculino , Microscopia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) might generate serious worker health damages. Therefore, biological monitoring is essential to evaluate exposure biomarkers from highly toxic chemicals, ensuring better attention to the worker health. In this study was developed and validated a bioanalytical method based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) for the quantification of VOC biomarkers in urine samples from Federal University of Goias (UFG) workers. Samples were collected from 30 occupationally exposed subjects after application of a questionnaire survey. The following biomarkers hippuric acid, methyl-hippuric acid, mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid and phenol were quantified, representing exposition to toluene, xylene, styrene, ethylbenzene, benzene and phenol solvents, respectively. Hippuric acid levels were found close to or above the reference values, although a subject had levels higher than preconized by Biological Limit Values (BLV) guideline of 4.0 mg/g creatinine. Five subjects had 3 and 4-methylhippuric acid ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/g creatinine. These results indicate a moderate to high VOC exposure from UFG workers. Multivariate analysis generated four clusters and indicated that histotechnicians and graphic workers need especial attention on occupational VOC exposure. The results from this study reinforce the need for reliable methods able to the biological monitoring as an important tool for assessing occupational exposure.
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Exposição Ocupacional , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis , Brasil , Monitoramento Ambiental , Humanos , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Tolueno , Universidades , XilenosRESUMO
The aim was to evaluate the interactive effects on biochemistry and physiology of soybean plants exposed to simultaneous xenobiotic and water deficit stresses, and the possible attenuation of plant damage by an antioxidant agent. Soybean plants were submitted to eight different soil water potentials, in two experiments (first experiment: -0.96, -0.38, -0.07, -0.02 MPa, and second experiment: -3.09, -1.38, -0.69, -0.14 MPa), xenobiotic, and antioxidant agent applications. Was observed a reduction in water status, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, photosystem II quantum yield, and increased leaf temperature in plants under low water availability. Water deficit also induced oxidative stress by the increased production of reactive oxygen species, cellular and molecular damage, and induction of the antioxidant defense metabolism, reduction of gas exchange, water status, and photosynthetic efficiency. The xenobiotic application also caused changes, with deleterious effects more pronounced in low soil water availability, mainly the reactive oxygen species production, consequently the antioxidant activity, and the oxidative damages. This indicates different responses to the combination of stresses. Antioxidant enzyme activity was reduced by the application of the antioxidant agent. Principal Component Analysis showed a relation with the antioxidant agent and reactive oxygen species, which is probably due to signaling function, and with defense antioxidant system, mainly glutathione, represented by thiols.
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Collapse of the Fundão tailings dam in November 2015 in Minas Gerais, Brazil, resulted in the release of approximately 36 million cubic meters of primarily clay and fine sand-sized particles to the environment. The spill event extended over 600 km of the Rio Doce catchment and affected terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and compromised socioeconomic activities throughout the watershed. Numerous monitoring programs and research investigations in the catchment since that time contribute to better understanding of the environmental consequences and plans for rehabilitation of the landscape. The Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Latin America Geographic Unit hosted the Fundão Dam Rupture Science Meeting in Brasilia, Brazil, in June 2019 to report on the findings from these studies. Fourteen technical papers from that meeting are presented in this Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management (IEAM) special series. These papers and the technical discussions at the meeting reflect the consensus opinions of scientists who attended the symposium. Delegates generally agreed that society must commit to rehabilitation after disasters based on the best available evidence describing the structure and function of affected ecosystems. Scientists can play a crucial role in prioritizing and facilitating rehabilitation actions, as well as monitoring for progress toward achieving goals. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:569-571. © 2020 SETAC.
O colapso da barragem de rejeitos de Fundão em novembro de 2015 em Minas Gerais, Brasil, resultou na liberação de aproximadamente 36 milhões de metros cúbicos de partículas do tamanho de argila e areia fina para o meio ambiente. O derramamento se estendeu por mais de 600 km na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Doce, afetou os ecossistemas terrestres e aquáticos e comprometeu as atividades socioeconômicas em toda a bacia hidrográfica. Numerosos programas de monitoramento e pesquisas na bacia, desde então, contribuem para uma melhor compreensão das consequências ambientais e para os planos de reabilitação da paisagem. A Sociedade de Toxicologia e Química Ambiental (SETAC) da América Latina sediou o Encontro Científico sobre a Ruptura da Barragem do Fundão em Brasília, Brasil, em junho de 2019, para relatar os resultados desses estudos. Quatorze artigos técnicos dessa reunião são apresentados nesta série especial da revista Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management (IEAM). Esses artigos e as discussões técnicas do encontro refletem as opiniões consensuais dos cientistas que participaram do simpósio. Os delegados em geral concordaram que a sociedade deve se comprometer com a reabilitação após desastres com base na melhor evidência disponível que descreva a estrutura e a função dos ecossistemas afetados. Os cientistas podem desempenhar um papel crucial na priorização e facilitação de ações de reabilitação, bem como no acompanhamento da evolução do cumprimento das metas. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:569-571.
