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This study applies natural resources, prioritizing recyclable and renewable inputs produced by pinhão cultivation, whose purpose is to use the failures, shells, and almonds as a source of bioactive compounds addition in yogurt, ensuring intelligent use of these natural resources. Thus, one açaí yogurt sample and eight yogurt formulations containing portions of pinhão byproducts between 5 % and 10 % were elaborated. These formulations were compared regarding their physicochemical, nutritional, functional properties, antimicrobial activity, and multi-elemental profile properties. Enriching açaí yogurt with pinhão byproducts does not significantly differ in protein, lipid, moisture, and mineral salt content between all samples with pinhão byproducts. Açaí yogurts enriched with pinhão byproducts had 5.71 to 26.07 % times total protein than the control sample, and total fiber also had a significant increase in samples ranging between 18.62 to 85.29 % times more than the control sample. Regarding color settings, all yogurt samples tended to be red-purple. A sample of açaí yogurt with pine nut flour and whole pine nut flour caused a biofilm mass amount of 46.58, 45.55, and 11.85 % for Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The behavior of pathogenic bacteria is related to the total polyphenol content in yogurts enriched with pinhão byproducts, which increased from 8.27 to 18.24 mg/100 g. Yogurt with açaí enriched with whole pinhão flour showed high antioxidant capacity. The sample's antioxidant activity results increased by 47.62 % and 130.38 % in the ABTS and DPPH analyses, respectively. The compounds in pinhão failure nanosuspensions, pinhão flour, whole pinhão flour, and yogurts were identified and divided into hydrophilic and lipophilic classes. Five classes (amino acids, organic acids, sugars, phenols, and cyclitols) were identified as hydrophilic. Lipophilic compounds were identified and separated into six classes (carboxylic acids, diterpenes, alcohols, Α-hydroxy acids, sterols, and triterpenes). The addition of pinhão byproducts increased the contents of Ca, Fe, K, Na, and P. Açaí yogurt with pinhão nanosuspension, pinhão flour, and whole pinhão flour had the highest Ca content (2164.38 ± 2.16 µg/L). Açaí yogurt with pinhão flour and whole pinhão flour had the highest Fe content (84.02 ± 0.08 µg/L).

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Malnutrition is considered one of the major public health problems worldwide and negatively affects the growth, development and learning of schoolchildren. This study developed and evaluated a fermented milk drink with added Umbu (Spondias tuberosa) pulp in the weight gain and renutrition of mice submitted to malnutrition by calorie restriction, and in malnourished children. The supplementation with this fermented milk drink contributed to an increase of 7.2 % in body weight, and 64.3 % in albumin, and a reduction of 35 % in cholesterol in malnourished mice. In humans, a group of nine malnourished children consumed a daily 200 mL serving of the milk drink (for 60 days). For humans, the fermented milk drink allowed an increase of 16.5 % in body weight, and 20.9 % in body mass index in malnourished children. In conclusion, fermented milk drink has a positive effect on the re-nutrition of malnourished mice and helps to improve the nutritional status of malnourished children.

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The objective of this study was to develop fresh and matured cheeses with different bovine colostrum levels, aiming to promote the consumption of dairy products with the addition of colostrum. Four different cheese formulations were produced with a mixture of 0:100, 15:85, 20:80, and 25:75, bovine colostrum:milk (v:v), and aged for 0, 10, 20, and 40 days. Milk, colostrum, and fresh and matured cheeses were submitted to physicochemical characterization. Moreover, microbiological quality, yield, texture profile, color, and sensory acceptance of cheese samples were evaluated. Colostrum supplementation favored low acidity, high moisture, a pH range of 5.0-6.2, and water activity of 0.94-99. Sensory attributes and overall evaluation of all cheese formulations achieved an Acceptability Index above 70, indicating good acceptability. Since cheese with colostrum presented the potential to be used as human food, assessing the presence of colostrum bioactive components in those dairy products is a promising goal for further research.

