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Cryptosporidium spp. es un protozoario productor de diarrea. Los pacientes inmunocomprometidos pueden desarrollar formas clínicas graves y persistentes. Se describen las características de pacientes con enfermedad de base asociada a inmunosupresión (EAI) con infección por Cryptosporidium spp. (IC) atendidos en un hospital pediátrico referencial de Argentina entre los años 2018 y 2023. Se analizaron datos demográficos, EAI, características de la diarrea y coinfecciones. Se incluyeron 30 pacientes con EAI e IC. La mayoría registró trasplante de órgano sólido, neoplasia hematológica e inmunodeficiencia primaria. Dieciocho presentaron diarrea persistente al momento del diagnóstico. Seis pacientes registraron coinfecciones. Se debe considerar la criptosporidiosis en el diagnóstico diferencial de enfermedad diarreica aguda o persistente en niños con distintos tipos de EAI, como el trasplante de órgano sólido, neoplasias hematológicas e inmunodeficiencias primarias.
Cryptosporidium spp. is a diarrhea-causing protozoan. Immunocompromised patients may develop severe and persistent clinical forms. Here we describe the characteristics of patients with an underlying disease associated with immunosuppression (DAI) and Cryptosporidium spp. infection seen at a referral children's hospital in Argentina between 2018 and 2023. Demographic data, DAI, diarrhea characteristics, and co-infections were analyzed. A total of 30 patients with DAI and cryptosporidiosis were included. Most of them had undergone a solid organ transplant, had a hematologic neoplasm, or primary immunodeficiency. Persistent diarrhea was observed in 18 patients at the time of diagnosis. Co-infections were recorded in 6 patients. Cryptosporidiosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute or persistent diarrhea in children with different types of DAI, such as solid organ transplant, hematologic neoplasms, and primary immunodeficiencies.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Criptosporidiose/diagnóstico , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Hospitais Pediátricos/estatística & dados numéricos , Argentina/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Diarreia/etiologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Introducción. Los datos de frecuencia de los adenovirus entéricos, sapovirus y astrovirus en casos de gastroenteritis aguda esporádica en Argentina son escasos. Métodos. Diseño descriptivo sobre una selección de muestras de heces de menores de 5 años con diarrea remitidas durante el período 2010-2021, con resultado previo negativo para rotavirus y norovirus. Se estudió la presencia de adenovirus entéricos, sapovirus y astrovirus por métodos moleculares, con posterior genotipificación de las muestras positivas. Resultados. De 574 muestras seleccionadas, en 226 (39,4 %) se identificó al menos uno de los virus estudiados. En particular, se detectaron adenovirus, sapovirus y astrovirus en el 30,7 %, el 5,6 % y el 3,1 %, respectivamente. El adenovirus 41, los sapovirus GI.1 y GI.2, y el astrovirus 1 fueron los más frecuentemente detectados. Se identificaron dos muestras con astrovirus no clásicos. Conclusiones. A pesar de ser menos frecuentes, estos enteropatógenos son responsables de un número considerable de episodios de diarrea esporádica. Por lo tanto, su estudio y vigilancia contribuye significativamente a reducir la brecha de casos no diagnosticados.
Introduction. Data on the frequency of enteric adenoviruses, sapoviruses, and astroviruses in cases of sporadic acute gastroenteritis in Argentina are scarce. Methods. Descriptive design of a selection of fecal samples of children with diarrhea younger than 5 years referred between 2010 and 2021, with a previous negative result for rotavirus and norovirus. The presence of enteric adenovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus was tested by molecular methods, with subsequent genotyping of positive samples. Results. At least 1 of the tested viruses was detected in 226 (39.4%) of the 574 selected samples. Specifically, adenovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus were detected in 30.7%, 5.6%, and 3.1% of the samples, respectively. The most frequent viruses detected were adenovirus 41, sapoviruses GI.1 and GI.2, and astrovirus 1. Non-classic astroviruses were detected in 2 samples. Conclusions. Despite being less frequent, these enteropathogens are responsible for a large number of sporadic diarrhea events. Therefore, their study and surveillance contribute significantly to reduce the gap of undiagnosed cases.