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Monitoramento Ambiental , Recuperação e Remediação Ambiental , Rios , Brasil , Ecossistema , Ecotoxicologia , Abastecimento de ÁguaRESUMO
Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los significados atribuidos a las consecuencias de los trastornos de conducta alimentaria (TCA) por parte de mujeres usuarias de un programa de tratamiento residencial en Lima, Perú. Esto con base a un enfoque cualitativo y la teoría fundamentada. Participaron ocho mujeres diagnosticadas con TCA, de entre 14 y 24 años de edad. Las técnicas empleadas fueron entrevista individual, grupo focal y documentos personales. Los resultados indicaron que las participantes valoraron las consecuencias del trastorno como beneficiosas y perjudiciales, alternándose dicha valoración según la situación y el logro de sus metas. Los beneficios atribuidos al TCA fueron bajar de peso en corto tiempo, aceptación y aprobación del grupo social, incremento de sus relaciones interpersonales, y atención y afecto de familiares. Los perjuicios atribuidos fueron deterioro de la salud, pérdida de funcionalidad física y social, activación de pensamientos disfuncionales, impulsividad/agresividad y desconfianza de la familia. Los resultados brindan sustento teórico a la implementación de estrategias de tratamiento que enfaticen los procesos de construcción de significados personales, contextuales y funcionales que se asignan a las conductas problemas del TCA, de tal forma que se promueva el cambio motivacional en las pacientes.
Abstract The objective of the study was to identify the meanings attributed to the consequences of eating disorders (ED) by women users of a residential treatment program in Lima, Perú. This is based on a qualitative approach and grounded theory. Eight women diagnosed with ED, between 14 and 24 years of age, participated. The techniques used were individual interview, focus group and personal documents. The results indicated that the participants evaluated the consequences of the disorders as beneficial and damaging, alternating this assessment according to the situation and the achievement of their goals. The benefits attributed to the ED were to lose weight in a short time, acceptance and approval of the social group, increase in interpersonal relationships, and attention and affection of family members. On the other hand, the damages attributed were deterioration of health, loss of physical and social functionality, negative psychological changes, activation of dysfunctional thoughts, impulsivity/aggressiveness and distrust of the family. The results provide theoretical support to the implementation of treatment strategies that emphasize the processes of construction of personal, contextual and functional meanings that are assigned to the behavior problems of the ED, in such a way that the motivational change in the patients is promoted.
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The damages of Mariana's mining mud in the physiology of the brown algae Sargassum cymosum and its main epiphytic, the red algae Hypnea pseudomusciformis, were evaluated by controlled essays. Seaweeds were exposed to presence or absence of mud, isolated or in biological association, for 5 and 15 days. Measured parameters were growth rates, biochemical descriptors, and the chemical investigation of concentration and metal profile of the mud dissolved in seawater. Results showed that the highest values for metals were Al > Fe > Mn > Zn in both exposure periods. The mud also affected the growth rate with lethality in both isolated and associative treatments with H. pseudomusciformis after 15 days. According to our redundancy analysis (RDA), the profile and concentration of all metallic elements can induce different physiological responses of the organisms. We were able to observe a higher physiological adaptive ability of S. cymosum against the long-term presence of metals by the synthesis of phenolic compounds, while the deviation of metabolic routes in H. pseudomusciformis can be addressed as the main responsible for its lethality. Moreover, the presence of Hypnea in associative treatments reduces Sargassum's detoxification ability. The present results reinforce the importance of biological interaction studies in a context of physiological resilience against mining mud pollution and mutual influences of species over the individual ability to avoid oxidative stress.