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This study aimed to investigate the macronutrient and carotenoid content of red and yellow Coffea arabica var. Caturra pulp, a by-product of coffee processing in Colombia. The study employed ultra-sound-assisted extraction (UAE) to extract carotenoids, and a 23 factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of pulp color, biomass-solvent ratio, and solvent mixture composition on carotenoid content and extraction yield. The condition that provided the highest carotenoid extraction was further encapsulated by spray drying and added to a dairy product. The results showed that coffee pulp has significant dietary fiber content and high levels of carotenoids, with yellow pulp having a higher content than red pulp. Lutein isomers and lutein esters were the most abundant carotenoids found in both red and yellow coffee pulp. The highest carotenoid extraction was achieved using a 1:40 (g/mL) biomass:solvent ratio and a 20:80% v/v Ethanol:Ethyl Acetate solvent mixture for the yellow pulp. The carotenoid extract also demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency (46.57 ± 4.03%) and was found to be stable when added to a fermented milk product. This study presents an alternative solution for utilizing coffee by-products in Colombia, which could positively impact the families of over half a million Colombian coffee producers.

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The food industry has presented a great diversification of products with different flavors, textures, and target consumers. In particular, the dairy dessert branch presents a wide range of milkand dairy-based products. Chocolate-flavored dairy desserts are one of the most common types of commercial desserts in Brazil. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the sensory and instrumental attributes of chocolate dairy desserts available in the local market. Five brands of commercial dairy desserts available in retail markets were evaluated for their instrumental color, apparent viscosity and sensory attributes to determine how they affect consumers' perceptions using penalty analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. A lack of uniformity between the analyzed samples was observed, a fact confirmed by the sensory perspective since for most of the attributes, consumers considered the samples to be above or below the ideal, and overall liking, color and flavor were the most significant attributes that could positively influence the buying decision. The attributes of sensory and instrumental analysis could be an important tool for the food industry to determine the points of weakness of products and the desires of target consumers.

A indústria alimentícia tem apresentado uma grande diversificação de produtos com diferentes sabores, consistências e públicos-alvo. Sobretudo o ramo das sobremesas lácteas apresenta uma vasta gama de produtos com base láctea ou de seus derivados. As sobremesas lácteas sabor chocolate são um dos tipos de sobremesas comerciais mais comuns no Brasil. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar atributos sensoriais e instrumentais de sobremesas lácteas achocolatadas disponíveis no mercado local. Cinco marcas de sobremesas lácteas comerciais disponíveis nos mercados de varejo foram avaliadas quanto à cor instrumental, viscosidade aparente e atributos sensoriais para determinar como isso afeta a percepção dos consumidores, usando a Análise de Penalidades e a Análise Hierárquica de Agrupamento. Observou-se falta de uniformidade entre as amostras analisadas, fato que se confirma do ponto de vista sensorial já que entre as opiniões dos consumidores, para a maioria dos atributos, as amostras foram consideradas acima ou abaixo do ideal e que os parâmetros de impressão global, cor e sabor foram os atributos mais significativos que podem influenciar positivamente na decisão de compra. Podemos concluir que os atributos das análises sensorial e instrumental podem ser uma ferramenta importante para a indústria de alimentos para determinar os pontos fracos dos produtos e os desejos dos consumidores-alvo.

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The viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus when co-encapsulated with fructooligosaccharides in alginate-gelatin microgels, for incorporation into liquid, Greek, and frozen yogurts, during storage and in vitro-simulated digestion was studied. Liquid yogurt provided the highest viability for the encapsulated probiotics during storage, followed by frozen and Greek formulations when compared to free probiotics, highlighting the influence of microencapsulation, yogurt composition, and storage conditions. Addition of up to 20% of probiotic (AG) and symbiotic (AGF) microgels did not cause significant changes in the liquid and frozen yogurts' apparent viscosity (ηap ); however, it decreased ηap for the Greek yogurt, indicating that microgels can alter product acceptability in this case. Both AG and AGF microparticles improved viability of cells face to gastric conditions for liquid and frozen yogurts, delivering cells in the enteric stage. Summarizing, liquid yogurt was the most appropriate for probiotic viability during storage, while frozen yogurt presented better protection along digestibility.

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This study elaborated different probiotic goat milk yogurt formulations with addition of a low-calorie Isabel "Precoce" grape preparation and flour from derived solid by-products. Physicochemical characteristics, probiotic counts, phenolic and protein/peptide molecular weight profile, antioxidant capacity (AC) and sensory acceptance of different yogurt formulations were evaluated. Yogurts with Isabel grape ingredients (IGI) had high nutritional value, distinct phenolic profile and high AC. High counts of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05 were found in yogurts during storage. AC of yogurts with IGI increased during a simulated gastrointestinal digestion with breakdown of high molecular weight proteins and release of protein-bound phenolics. AC of yogurts with IGI should be linked to goat milk peptides and Isabel grape phenolics. Yogurts with IGI had enhanced sensory acceptance. Incorporation of Isabel grape preparation and derived by-product flour into probiotic goat milk yogurt resulted in an added-value product with multifunctional characteristics and improved sensory characteristics.