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Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/virologia , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/virologia , Argentina/epidemiologia , Astroviridae/isolamento & purificação , Astroviridae/genética , Sapovirus/isolamento & purificação , Sapovirus/genética , Fezes/virologia , GenótipoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Clostridioides difficile is the main cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in humans and is a major enteropathogen in several animal species. In newborn piglets, colonic lesions caused by C. difficile A and B toxins (TcdA and TcdB, respectively) cause diarrhea and significant production losses. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to develop two recombinant vaccines from immunogenic C-terminal fragments of TcdA and TcdB and evaluate the immune response in rabbits and in breeding sows. Two vaccines were produced: bivalent (rAB), consisting of recombinant fragments of TcdA and TcdB, and chimeric (rQAB), corresponding to the synthesis of the same fragments in a single protein. Groups of rabbits were inoculated with 10 or 50 µg of proteins adjuvanted with aluminum or 0.85 % sterile saline in a final volume of 1 mL/dose. Anti-TcdA and anti-TcdB IgG antibodies were detected in rabbits and sows immunized with both rAB and rQAB vaccines by ELISA. The vaccinated sows were inoculated intramuscularly with 20 µg/dose using a prime-boost approach. RESULTS: Different antibody titers (p ≤ 0.05) were observed among the vaccinated groups of sows (rAB and rQAB) and control. Additionally, newborn piglets from vaccinated sows were also positive for anti-TcdA and anti-TcdB IgGs, in contrast to control piglets (p ≤ 0.05). Immunization of sows with the rQAB vaccine conferred higher anti-TcdA and anti-TcdB responses in piglets, suggesting the superiority of this compound over rAB. CONCLUSION: The synthesized recombinant proteins were capable of inducing antibody titers against C. difficile toxins A and B in sows, and were passively transferred to piglets through colostrum.
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Animais Recém-Nascidos , Anticorpos Antibacterianos , Toxinas Bacterianas , Vacinas Bacterianas , Clostridioides difficile , Infecções por Clostridium , Doenças dos Suínos , Vacinas Sintéticas , Animais , Feminino , Suínos , Coelhos , Infecções por Clostridium/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Clostridium/veterinária , Infecções por Clostridium/imunologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Bacterianas/genética , Gravidez , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Clostridioides difficile/imunologia , Clostridioides difficile/genética , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Toxinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Enterotoxinas/imunologia , Enterotoxinas/genéticaRESUMO
Bats are important reservoirs and spreaders of pathogens. Giardia duodenalis is a globally important protozoan that infects humans and other mammals with considerable public health burden, particularly on the child development. Based on genetic variation and host specificity, G. duodenalis is categorized into eight genotypes/assemblages A-H. Assemblages A and B are widespread globally and are associated with human and animal disease. There is evidence of Giardia in the bat feces from diverse geographic regions, but the G. duodenalis assemblages are unknown, which is a key point for the One Health view. Here, we successfully amplified the BG/GDH/DIS3/HCMP2/HCMP3 targets of G. duodenalis from five bat species captured in the Brazilian Amazon biome revealing the presence of zoonotic G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in the feces of these flying mammals. Our study reveals that bats may play a role in transmission of zoonotic G. duodenalis, at least in this biome.
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Norovirus is an important etiologic agent of acute gastroenteritis and has become even more relevant in Brazil after the implementation of the monovalent rotavirus vaccine in 2006 through the public health system, now representing a significant portion of the etiology of acute diarrheal diseases. Although diagnosing acute gastroenteritis caused by norovirus is a relatively simple process, and the infection tends to be self-limited, the virus can be considerably harmful to vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. The spread of norovirus is also particularly favorable among such groups due to its mode of transmission, favored by cluttered environments such as in hospitals and densely populated regions. Additionally, norovirus' ability to spread through water and food creates the need for measures to ensure adequate sanitation and the development of effective measures to prevent outbreaks and severe manifestations of the disease. This review aims to address the main reports of human norovirus detected in Brazil over the years, focusing on clinical-hospital, food-related, and urban conglomerate contexts, including the circulating strains.
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Infecções por Caliciviridae , Gastroenterite , Norovirus , Norovirus/genética , Norovirus/isolamento & purificação , Norovirus/classificação , Brasil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , Gastroenterite/virologia , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Surtos de DoençasRESUMO
Green banana Musa paradisiaca (GB) has been traditionally used to aid in the treatment of diarrhea. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate current evidence of the effect of GB consumption as a complement to standard treatment in the population with acute or persistent diarrhea. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS from inception to January 2024; there was no language restriction. Only randomized controlled trials using GB as an intervention were included, and studies using antidiarrheal medication were excluded. A meta-analysis was performed to compare the effect of GB on the resolution of acute and persistent diarrhea. To measure the certainty of evidence, the GRADE assessment was used. Nine randomized controlled trials (seven open and two blinded) were included. Studies were conducted in the pediatric population comprising a total of 3996 patients aged 8 to 34 months, eight studies were written in English and one in Spanish. GB-based food consumption significantly increased the hazard of resolution of diarrhea compared to standard treatment (HR 1.96, 95% CI [1.62; 2.37], p < 0.01; I2 = 52%). The subgroup analysis showed a higher hazard of resolution of diarrhea for children with persistent diarrhea (HR 2.34, 95% CI [1.78; 3.08] compared to acute diarrhea (HR 1.74, 95% CI [1.45; 2.09]).Conclusions: The use of green banana-based foods as a complement to standard treatment in children is probably associated with a faster resolution in acute diarrhea and may aid in the treatment of persistent diarrhea. More clinical trials are necessary to assess if a synergistic effect between GB and other foods exists and proves to be better than GB alone. These findings need to be confirmed in diverse socioeconomic contexts, within the adult population, and under varying health conditionsTrial registration: CRD42024499992.