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Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Metais Pesados/toxicidade , Mineração , Rodófitas/efeitos dos fármacos , Sargassum/efeitos dos fármacos , Alga Marinha/efeitos dos fármacos , Oligoelementos/toxicidade , Metais Pesados/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenóis/metabolismo , Rodófitas/fisiologia , Sargassum/fisiologia , Água do Mar/química , Alga Marinha/fisiologia , Oligoelementos/metabolismoRESUMO
The present work aimed to carry out in vitro biological assays of indol-3-yl derivatives thiosemicarbazones (2a-e) and 4-thiazolidinones (3a-d) against juvenile and adult worms of S. mansoni, as well as the in silico determination of pharmacokinetic parameters for the prediction of the oral bioavailability of these derivatives. All compounds were initially screened at a concentration of 200⯵M against S. mansoni adult worms and the results evidenced the good activity of compounds 2b, 2d and 3b, which caused 100% mortality after 24, 48 and 72â¯h, respectively. Subsequent studies with these same compounds revealed that compound 2b was able to reduce the viability of the parasites by 85% and 83% at concentrations of 200 and 100⯵M, respectively. In relation to the juvenile worms, all compounds (2b, 2d and 3b) were able to cause mortality, but compound 2b demonstrated better activity causing 100% mortality in 48â¯h. Additionally, it was possible to observe reduction in the viability of juvenile worms of 85%, 81% and 64% at concentrations of 200, 100 and 50⯵M, respectively. Several ultrastructural damages were observed when adult and juvenile S. mansoni worms were exposed to compound 2b (200⯵M) that was characterized by extensive destruction by the integument, which may justify the mortality rate of cultured parasites. In the DNA interaction assay, fragmentation of the genetic material of adult worms when treated with compound 2b (200⯵M) was evidenced, indicating the apoptosis process as mechanism of parasite death. Regarding pharmacokinetic properties, all derivatives are according to the required parameters, predicting good oral bioavailability for the studied compounds. The results presented in this study reveal the good activity of compound 2b in both adult and juvenile worms of S. mansoni, pointing this compound as promising in the development of further studies on schistosomicidal activity.
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Schistosoma mansoni/efeitos dos fármacos , Tiossemicarbazonas/farmacologia , Tiossemicarbazonas/farmacocinética , Animais , Helmintos/efeitos dos fármacos , Esquistossomicidas/farmacocinética , Esquistossomicidas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Compared to conventional abatement measures, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) offers attractive cost savings while tackling the climate change problem. However, there exist challenges associated with the selection of the optimal level of REDD-based abatement given the risks and non-uniform costs of their implementation across countries. This paper develops an integrated assessment model of carbon mitigation, incorporating the REDD option. Using a dynamic optimization framework, it derives the optimal timing and level of REDD participation for key countries with REDD potential based on their opportunity costs and risks. Specifically, Brazil, Indonesia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroon and Papua New Guinea, are chosen for inclusion under the REDD-based abatement option. Together, these five countries account for roughly 20 percent of global forest area and 40 percent of current global deforestation. The relevance and contribution of REDD-based abatement is explored under the possibility of non-linear damages resulting from increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. Results indicate that the REDD programme is an attractive option to consider despite the associated risks of impermanence. Including the REDD option, in fact, also increases conventional abatement efforts because low costs of REDD reduce the overall abatement costs, thereby making it optimal to abate more. Further, use of REDD option helps stabilise the atmospheric carbon stock in the long term. Without REDD, atmospheric carbon concentrations would be higher by 800 billion tonnes in the next 300 years. Whereas, optimal implementation of REDD in just five countries would help avoid the release of about 80 billion tonnes of carbon in the next 50 years.
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Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Florestas , Brasil , Mudança Climática , IndonésiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Lead is a multiple organ toxicant and an oxidative-stress inducer. The effect of Costus afer on metal- induced male reprotoxicity has not been previously carried out, hence this study. The present study investigates the protective effect of Costus afer aqueous leave extract on lead- induced reproductive damages in male albino Wistar rats. METHODS: Adult male albino Wistar rats were weighed and separated into five groups of five rats each. Groups 1 & 2 served as normal and toxic controls receiving deionized and leaded (CH3COO)2Pb.3H2O and water respectively. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were given 750, 1500 and 2250mg/kg of Costus afer orally, respectively while receiving Pb2+ water ad libitum for 28 days. RESULTS: The reproductive and antioxidant parameters obtained from the result served as scientific evidence in the study. The result showed non-significant changes in the absolute and relative weights of epididymis and testes in the Pb Group versus the control. Significant increases were recorded in the sperm analysis, blood lead (7.9±1.02; 1.1±0.01) level (BLL), luteinizing hormone (LH) (8.5±1.4:5.5±0.4), and a decrease in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (4.5±2.6:6.5±1.65), with non-significant changes in testosterone (TET) (1.3±0.00:1.6±0.2) in the Pb group compared to the control. CONCLUSION: The treatment with Costus afer exhibited dose-dependent significant changes in testicular oxidative stress, hormonal, sperm analysis and histopathological changes induced by lead. Aqueous leaves extract of Costus afer may be protective against lead induced testicular damage.