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The article assesses the effect of different potassium emulsifying salts concentrations on physicochemical, colorimetric, and texture characteristics of processed cheese manufactured using Maasdam. Except for pH, physicochemical parameters remained unchanged, but the gradual substitution of sodium emulsifying salts with potassium-based salts influenced color and texture. Treatments with at least 50% potassium salts showed a reduction of at least 30% of sodium. The sodium decrease allows the product's classification as processed cheese with low-sodium content (<140mg per 56.7g serving). The data obtained present substantial information that can help the dairy industries develop newly reduced-sodium products.

O artigo avalia o efeito de diferentes concentrações de sais emulsificantes de potássio nas características fisico-químicas, colorimétricas e de textura de queijos processados fabricados com Maasdam. Com exceção do pH, os parâmetros físico-químicos permaneceram inalterados, mas a substituição gradual dos sais emulsificantes de sódio por sais à base de potássio influenciou a cor e a textura. Os tratamentos com pelo menos 50% de sais de potássio mostraram uma redução de pelo menos 30% do sódio. A diminuição do sódio permite a classificação do produto como queijo fundido com baixo teor de sódio (<140mg por porção de 56,7g). Os dados obtidos apresentam informações substanciais que podem ajudar as indústrias de laticínios a desenvolver novos produtos com teor de sódio reduzido.

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Fermented milk beverage is a product containing milk, whey and/or other ingredients, fermented by specific microorganisms and/or added with fermented milks. Fat determination in this product is important to quality control and inspection. The Gerber method is used worldwide as a simple and rapid method for fat content analysis in raw and processed milks. In Brazil, Roese-Gottlieb is the official method for analysis of fat content in milk beverages. However, the use of Gerber method for fat content determination in fermented milk beverages is widespread throughout the industry in the country. Several authors have tested the use of Gerber method for some dairy products, but there is no report on this evaluation for fermented milk beverages. In this context, the objectives of this work were to determine the fat content of fermented milk beverages by the Gerber method and evaluate the performance of this test, using Roese-Gottlieb as a reference method. Thirty samples of fermented milk beverages were analyzed by both methods. The fat contents ranged from 1.25 to 2.40% by the Gerber method and from 1.24 to 2.50% by the Roese-Gottlieb method. There was no difference (p > 0.05) between the methods. The Gerber method can be used to determine the fat content of fermented milk beverages, without prejudice to the results obtained.(AU)

Bebida láctea fermentada é um produto que contém leite, soro e/ou outros ingredientes, fermentada pela ação de microrganismos específicos e/ou adicionada de leites fermentados. A determinação do teor de gordura nesse produto é importante para o controle de qualidade e inspeção. O método de Gerber é utilizado em todo o mundo como um método simples e rápido para a análise do teor de gordura em leites cru e processado. No Brasil, Roese-Gottlieb é o método oficial para análise do teor de gordura em bebidas lácteas. No entano, a utilização do método de Gerber para determinação do teor de gordura em bebidas lácteas é frequente nas indústrias do país. Vários autores testaram o método de Gerber para alguns products lácteos, mas não há relato dessa avaliação para bebidas lácteas fermentadas. Tendo em vista o que foi exposto, os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar o teor de gordura de bebidas lácteas fermentadas pelo método de Gerber e avaliar o desempenho desse teste, utilizando Roese-Gottlieb como método de referência. Trinta amostras de bebidas lácteas fermentadas foram analisadas por ambos os métodos. Os teores de gordura variaram de 1,25 a 2,40% pelo método de Gerber e de 1,24 a 2,50% pelo método de Roese-Gottlieb. Não foi constatada diferença (p > 0,05) entre os métodos. O método de Gerber pode ser utilizado para determinação do teor de gordura de bebidas lácteas fermentadas, sem prejuízo dos resultados obtidos.(AU)