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Diarreia , Musa , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Humanos , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Diarreia/terapia , Doença Aguda , Pré-Escolar , Lactente , CriançaRESUMO
Viral gastroenteritis is commonly reported in dogs and involves a great diversity of enteric viruses. In this research, viral diversity was investigated in dogs with diarrhea in Northern Brazil using shotgun metagenomics. Furthermore, the presence of norovirus (NoV) was investigated in 282 stool/rectal swabs of young/adult dogs with or without diarrhea from two public kennels, based on one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for genogroup VI and VII (GVI and GVII) and real-time RT-PCR for GI, GII, and GIV. Thirty-one viral families were identified, including bacteriophages. Phylogenetic analyses showed twelve complete or nearly complete genomes belonging to the species of Protoparvovirus carnivoran1, Mamastrovirus 5, Aichivirus A2, Alphacoronavirus 1, and Chipapillomavirus 1. This is the first description of the intestinal virome of dogs in Northern Brazil and the first detection of canine norovirus GVII in the country. These results are important for helping to understand the viral groups that circulate in the canine population.
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Doenças do Cão , Gastroenterite , Filogenia , Cães , Animais , Gastroenterite/virologia , Gastroenterite/veterinária , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/virologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Norovirus/genética , Norovirus/classificação , Norovirus/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/virologia , Genoma Viral , Variação Genética , Metagenômica/métodos , Vírus/classificação , Vírus/genética , Vírus/isolamento & purificação , ViromaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: C. difficile has been increasingly reported as a cause of gastrointestinal disease in children, ranging from mild self-limiting diarrhea to severe conditions such as pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon. Only two pediatric research groups reported the presence of C. difficile infection in Brazilian children, but no previous research has examined C. difficile infection among children in northeastern Brazil. This prospective cross-sectional study investigated the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of C. difficile strains isolated from children and adolescents with diarrhea referred to a tertiary pediatric hospital in Brazil while exploring the associated risk factors. RESULTS: Toxin positivity or C. difficile isolation was found in 30.4 % (17/56) samples. C. difficile was isolated from 35 % (6/17) samples. Four toxigenic strains were identified (tpi+, tcdA+, tcdB+, cdtB-, without tcdC deletions) belonging to PCR ribotypes and PFGE-pulsotypes: 046 (new pulsotype 1174), 106 (NAP11), 002 (new pulsotype 1274), 012 (new pulsotype NML-1235). Two of the six isolates belonging to ribotypes 143 and 133 were non-toxigenic. All toxigenic strains were sensitive to metronidazole and vancomycin. Regarding the clinical manifestation, diarrhea lasted an average of 11 days, ranging from 3 to 50 days and was often associated with mucus and/or blood. All six patients from whom the C. difficile was isolated had a chronic disease diagnosis, with these comorbidities as the main risk factors. CONCLUSION: Our study enhances our understanding of the present epidemiological landscape of C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDI) among children in northeastern Brazil, reveling a substantial CDI frequency of 30.4 %, with toxigenic strains detected in 76.4 % of cases, highlighting a higher prevalence compared to earlier Brazilian studies. In the globalized world, an understanding of disease-generating strains, the associated risk factors, clinical manifestation, and antimicrobial sensitivity has fundamental epidemiological importance and draws attention to preventive measures, allowing for more decisive action.
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Antibacterianos , Clostridioides difficile , Infecções por Clostridium , Hospitais Pediátricos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Humanos , Clostridioides difficile/genética , Clostridioides difficile/efeitos dos fármacos , Clostridioides difficile/isolamento & purificação , Criança , Adolescente , Feminino , Masculino , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Prospectivos , Centros de Atenção Terciária/estatística & dados numéricos , Pré-Escolar , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções por Clostridium/epidemiologia , Infecções por Clostridium/microbiologia , Fatores de Risco , Lactente , Epidemiologia Molecular , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Ribotipagem , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genéticaRESUMO
La clorhidrorrea congénita es un trastorno genético infrecuente pero importante caracterizado por una alteración grave del balance hidroelectrolítico como resultado de un defecto en la absorción intestinal de cloruros. Los niños afectados presentan diarrea persistente, deshidratación y malnutrición; el control médico y del desarrollo son complejos. Mejorar la detección prenatal es esencial para facilitar la atención del paciente, las intervenciones tempranas y el asesoramiento genético informado. Sin embargo, a pesar de los avances de la medicina, la naturaleza compleja y la escasa frecuencia de esta entidad, constituyen un desafío para la detección prenatal. En este estudio, se reporta el caso de una embarazada donde los estudios por imágenes de resonancia magnética fetales identificaron en forma efectiva las características típicas de la clorhidrorrea congénita. Se proveen conocimientos sobre las complejidades del diagnóstico y se sugieren caminos para las estrategias de detección temprana de esta enfermedad.