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Costus/química , Infertilidade/induzido quimicamente , Infertilidade/prevenção & controle , Intoxicação por Chumbo/complicações , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Animais , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Infertilidade/sangue , Chumbo/toxicidade , Intoxicação por Chumbo/sangue , Intoxicação por Chumbo/tratamento farmacológico , Intoxicação por Chumbo/patologia , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise do Sêmen , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/fisiologia , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
Aquatic contamination in agricultural areas is a global problem, characterized by a complex mixture of organic and inorganic pollutants whose effects on biota are unpredictable and poorly investigated. In this context, in the present study, the Neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus was confined in situ for 120â¯days in two sites with different levels of anthropic impact: 1) a fish hatchery station, within the State University of Londrina (reference site - REF) and 2) an agro-ecosystem area in one of the most productive regions of southern Brazil (experimental site - EXP). We evaluated multiple biomarkers at different levels of biological organization, such as biotransformation and antioxidant enzymes, oxidative damages, DNA damages and liver histopathology. We also evaluated the occurrence of 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 6 trace metals in water and sediment; and 33 current-use pesticides (CUPs) in the water; besides the presence of OCPs in the liver and metals in different tissues of the confined fish. The chemical analysis confirmed that the two environments presented different levels of contamination. We verified a distribution gradient of data in the principal component analysis (PCA), separating the REF fish to one side and the fish at the agricultural area (EXP) to the other side. In general, the biomarker responses were more altered in fish from the EXP than fish from the hatchery station; and this fish presented a greater accumulation of endosulfan (an increase of 18× compared to basal value) and showed oxidative, genetic, and histological damage. Through the Biomarkers Response Index (BRI), we found that the EXP fish demonstrated a decrease in health status compared with the REF fish during the confinement time, due to their exposure to a higher concentration of contaminants. In conclusion, the use of multiple biomarkers at different response levels is an important tool for environmental monitoring.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Caraciformes/metabolismo , Monitoramento Ambiental , Metais/metabolismo , Praguicidas/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismo , Animais , Brasil , Fígado/metabolismo , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
Este estudo possui o objetivo de realizar uma revisão sistemática dos artigos produzidos no Brasil nos últimos dez anos acerca dos grandes empreendimentos hidrelétricos e dos seus impactos às populações atingidas. A busca foi realizada na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde Psicologia e na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde. Localizaram-se 329 trabalhos, sendo que 42 deles foram utilizados para o desenvolvimento deste estudo. Os resultados apontaram para uma equidade entre o número de artigos teóricos e empíricos, demonstrando que as revistas com maior número de publicações estão vinculadas a áreas interdisciplinares, envolvendo a geografia, o meio ambiente e a sociologia. Quanto aos principais resultados, identificou-se um declínio geral nas condições de saúde física e mental, a implantação de políticas reparatórias insuficientes e o papel do Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens como estratégia de resistência social e política.(AU)
This study aims to carry out a systematic review of the articles that have been produced in Brazil in the last ten years about large hydroelectric power plant projects and their impacts on populations directly or indirectly affected. A search for different articles was performed in the Virtual Health Library in Psychology and in the Virtual Health Library. A total of 329 studies were found, and 42 of them were used in this study. The results show evenness between the numbers of theoretical and empirical articles, which demonstrate that journals with the greatest number of publications are linked to interdisciplinary areas, involving geography, environment and sociology. As for the studies' main results, an overall decrease in physical and mental health conditions, the implementation of insufficient reparative policies and the role of the Movement of People Affected by Dams as a strategy of social and political resistance were identified.(AU)
Assuntos
Mudança Social , Avaliação de Danos , Centrais Hidrelétricas , Desenvolvimento EcológicoRESUMO
Mesotrione (MES) is an herbicide from the triketone family and has been used as an alternative to Atrazine (ATZ), which was banned in some countries due to its toxicity to non-target organisms. Despite being considered an eco-friendly herbicide, data from the literature about the harmful effects of MES in its pure form and/or in combination with other herbicides is still scarce. Aimed at assessing the potential of MES to induce cell death and DNA damage, seeds of Allium cepa (higher plant, monocotyledon) were exposed to this herbicide, pure and in mixture with ATZ, and the number of dividing cells (cytotoxicity), chromosomal aberrations (CA, genotoxicity) and micronuclei (MN, mutagenicity) were then quantified. The pure MES (1.8 to 460⯵g/L) did not show either cytotoxicity or genotoxicity/mutagenicity under the tested conditions. The genotoxicity of ATZ (1.5 to 400⯵g/L), previous reported in the literature, was confirmed herein. The assessment of MESâ¯+â¯ATZ mixtures (1.8â¯+â¯1.5; 7â¯+â¯6.25; 30â¯+â¯25⯵g/L, respectively) showed that MES, at low concentrations, enhance the genotoxicity of ATZ (potentiation), since the significant frequencies of CA and MN were greater than the ones expected in additive effects. Taking together, MES in its pure form seems to be a safe alternative to ATZ regarding the capacity to damage (at cellular and DNA levels) non-target plants (Monocots); however, MES in combination with ATZ appeared to act as a co-mutagen at low concentrations.