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The quality and quantity of the demand for milk and dairy products are important indicators for the relevant sector stakeholders. This study aims to examine the amount and differences in individual milk and dairy products consumption, together with the factors affecting this consumption. The study was conducted through a survey on 221 consumers in Hatay, which is a multicultural and cosmopolitan city in Turkey. Monthly average consumptions of milk, cheese, yogurt, ayran/yogurt drink, butter, and milk equivalent products were determined to be 3.45 kg, 0.95 kg, 3.79 kg, 1.32 kg, 0.29 kg, and 30.55 kg, respectively. Consumption frequency was found to be "more than once a week" for milk and "every day" for dairy products. Statistically, men consume more ayran and butter than women (P < 0.05). There are significant differences among different income groups in terms of butter consumption, and among different education groups in terms of "milk and ayran" consumption (P < 0.05). Significant relationships in a positive direction were determined between height and education level and "ayran"; between weight and income level and "milk equivalent" (P < 0.01); between education and income level and "milk consumption" (P < 0.05). The socio-economic, demographic, and biological variables of the consumers should be carefully monitored in order to maintain and increase the demand for milk and dairy products, and marketing strategies should be created specifically to increase the breakfast habit.(AU)

A qualidade e a quantidade da demanda por leite e produtos lácteos são indicadores importantes para as partes interessadas relevantes do setor. Este estudo visa examinar a quantidade e as diferenças no consumo individual de leite e produtos lácteos, juntamente com os fatores que afetam esse consumo. O estudo foi realizado por meio de uma pesquisa com 221 consumidores em Hatay, cidade multicultural e cosmopolita da Turquia. Os consumos médios mensais de leite, queijo, iogurte, bebida ayran/iogurte, manteiga e produtos lácteos equivalentes foram determinados em 3.45 kg, 0.95 kg, 3.79 kg, 1.32 kg, 0.29 kg e 30.55 kg, respectivamente. A frequência de consumo encontrada foi "mais de uma vez por semana" para leite e "todos os dias" para produtos lácteos. Estatisticamente, os homens consomem mais ayran e manteiga do que as mulheres (P < 0.05). Existem diferenças significativas entre os diferentes grupos de renda quanto ao consumo de manteiga e entre os diferentes grupos de escolaridade quanto ao consumo de "leite e ayran" (P < 0.05). Relações significativas em uma direção positiva foram determinadas entre altura e escolaridade e "ayran"; entre peso e nível de renda e "equivalente a leite" (P < 0.01); entre escolaridade e nível de renda e "consumo de leite" (P < 0.05). As variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e biológicas dos consumidores devem ser cuidadosamente monitoradas para manter e aumentar a demanda por leite e derivados, e estratégias de marketing devem ser criadas especificamente para aumentar o hábito do café da manhã.(AU)

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Oregano (Origanum vulgare) is a spice that has in its extracts and essential oils biological activities of interest, such as antimicrobial and antioxidant. These qualities are in line with the increased interest in natural alternatives for preserving foods such as fresh cheese due to its short shelf life. The objective of this research was to evaluate the acceptance, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of O. vulgare incorporated in fresh cheese during cold storage. For this, cheeses were produced with different concentrations of extract (0, 0.5, 1 and 3 g of extract/kg). Acceptance was assessed using a nine-point hedonic scale. The presence of Salmonella was investigated and the enumeration of coagulasepositive staphylococci, mesophilic, psychrotrophic and thermotolerant coliforms was performed in the samples. The antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro (DPPH and FRAP assays) and directly in the food (measuring the malondialdehyde content). The data revealed a good acceptance of all cheeses regardless of the oregano concentration (mean 7.0 to 7.7). The addition of 0.3 g of oregano extract/kg of cheese promoted the inhibition of thermotolerant coliforms during the storage period. Antioxidant activity was demonstrated in vitro but not verified in the cheese. Foods have a complex composition, and the concentration and proportion of different constituents may have influenced the biological actions of the extract. Thus, further research becomes necessary, with variation in storage time and concentrations to know the action of this extract directly in the food model.(AU)

O orégano (Origanum vulgare) é uma especiaria que possui em seus extratos e óleos essenciais atividades biológicas de interesse como a antimicrobiana e antioxidante. Essas qualidades estão alinhadas com o aumento do interesse por alternativas naturais para a conservação de alimentos, como o queijo fresco, devido ao seu curto prazo de validade. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a aceitação, atividade antibacteriana e antioxidante do extrato hidroalcoólico de O. vulgare incorporado em queijo fresco durante o armazenamento refrigerado. Para isso, foram produzidos queijos com diferentes concentrações de extrato (0, 0,5, 1 e 3 g de extrato/kg). A aceitação foi avaliada por meio de uma escala hedônica de nove pontos. A presença de Salmonella foi investigada e a contagem de estafilococos coagulase-positivos, coliformes termotolerantes, mesófilos e psicrotróficos foi realizada nas amostras. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada in vitro (ensaios DPPH e FRAP) e diretamente no alimento (mensuração do teor de malondialdeído). Os dados revelaram uma boa aceitação de todos os queijos independentemente da concentração de orégano (média 7,0 a 7,7). A adição de 0,3 g de extrato de orégano/kg de queijo promoveu a inibição de coliformes termotolerantes durante o período de armazenamento. A atividade antioxidante foi demonstrada in vitro mas, não verificada no queijo. Os alimentos possuem composição complexa, e a concentração e proporção de diferentes constituintes podem ter influenciado as ações biológicas do extrato. Assim, mais pesquisas se fazem necessárias, com variação no tempo de armazenamento e concentrações para conhecer a ação desse extrato diretamente no modelo alimentar.(AU)