Congenital chloride diarrhea (CCD) is a rare but significant genetic disorder characterized by severe electrolyte imbalances resulting from impaired intestinal chloride absorption. Affected children experience persistent diarrhea, dehydration, and malnutrition, complicating medical and developmental care. The enhancement of prenatal detection is crucial for improved patient management, early interventions, and informed genetic counseling. However, despite advancements in medicine, the complex nature and rarity of CCD make prenatal detection challenging. In this study, we report a fetal case where prenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) effectively identified the distinctive characteristics of CCD, providing insights into the complexities of diagnosis and suggesting avenues for enhanced early detection strategies.
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Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal/métodos , Diarreia/congênito , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo/diagnóstico , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo/genética , Diarreia/etiologia , Aconselhamento GenéticoRESUMO
This study aimed to assess an ultra-diluted (UD) complex, as a replacement for an antimicrobial growth promoter in diets, on growth performance, intestinal health, and inflammatory response of nursery piglets. The experiment lasted 37 days and involved 126 animals weaned at 21 ± 1.3 d, with an initial body weight of 5.62 ± 1.16 kg. Piglets were assigned to six dietary treatments in a randomized block design with seven replicates and three piglets per pen as experimental unit. The treatments were: positive control (PC)- basal diet + 120 mg/kg of chlorohydroxyquinoline; negative control (NC)- basal diet without additives; and NC containing 4.5; 6.0; 7.5 or 9.0 kg of UD additive/ton diet. Performance data were calculated, and daily diarrhea was observed. Blood samples were collected for hematological analysis. At the end of the experiment, one animal per pen was slaughtered for organ weighing, pH, and the collection of intestinal samples for histopathology. Feces and cecal contents were collected for microbiological and antibiogram analyses. There was no difference in the performance between the treatments. Throughout the study, UD levels were equal to those of PC for diarrhea occurrence. Higher levels of UD complex led to higher total leukocyte counts. The 4.5 treatment showed a reduction in total and thermotolerant Enterobacteriaceae populations in piglet feces and an increase in lactic acid bacteria compared to PC. All treatments resulted in fewer duodenal histopathological alterations than those in the NC group. The use of UD additives, especially at 4.5 kg/ton, is a good alternative to chlorohydroxyquinoline in piglet diets.
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Ração Animal , Dieta , Animais , Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Suínos , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Diarreia/veterinária , Diarreia/prevenção & controle , Distribuição Aleatória , Sus scrofaRESUMO
The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials has led to the emergence of resistant bacteria, especially pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, which are associated with diseases in animals and humans. The aim of the present study was to characterize E. coli isolates in calves with regards to the presence of virulence genes and investigate the resistance of the isolates to different antimicrobials. Between 2021 and 2023, 456 fecal samples were collected from calves in the Pantanal and Cerrado biomes of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. All samples were subjected to microbiological analysis and disc diffusion antibiogram testing. The polymerase chain reaction method was used to detect virulence genes. Bacterial growth was found in 451 of the 456 samples and biochemically identified as Escherichia coli. All 451 isolates (100 %) exhibited some phenotypic resistance to antimicrobials and 67.62 % exhibited multidrug resistance. The frequency of multidrug-resistant isolates in the Cerrado biome was significantly higher than that in the Pantanal biome (p = 0.0001). In the Cerrado, the most common pathotype was Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) (28 %), followed by toxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (11 %), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) (8 %) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (2 %). In most cases, the concomitant occurrence of pathotypes was more common, the most frequent of which were ETEC + STEC (33 %), ETEC + EHEC (15 %) and ETEC + EPEC (3 %). The STEC pathotype (30 %) was also found more frequently in the Pantanal, followed by EHEC (12 %), ETEC (9 %) and EPEC (6 %). The STEC pathotype had a significantly higher frequency of multidrug resistance (p = 0.0486) compared to the other pathotypes identified. The frequency of resistance was lower in strains from the Pantanal biome compared to those from the Cerrado biome. Although some factors are discussed in this paper, it is necessary to clarify the reasons for this difference and the possible impacts of these findings on both animal and human health in the region.