Assuntos
Allium/efeitos dos fármacos , Atrazina/toxicidade , Cicloexanonas/toxicidade , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Mutagênicos/toxicidade , Allium/genética , Dano ao DNA , Genes de Plantas , Testes de MutagenicidadeRESUMO
Resumen Los principios en los que se basa la justicia restaurativa representan una alternativa con gran potencial transformador para víctimas y victimarios, aunque todavía no es del todo claro cómo aprovechar bien ese potencial. Se presentan dos evaluaciones formativas de intervenciones para personas recluidas por haber cometido delitos. Participaron 7 adolescentes en el estudio 1 y 5 adultos en el estudio 2, todos hombres. La intervención del estudio 1 consistió en 10 sesiones de una hora que incluían un módulo de manejo de la ira adaptado del programa EQUIP y un módulo sobre reparación del daño. La intervención del estudio 2 fue de 6 sesiones focalizadas exclusivamente en reparación del daño. Las intervenciones incluían juegos de roles que simulaban un eventual encuentro entre los participantes y las víctimas de sus agresiones, y cartas a sus víctimas que sabían que no serían enviadas. Se encontró un alto grado de satisfacción e involucramiento de los participantes. Los participantes demostraron empatía por sus víctimas y disposición a reparar el daño, así como un aumento en su reporte de manejo de la ira. Estos dos estudios muestran que es posible aprovechar, en centros de reclusión, el potencial transformador de los principios restaurativos incluso sin reuniones con las víctimas.
Abstract Restorative justice is based on principles which constitute an opportunity with great transformative potential for victims and aggressors alike; although it is not clear yet how to tap that potential. Two formative evaluation of intervention are presented here for individuals held in detention because they have committed offences. Seven adolescents participated in study 1 and five adults took part in study 2, all of whom were men. The intervention in study I consisted of 10 session of 1 hour, which included an anger management module adapted from the EQUIP program and a reparation for damage module. The intervention of study 2 involved six sessions which were exclusively targeted for the reparation of damage. The interventions incorporated role plays that simulate a possible meeting of the participants, their aggression victims and letters to the victims that would not be sent. The study found a high level of participants' satisfaction and involvement; they demonstrated empathy for their victims and willingness for repairing the damage as well as an increase in their anger management report. These studies show that, in detention centers, it is posible to take advantage of the transformative potential of restorative principles even without conducting meetings with the victims.
Resumo Os princípios nos quais se baseia a justiça restaurativa representam uma alternativa com grande potencial transformador para vítimas e vitimizadores, embora não esteja bem claro como tal potencial deva ser aproveitado. Apresentam-se duas avaliações formativas de intervenções para pessoas detidas por terem cometido delitos. No estudo 1, participaram sete adolescentes e, no estudo 2, cinco adultos, todos eles homens. A intervenção do estudo 1 consistiu em dez sessões de uma hora, que incluíam um módulo sobre gerência da raiva, adaptado do programa EQUIP, e um módulo acerca da reparação do dano. A intervenção do estudo 2 resumiu-se a seis sessões, focadas exclusivamente na reparação do dano. As intervenções incluíram jogos de encenação, que simulavam um eventual encontro entre os participantes e as vítimas das suas agressões, e a escrita de cartas a suas vítimas, as quais os autores sabiam que não seriam enviadas. Identificou-se um alto nível de satisfação e envolvimento dos participantes, que demostraram empatia pelas suas vítimas e disposição para reparar o dano, bem como um aumento nos seus relatórios de gerência da raiva. Esses dois estudos mostram que é possível aproveitar, em centros de reclusão, o potencial transformador dos princípios restaurativos, inclusive sem reuniões com as vítimas.