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RESUMEN La investigación presentada en este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar el desempeño financiero del sector elaboración de productos lácteos en Colombia en el período 2014-2019, aplicando como metodología el análisis estático y de tendencias de indicadores contables y de gestión de valor que miden su crecimiento, eficiencia, eficacia, efectividad, valor económico agregado (EVA) y valor de mercado agregado (VMA). Se encuentra que este sector crece en ventas, activos y utilidad neta; y logra rendimientos fluctuantes sobre su patrimonio, siguiendo el comportamiento de la eficacia en el control de erogaciones, aumentada por el uso de un apalancamiento financiero positivo. No obstante, este sector destruye EVA en tres años, con una pérdida residual importante en el 2015, que hace que su VMA resulte negativo. El EVA sigue la dirección del rendimiento después de impuestos del activo neto operacional, que en promedio es inferior al costo de capital. Estos hallazgos pueden complementarse con estudios semejantes para grupos homogéneos en edad, tamaño, organización jurídica y zona geográfica. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL G10, M40, L66

ABSTRACT The objective of the research presented in this article is to evaluate the financial performance of the dairy production sector in Colombia in the 2014-2019 period, applying as a methodology the static and trend analysis of accounting and value management indicators that measure its growth, efficiency, efficacy effectiveness, economic value added (EVA) and market value added (MVA). It is found that this sector grows in sales, assets and net income; and achieves fluctuating returns on its equity, following the behavior of efficiency in the control of expenditures, increased by the use of positive financial leverage. However, this sector destroys EVA in three years, with a significant residual loss in 2015, which makes its MVA negative. The EVA follows the direction of the after-tax return on operating net assets, which on average is less than the cost of capital. These findings can be complemented with similar studies for homogeneous groups in age, size, legal organization and geographical area. JEL CLASSIFICATION GI0, M40, L66

RESUMO A pesquisa apresentada neste artigo visa avaliar o desempenho financeiro do setor de processamento de laticínios na Colômbia no período 2014-2019, aplicando como metodologia a análise estática e de tendências dos indicadores contábeis e de gestão de valor que medem seu crescimento, eficiência, eficácia, efetividade, valor agregado econômico (EVA) e valor agregado de mercado (MVA). Verifica-se que este setor cresce em vendas, ativos e lucro líquido; e atinge retornos flutuantes sobre o patrimônio líquido, seguindo o comportamento de eficiência no controle de despesas, ampliado pelo uso de alavancagem financeira positiva. Entretanto, este setor destrói o EVA em três anos, com uma perda residual significativa em 2015, o que torna seu AMV negativo. O EVA segue a direção do retorno após impostos sobre o ativo operacional líquido, que em média é inferior ao custo de capital.BEstas descobertas podem ser complementadas por estudos semelhantes para grupos homogêneos em idade, tamanho, organização legal e área geográfica. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL GI0, M40, L66

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the levels of heavy metals and their antagonists in dairy products available in the markets of São Luís, northeastern Brazil. METHODS: Chemical analysis of the heavy metals copper(Cu), lead(Pb), mercury(Hg), and nickel(Ni) and their antagonists iron(Fe), zinc(Zn), calcium(Ca), selenium(Se), and cobalt(Co) contained in dairy products using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). RESULTS: The main heavy metal observed in dairy products were Hg; Pb; Se and Ni. A significant negative correlation was observed between the concentrations of Cu and Fe (rho = -0.634, p = 0.001), Cu and Zn (rho = -0.794, p = 0.000) in whole milk. A non-significant positive correlation was observed between Pb and Ca (rho = 0.387, p = 0.056), and Hg and Se (rho = 0.055, p = 0.795). CONCLUSIONS: Dairy product brands available in the markets of São Luís could be considered a source of heavy metal contamination (Hg, Pb, Se, Cu, Ni) with weak correlations with their antagonists.