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Antibacterianos , Doenças dos Bovinos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Fezes , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fatores de Virulência , Animais , Bovinos , Brasil , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/genética , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli Êntero-Hemorrágica/genética , Escherichia coli Êntero-Hemorrágica/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli Êntero-Hemorrágica/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica/genética , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the fecal shedding of C. difficile in calves on farms in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fecal samples (n = 300) were collected from diarrheic (n = 78) and nondiarrheic (n = 222) calves less than 60 days of age from 20 farms. Fecal samples were inoculated into enrichment broth supplemented with taurocholate and cultured under anaerobic conditions. Colonies suspected to be C. difficile were harvested for DNA extraction and then multiplex PCR for the detection of genes encoding toxins A and B and binary toxins. All toxigenic isolates were ribotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, and five selected strains were subjected to whole-genome sequencing to determine their sequence type. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: C. difficile was isolated from 29.3 % (88/300) of the samples. All toxigenic isolates (17/88, 19.3 %) were classified as ribotypes RT046 (13/17-79.47 %, A+B+ CDT-) and RT126 (4/17 = 20.53 %, A+B+ CDT+). The sequenced strains from RT046 were classified as ST35 (Clade 1), while those from RT126 were classified as ST11 (Clade 5). No associations between the epidemiological factors in any of the groups and C. difficile isolation were observed. Most of the toxigenic isolates (16/17 = 94.41 %) were classified as multidrug-resistant. Calves can be an important source of toxigenic C. difficile strains, including multidrug-resistant isolates from ribotypes commonly observed in humans.
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Doenças dos Bovinos , Clostridioides difficile , Infecções por Clostridium , Fezes , Ribotipagem , Clostridioides difficile/genética , Clostridioides difficile/isolamento & purificação , Clostridioides difficile/classificação , Clostridioides difficile/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Bovinos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Infecções por Clostridium/veterinária , Infecções por Clostridium/microbiologia , Infecções por Clostridium/epidemiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Derrame de Bactérias , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/veterinária , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
This study aims to determine the serological profile of high-yielding dairy cows for four main viruses (bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV3), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)) related to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in cattle herds worldwide. In this survey, 497 blood serum samples were collected from non-vaccinated dairy cows without clinical respiratory signs in 39 herds in the central-eastern mesoregion of Paraná State, South Brazil. The presence of neutralizing antibodies was determined by virus neutralization (VN) tests. VN antibodies against BoAHV1, BVDV, BPIV3, and BRSV were detected in 355 (71.4%), 280 (56.3%), 481 (96.8%), and 315 (63.4%) serum samples, respectively. The frequencies of seropositive herds for BoAHV1, BVDV, BPIV3, and BRSV were 79.5 (n = 31), 82.0 (n = 32), 100 (n = 39), and 84.6% (n = 33), respectively. The frequencies of seropositive cows varied according to the type of herd management and the number of cows in the herd. The detection of VN antibodies in unvaccinated dairy cattle herds demonstrated the endemic circulation of the four viruses in the herds evaluated. For BRD prevention, it is recommended to implement a vaccination program for cows that provides passive immunity in calves and active immunity in cows.
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Astylus atromaculatus Blanchard is a native beetle of South America that feeds on pollen. During the summer of 2022-2023 in Argentina and Uruguay, an explosive infestation of these insects occurred in pastures in which ruminants were grazing. This was believed to be associated with a severe drought, which had significantly reduced the flowering of crops. Three farms in Uruguay and one in Argentina were visited to examine the flocks and perform autopsies. Affected sheep had watery diarrhea, anorexia, depression, and ruminal atony. The average morbidity, mortality, and case fatality rates were 7.5%, 4.3%, and 68%, respectively. The main gross findings in all animals were in the jejunum; the serosa had multifocal hemorrhages, and the mucosa was necrotic and covered by a pseudomembrane. Microscopically, the mucosa had partial-to-complete necrosis of the lamina propria, as well as loss of villus and crypt epithelium with neutrophilic infiltration. Overlying the necrotic mucosa was a pseudomembrane of fibrin, cell debris, desquamated epithelial cells, degenerate neutrophils, and bacteria. Many specimens of A. atromaculatus were in all paddocks in which sheep grazed, as well as in the ruminal content of the autopsied animals.
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Besouros , Surtos de Doenças , Doenças dos Ovinos , Argentina/epidemiologia , Besouros/química , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/mortalidade , Doenças dos Ovinos/patologia , Uruguai/epidemiologia , AnimaisRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of direct-fed microbials (DFM) on health and growth responses of preweaning Bos indicus × Bos taurus (Gyr × Holstein) crossbred calves. Ninety newborn heifer calves (initial BW of 35 ± 4.0 kg) were used. At birth, calves were ranked by initial BW and parity of the dam and assigned to: (1) whole milk without DFM supplementation (CON; n = 30), (2) whole milk with the addition of 1.0 g/calf per day of a Bacillus-based DFM (BAC; n = 30), or (3) whole milk with the addition of 1.0 g/calf per day of BAC and 1.2 g/calf per day of Enterococcus faecium 669 (MIX; n = 30). Milk was fed individually during the study (77 d), and the BAC and MIX treatments were offered daily throughout the 77-d preweaning period. All calves were offered a starter supplement and corn silage starting on d 1 and 60 of age, respectively. Milk and starter supplement intake were evaluated daily, and BW was recorded on d 0 and at weaning (d 77). Diarrhea and pneumonia were assessed daily, and fecal samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 21, and at weaning (d 77) for assessment of the presence of bacterial and protozoal pathogens via qPCR. All data were analyzed using SAS (v. 9.4) with calf as the experimental unit and using single-df orthogonal contrasts (BAC + MIX vs. CON; BAC vs. MIX). Daily feeding of DFM, regardless of type, improved weaning BW. Odds ratio for occurrence of pneumonia was lower for DFM-supplemented calves, but its occurrence did not differ between BAC and MIX calves. No Salmonella spp. or Escherichia coli F41 were detected in any of the calves. The proportion of calves positive for E. coli F17 was greater for DFM calves on d 7 (92% and 96% vs. 81% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively), on d 21 (13% and 26% vs. 7% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively), and at weaning (48% and 35% vs. 22% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively). For Clostridium difficile, more DFM calves were positive on d 7 (65% and 30% vs. 35% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively) and 14 (20% and 28% vs. 7% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively), but proportion of positive calves was also greater for BAC versus MIX on d 7. More CON calves were positive for Clostridium perfringens on d 14 (14% vs. 3% and 8% for CON, BAC, and MIX, respectively) compared with DFM-fed calves. Incidence of calves positive for C. perfringens was greater in BAC than MIX on d 7 (50% vs. 18%), and greater for MIX than BAC at weaning (9% vs. 0%). For protozoa occurrence, a lower proportion of DFM calves were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. on d 7 (58% and 48% vs. 76% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively), but opposite results were observed on d 21 for Cryptosporidium spp. (3% and 11% vs. 0% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively) and Eimeria spp. on d 14 (7% and 8% vs. 0% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively) and 21 (50% and 59% vs. 38% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively). In summary, DFM feeding alleviated the occurrence of pneumonia and improved growth rates, while also modulating the prevalence of bacteria and protozoa in preweaning Gyr × Holstein calves.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Dieta , Desmame , Animais , Bovinos , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , LeiteRESUMO
Cryptosporidium spp. is a diarrhea-causing protozoan. Immunocompromised patients may develop severe and persistent clinical forms. Here we describe the characteristics of patients with an underlying disease associated with immunosuppression (DAI) and Cryptosporidium spp. infection seen at a referral children's hospital in Argentina between 2018 and 2023. Demographic data, DAI, diarrhea characteristics, and co-infections were analyzed. A total of 30 patients with DAI and cryptosporidiosis were included. Most of them had undergone a solid organ transplant, had a hematologic neoplasm, or primary immunodeficiency. Persistent diarrhea was observed in 18 patients at the time of diagnosis. Co-infections were recorded in 6 patients. Cryptosporidiosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute or persistent diarrhea in children with different types of DAI, such as solid organ transplant, hematologic neoplasms, and primary immunodeficiencies.
Cryptosporidium spp. es un protozoario productor de diarrea. Los pacientes inmunocomprometidos pueden desarrollar formas clínicas graves y persistentes. Se describen las características de pacientes con enfermedad de base asociada a inmunosupresión (EAI) con infección por Cryptosporidium spp. (IC) atendidos en un hospital pediátrico referencial de Argentina entre los años 2018 y 2023. Se analizaron datos demográficos, EAI, características de la diarrea y coinfecciones. Se incluyeron 30 pacientes con EAI e IC. La mayoría registró trasplante de órgano sólido, neoplasia hematológica e inmunodeficiencia primaria. Dieciocho presentaron diarrea persistente al momento del diagnóstico. Seis pacientes registraron coinfecciones. Se debe considerar la criptosporidiosis en el diagnóstico diferencial de enfermedad diarreica aguda o persistente en niños con distintos tipos de EAI, como el trasplante de órgano sólido, neoplasias hematológicas e inmunodeficiencias primarias.