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Coalho cheese is a typical Northeastern Brazilian food whose production and consumption has expanded considerably to other regions of the country. Despite its cultural and socioeconomic relevance, coalho cheese still has a negative reputation due to problems in its physicochemical and microbiological quality standards, especially when it is produced artisanally. For this reason, many researchers have been looking for alternatives to improve the quality and the notoriety of this product, such as the application of probiotic strains to inhibit pathogens. However, in addition to the research related to the desired probiotic properties and the safety of strains for food application, it is important to know the possible changes in the food matrix caused by this intervention. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of probiotic strains of Enterococcus faecium on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of coalho cheese. The cheeses were made with pasteurized cow milk and probiotic strains of E. faecium were added during production. Cheeses were also made without adding the strains, and considered as control cheeses. The final products were evaluated for moisture, pH, titratable acidity, total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, ash, color, organic acid profile, and sensory attributes.

O queijo coalho é um queijo típico do Nordeste do Brasil, cuja produção e consumo se expandiram consideravelmente para outras regiões do país. Apesar de sua relevância cultural e socioeconômica, o queijo coalho apresenta uma reputação negativa, devido a problemas em seus padrões de qualidade físicoquímicos e microbiológicos, principalmente quando é produzido artesanalmente. Por esse motivo, muitos pesquisadores têm buscado alternativas para melhoria da qualidade e notabilidade desse produto, como a aplicação de cepas probióticas que inibem patógenos. No entanto, além da investigação relacionada às propriedades probióticas desejadas e de segurança das cepas para aplicação em alimentos, é importante conhecer as possíveis alterações na matriz alimentícia em virtude dessa adição. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da incorporação de cepas probióticas de Enterococcus faecium nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais de queijo coalho. Os queijos foram elaborados com leite de vaca pasteurizado e adicionados de cepas probióticas de E. faecium durante a produção. Também foram elaborados queijos sem adição das cepas, considerados queijos controle. Os produtos finais foram avaliados quanto a umidade, pH, acidez titulável, carboidratos totais, proteínas, lipídios, cinzas, cor, perfil de ácidos orgânicos e atributos sensoriais. Além disso, procedeu-se a contagem de bactérias ácido lácticas viáveis. Os queijos coalho adicionados de E. faecium apresentaram maior acidez titulável e menor pH. Além disso, houve uma redução no teor de carboidratos, atribuída à degradação da lactose. O. perfil de ácidos orgânicos também variou, destacando-se pelo aumento da concentração de ácido láctico em um fator de 3,5 e pela ausência de ácido cítrico, como possível resultado do metabolismo de E. faecium na produção de compostos aromáticos

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Coalho cheese is a typical Northeastern Brazilian food whose production and consumption has expanded considerably to other regions of the country. Despite its cultural and socioeconomic relevance, coalho cheese still has a negative reputation due to problems in its physicochemical and microbiological quality standards, especially when it is produced artisanally. For this reason, many researchers have been looking for alternatives to improve the quality and the notoriety of this product, such as the application of probiotic strains to inhibit pathogens. However, in addition to the research related to the desired probiotic properties and the safety of strains for food application, it is important to know the possible changes in the food matrix caused by this intervention. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of probiotic strains of Enterococcus faecium on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of coalho cheese. The cheeses were made with pasteurized cow milk and probiotic strains of E. faecium were added during production. Cheeses were also made without adding the strains, and considered as control cheeses. The final products were evaluated for moisture, pH, titratable acidity, total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, ash, color, organic acid profile, and sensory attributes.(AU)

O queijo coalho é um queijo típico do Nordeste do Brasil, cuja produção e consumo se expandiram consideravelmente para outras regiões do país. Apesar de sua relevância cultural e socioeconômica, o queijo coalho apresenta uma reputação negativa, devido a problemas em seus padrões de qualidade físicoquímicos e microbiológicos, principalmente quando é produzido artesanalmente. Por esse motivo, muitos pesquisadores têm buscado alternativas para melhoria da qualidade e notabilidade desse produto, como a aplicação de cepas probióticas que inibem patógenos. No entanto, além da investigação relacionada às propriedades probióticas desejadas e de segurança das cepas para aplicação em alimentos, é importante conhecer as possíveis alterações na matriz alimentícia em virtude dessa adição. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da incorporação de cepas probióticas de Enterococcus faecium nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais de queijo coalho. Os queijos foram elaborados com leite de vaca pasteurizado e adicionados de cepas probióticas de E. faecium durante a produção. Também foram elaborados queijos sem adição das cepas, considerados queijos controle. Os produtos finais foram avaliados quanto a umidade, pH, acidez titulável, carboidratos totais, proteínas, lipídios, cinzas, cor, perfil de ácidos orgânicos e atributos sensoriais. Além disso, procedeu-se a contagem de bactérias ácido lácticas viáveis. Os queijos coalho adicionados de E. faecium apresentaram maior acidez titulável e menor pH. Além disso, houve uma redução no teor de carboidratos, atribuída à degradação da lactose. O. perfil de ácidos orgânicos também variou, destacando-se pelo aumento da concentração de ácido láctico em um fator de 3,5 e pela ausência de ácido cítrico, como possível resultado do metabolismo de E. faecium na produção de compostos aromáticos(AU)