Assuntos
Criptosporidiose , Hospitais Pediátricos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Humanos , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/diagnóstico , Argentina/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Masculino , Feminino , Hospitais Pediátricos/estatística & dados numéricos , Lactente , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Diarreia/etiologia , Adolescente , Estudos Retrospectivos , Coinfecção/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Background: Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is a leading cause of diarrheal morbidity and mortality in children, although the data on disease burden, epidemiology, and impact on health at the community level are limited. Methods: In a longitudinal birth cohort study of 345 children followed until 24 months of age in Lima, Peru, we measured ETEC burden in diarrheal and non-diarrheal samples using quantitative PCR (LT, STh, and STp toxin genes), studied epidemiology and measured anthropometry in children. Results: About 70% of children suffered from one or more ETEC diarrhea episodes. Overall, the ETEC incidence rate (IR) was 73 per 100 child-years. ETEC infections began early after birth causing 10% (8.9-11.1) ETEC-attributable diarrheal burden at the population level (PAF) in neonates and most of the infections (58%) were attributed to ST-ETEC [PAF 7.9% (1.9-13.5)] and LT + ST-ETEC (29%) of which all the episodes were associated with diarrhea. ETEC infections increased with age, peaking at 17% PAF (4.6-27.7%; p = 0.026) at 21 to 24 months. ST-ETEC was the most prevalent type (IR 32.1) with frequent serial infections in a child. The common colonization factors in ETEC diarrhea cases were CFA/I, CS12, CS21, CS3, and CS6, while in asymptomatic ETEC cases were CS12, CS6 and CS21. Only few (5.7%) children had repeated infections with the same combination of ETEC toxin(s) and CFs, suggested genotype-specific immunity from each infection. For an average ETEC diarrhea episode of 5 days, reductions of 0.060 weight-for-length z-score (0.007 to 0.114; p = 0.027) and 0.061 weight-for-age z-score (0.015 to 0.108; p = 0.009) were noted in the following 30 days. Conclusion: This study showed that ETEC is a significant pathogen in Peruvian children who experience serial infections with multiple age-specific pathotypes, resulting in transitory growth impairment.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica/genética , Peru/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Enterotoxinas/genética , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder commonly associated with extra-intestinal symptoms. However, the prevalence of these symptoms according to IBS subtype is not well established. AIM: To compare the prevalence of extra-intestinal symptoms among patients with different subtypes of IBS. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study including patients with IBS according to Rome IV criteria was performed between July 2022 and April 2023. Patients were classified according their subtype of IBS: IBS-D (diarrhea-predominant), IBS-C (constipation-predominant), and IBS-M (mixed bowel habits). Patients completed the IBS severity scoring system questionnaire (IBS-SSS) to determine severity of IBS symptoms and patient health questionnaire- 9 (PHQ-9) to define presence and severity of depressive symptoms. The prevalence of reported extra-intestinal symptoms was also assessed and compared between groups. KEY RESULTS: A total of 4862 patients with IBS were included; 608 IBS-D (12.5%), 1978 IBS-C (40.7%), and 2276 IBS-M (46.8%). Patients with IBS-C had significantly lower IBS-symptoms severity (mean IBS-SSS 290 vs. 310 and 320 for IBS-D and IBS-M, respectively, p = 0.03). The prevalence of obesity was also significantly lower in these patients (17.1% vs. 30.9% IBS-D and 27.9% IBS-M, p = 0.0001). Patients with IBS-D showed a significantly higher prevalence of food intolerance perception (9.5%, p = 0.03), history of cholecystectomy (17.8%, p = 0.03), and fecal incontinence (36.2%, p = 0.0001) as compared to the other groups. Patients with IBS-M had significantly higher mean PHQ-9 score (12.7 vs. 11.1 IBS-D and 10.5 IBS-C, p = 0.001) and prevalence of depressive symptoms (80.0%, p = 0.01). Patients with IBS-M also had higher prevalence of extra-intestinal symptoms such as arthralgia (62.4%, p = 0.0001), extremity numbness (64.5%, p = 0.0001), atopic dermatitis (28.2%, p = 0.02), and chronic cervicalgia (81.0%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: The prevalence of most extra-intestinal symptoms is higher among patients with IBS-M. Further research is needed to better characterize IBS subtypes, which could potentially help refining tailored therapeutic strategies.
Assuntos
Síndrome do Intestino Irritável , Humanos , Síndrome do Intestino Irritável/epidemiologia , Síndrome do Intestino Irritável/diagnóstico , Feminino , Masculino , Estudos Transversais , Prevalência , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Depressão/epidemiologia , Constipação Intestinal/epidemiologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
CONTEXT: Apparently, the consumption of resistant-starch food sources, such as green banana biomass, stimulates the proliferation of short-chain fatty acid intestinal bacteria producers, which can contribute to intestinal health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. However, the available scientific evidence is scarce and no study has systematically evaluated such evidence. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the potential effects of green banana biomass on anthropometry, body composition, and biochemical and intestinal variables in humans and animals. DATA SOURCES: The Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases were searched in January 2024 for eligible articles. Studies that tested the effects of cooked peeled or unpeeled green banana on anthropometric, biochemical, and/or intestinal variables were included. DATA EXTRACTION: This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The classification and assessment of the quality of studies were based on the relevant criteria related to the design of these studies and the quality criteria checklist of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics manual. Twelve studies published between 2001 and 2021 were included in the review. DATA ANALYSIS: The results of human studies indicate that the ingestion of green banana biomass controlled intestinal dysfunction (50-300 g/day for 5-14 days or 30 g/day for 8 wk) in children, and showed potential anti-obesogenic, anti-hyperlipidemic, and antidiabetic (40 g/day for 24 wk) effects in adults. In rats, biomass consumption led to potential anti-obesogenic (25 g/day for 8 wk), anti-hyperlipidemic, and antidiabetic (â¼8-30 g/day for 12 wk) effects. CONCLUSION: Consumption of green banana biomass seems to exert beneficial effects on intestinal function and potential effects on obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. These effects may be related to increased fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations as a result of type 3 resistant starch present in biomass. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: Open Science Framework (OSF) (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/TKCWV).
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ABSTRACT Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, characterized by changes of the intestinal habit associated with abdominal pain. This study analyzed factors associated with this pathology during the COVID-19 pandemic, and it was seen that the impact of IBS was higher in young women who had ongoing studies in the medical field. Objectives: Determine the prevalence of IBS in medical students and explore the associated factors with the increase of its symptoms, through the use of digital tools. Materials and methods: Descriptive observational study with exploration of associations, with nonprobabilistic sampling, until reaching the minimum sample of 110 participants with a confidence interval of 95%, finally having a total sample of 131 students, distributed in 3 proportional and representative subgroups of the last 3 years of study of the medical career from a university from Lima, Peru. The inclusion criteria were students of both sexes and legal age, who gave their consent to participate and did not have risk factors for GI disease. Once the study was approved, the link of a validated virtual questionnaire was shared through the institutional email. To explore the associated factors, the Chi-square test was used with a statistical significance of p < 0.05. Results: Responses were obtained from 195 students; 64 (32.82%) of them had at least one exclusion criteria, finally having a sample size of 131; 64 (48.85%) were women, and 52 (39.69%) were from 7th year. Using the Rome IV criteria, 23 participants were classified as having IBS, which indicates a prevalence of 17.56%, 14 (60.87%) of them were women and 10 (43.48%) were from the 7th year (last year of study of the medical career in Peru). It was observed that 1 in 3 students (32.06%) had chronic abdominal pain, and 1 in 2 (53.44%) reported having a history of Major Depression or Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Of the total, 51 (38.93%) had a history of having a positive COVID-19 test result. Regarding the associated factors, a significant association was only found between IBS and the diarrhea type, classified according to the Bristol Scale. Conclusions: The prevalence of IBS in medical students was 17.56%, the highest compared with studies in the general population and in medical students using Rome IV criteria. Of the associated factors, the clinical presentation of diarrhea, according to the Bristol scale, was associated with IBS.
RESUMEN El síndrome de intestino irritable (SII) es una patología gastrointestinal (GI) funcional, caracterizado por cambios y alteraciones del hábito intestinal asociado a dolor abdominal. El presente estudio analizó los factores asociados a esta patología durante la pandemia de COVID-19, y se vio que el impacto de SII fue mayor en mujeres jóvenes que tenían estudios en el área médica. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de SII en estudiantes de medicina y explorar los factores asociados con el aumento de estos síntomas, usando herramientas digitales. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo con exploración de asociaciones con muestreo no probabilístico, hasta alcanzar la muestra mínima de 110 participantes con un intervalo de confianza de 95%, teniendo una muestra final de 131 estudiantes distribuidos en 3 grupos proporcionales y representativos de los 3 últimos años de medicina de una universidad de Lima, Perú. Los criterios de inclusión fueron estudiantes de ambos sexos y mayores de edad, quienes dieron su consentimiento para participar y no tenían factores de riesgo para enfermedad GI. Una vez que el estudio fue aprobado, el link del cuestionario virtual validado fue compartido por el correo institucional. Para explorar los factores asociados, se usó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado con una significancia estadística de p<0,05. Resultados: Se obtuvieron respuestas de 195 estudiantes; 64 (32,82%) tuvieron al menos un criterio de exclusión, teniendo una muestra final de 131; 64 (48,85%) fueron mujeres y 52 (39,69%) del 7mo año. Utilizando los criterios de ROMA IV, 23 participantes fueron clasificados con SII, lo que indica una prevalencia del 17,56%, de los cuales 14 (60,87%) fueron mujeres y 10 (43,48%) del 7mo año (último año de la carrera de medicina en Perú). Se observó que uno de cada tres estudiantes (32,06%) tenía dolor abdominal crónico, y 1 de cada 2 (53,44%) reportó antecedente de Depresión mayor o Trastorno de ansiedad generalizada. Del total, 51 (38,93%) tenían antecedente de resultado positivo a COVID-19. Respecto a los factores asociados, solo se encontró una asociación significativa entre el SII y el tipo diarrea clasificada según la escala de Bristol. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de SII en estudiantes de medicina fue de 17,56%, la más alta en comparación a estudios en población general y estudiantes de medicina usando los criterios de Roma IV. De los factores asociados, la presentación clínica de diarrea según la escala de Bristol estuvo asociada a SII.