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Buffalo milk presents higher proteins and lipids concentration than cow milk, which provides a better yield in cheese-making production and products with considerable sensory approval. However, buffalo milk is not regularly available throughout the year due to different handling conditions. Thus, to guarantee the supply of buffalo milk dairy products during the year, the addition of bovine milk is an alternative. Therefore, this study aimed to test the effect of a buffalo and bovine milk mixture for the Minas Frescal cheese elaboration by physico-chemical, sensory analysis and obtaining yield. The raw material was analysed for the parameters of acidity, density, fat, total solids and solid-not-fat. There were 3 Minas Frescal cheeses elaborated from 3 formulations: 100% buffalo milk, 100% bovine milk and the mixture of 50% of each milk. The cheeses were submitted to the Gravimetric and Gerber methods to obtain values of moisture and fat, as well as to obtain, indirectly, fat in dry matter. For bovine and buffalo milk, the parameters evaluated (acidity, density, fat, total solids and solids-not-fat) complied with Brazilian legislation and parameters described in the literature. For the bovine, mixed and buffalo fresh cheeses, values were obtained, respectively, for moisture (74.04, 60.93 and 63.61), fat in dry matter (44.35, 42.23 and 46.03) and cheese yield (27, 20.8 and 24.2), indicating a higher yield for the bovine Minas Frescal cheese and higher fat content for the buffalo cheese. The overall acceptance of the mixed Minas Frescal cheese was significantly superior to the bovine and buffalo cheese. The parameters of colour, appearance, texture, flavour and overall acceptance were above 8 points in the hedonic scale ('moderately liked' to 'extremely liked'), and the aroma attribute scored was above 7 ('I enjoyed regularly' to 'moderately liked'). Therefore, the elaboration of Minas Frescal cheese from the mixture of 2 matrices (buffalo and bovine milk) demonstrated technological viability with the potential to meet the demands of the consumer market.

O leite de búfala possui maior porcentagem de todos os componentes tornando-o uma matéria-prima adequada com potencial para fornecer um maior rendimento e qualidade nutricional na produção de queijo. No entanto, o leite de búfalo não está disponível regularmente ao longo do ano devido a diferentes condições de manejo. Assim, para garantir a oferta de produtos lácteos com leite de búfala independentemente da época, a adição de leite bovino pode ser vista como uma alternativa. Logo, este trabalho teve como objetivo testar o efeito da mistura do leite de búfalo e bovino na elaboração do queijo Minas Frescal por meio de análises físico-químicas e sensoriais e obtenção do rendimento economico. A matéria-prima foi analisada quanto aos parâmetros: acidez titulável, densidade, gordura, sólidos totais e sólidos totais desengordurados. Três variedades de queijo Minas Frescal foram elaboradas a partir de três formulações: 100% de leite de búfala, 100% de leite bovino e da mistura de 50% de cada leite. Os queijos foram submetidos aos métodos Gavimetric e Gerber para obtenção de umidade e gordura, bem como, indiretamente, para obtenção de matéria gorda no extrato seco. Para o leite bovino e de búfala, os parâmetros avaliados (acidez titulável, densidade, gordura, sólidos totais e sólidos totais desengordurados) estavam de acordo com a legislação brasileira e parâmetros descritos na literatura. Para os queijos bovino, misto e de búfala, foram obtidos, respectivamente, para: umidade (74,04; 60,93 e 63,61), gordura na matéria seca (44,35; 42,23 e 46,03) e rendimento econômico (27, 20,8 e 24,2) indicando maior rendimento o queijo Minas Frescal bovino e maior teor de gordura para o queijo búfalo. A aceitação global do queijo Minas Frescal misto foi significativamente superior ao do queijo bovino e bubalino. Os parâmetros de cor, aparência, textura, sabor e aceitabilidade global foram acima de 8 pontos (entre "gostei moderadamente" e "extremamente gostei") e o atributo aroma obteve pontuação acima de 7 ("gostei regularmente" para "gostei moderadamente"). Portanto, a elaboração do queijo Minas Frescal da mistura de leite bovino ao búfalo demonstrou potencial para atender as demandas do mercado consumidor.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of non-thermal and thermal high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) treatment on the microbial and enzymatic inactivation, physicochemical properties, and kinetic stability of the raw milk by applying different energy densities (1, 3, 5, and 7 kJ/mL). Two HIUS treatments were evaluated based on different nominal powers, named HIUS-A and HIUS-B, using 100 W and 475 W, respectively. HIUS-A treatment was non-thermal processing while HIUS-B was a thermal treatment only for the energy densities of 5 and 7 kJ/mL since the final temperature was above 70 °C. The HIUS-B treatment showed to be more efficient. Log reductions up to 3.9 cycles of aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria (AMHB) were achieved. Significant reductions of the fat globule size, with diameters lower than 1 µm, better color parameters, and kinetic stability during the storage were observed. Also, HIUS-B treatment inactivated the alkaline phosphatase and lactoperoxidase. The HIUS-B treatment at 3 kJ/mL worked below 57 °C being considered a border temperature since it did not cause unwanted physicochemical effects. Furthermore, a microbial inactivation of 1.8 ± 0.1 log cycles of AMHB was observed. A proper inactivation of only the Alkaline phosphatase and a significant reduction of the fat globules sizes, which kept the milk kinetically stable during storage was achieved.

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This study presents the production of a novel natural blue colorant obtained from the cross-linking between milk proteins and genipin assisted by low-frequency and high-power ultrasound technology. Genipin was extracted from unripe Genipa americana L. using milk as a solvent. Also, milk colloidal system was used as a reaction medium and carrier for the blue color compounds. The effects of ultrasound nominal power (100, 200, 300, and 400 W) on the blue color formation kinetics in milk samples were evaluated at 2, 24, and 48 h of cold storage in relation to their free-genipin content and color parameters. In addition, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, droplet size distribution, microstructure, and kinetic stability of the blue colorant-loaded milk samples were assessed. Our results have demonstrated that the ultrasound technology was a promising and efficient technique to obtain blue colorant-loaded milk samples. One-step acoustic cavitation assisted the genipin extraction and its diffusion into the milk colloidal system favoring its cross-linking with milk proteins. Ultrasound process intensification by increasing the nominal power promoted higher genipin recovery resulting in bluer milk samples. However, the application of high temperatures associated with intensified acoustic cavitation processing favored the occurrence of non-enzymatic browning due to the formation of complex melanin substances from the Maillard reaction. Also, the blue milk samples were chemically stable since their functional groups were not modified after ultrasound processing. Likewise, all blue colorant-loaded milk samples were kinetically stable during their cold storage. Therefore, a novel natural blue colorant with high-potential application in food products like ice creams, dairy beverages, bakery products, and candies was produced.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological, physicochemical and functional quality of an innovative goat whey orange juice beverage (GOB) processed by microfiltration. The microfiltration (0.2 µm) of the GOBs had a variation on the feed temperature (20, 30, 40, 50 °C) and were compared to the conventional heat treatment LTLT (63 °C/30 min). Microbiological (aerobic mesophilic bacteria, mold and yeast and lactic bacteria), physicochemical (pH, color, rheology and volatile compounds) bioactive compounds (acid ascorbic, total phenolics) and functional activity (DPPH, ACE, α-amilase and α-glucosidase) analysis were performed. The GOB processed by microfiltration using at least 30 °C presented adequate microbial counts (less than 4, 3 and 4 log CFU/mL, for AMB, molds and yeasts and LAB, respectively). In general, the pH, color parameters, volatile and bioactive compounds were not influenced by microfiltration temperature, but presented a difference from the LTLT processing. The rheological parameters were influenced by MF temperature and the utilization of temperatures of 20° and 30 °C maintained the consistency similar to the LTLT sample, preserving the compounds responsible for the texture. Therefore, it is suggested a processing of GOB by microfiltration using mild temperatures (between 30° and 40 °C) to preserve consistency and also obtain a desirable microbial quality, beyond the preservation of many functional properties and volatile compounds.

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