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Medicinal plants have been employed as an alternative method to treat diabetes. One is Cissus sicyoides, a plant from the Amazon region (Northern Brazil), which is morphologically similar to Wedelia paludosa, a plant easily found in Southern Brazil. Thus, this study aimed to assess the potential toxicity of C. sicyoides and W. paludosa's leaves water extracts. Through phytochemical screening, phenolic compounds and alkaloids were observed in both species and coumarins only W. paludosa's aqueous extract. Phenolic compounds were quantified in both extracts and C. sicyoides presented 1.36 ± 0.04 mg/pyrogalic acid equivalent (PAE), whereas W. paludosa presented 3.27 ± 0.07 mg/PAE. Total antioxidant power was measured by the ferric reduction assay. Cissus sicyoides exhibited total antioxidant activity of 748.0 ± 104.5 µM and W. paludosa, 1971.5 ± 141.0 µM. Cissus sicyoides showed an inhibition rate for the alpha-glucosidases enzyme assay of 55.2 ± 1.7% and W. paludosa, 85.8 ± 9.7%. The formation of reactive oxygen species was evaluated by the DCFH-DA method, its formation being higher in W. paludosa's water extracts than in C. sicyoides. Cell viability was evaluated by the Sulforhodamine B and MTT assays. Wedelia paludosa's extracts' exposure presented a cell viability close to positive control starting from 2 mg/mL to 30 mg/mL, whereas C. sicyoides demonstrated statistical significant low viability at the highest concentration when compared with the negative control. Moreover, cell death mechanism was investigated, having W. paludosa's extract indicated death by necrosis. The results suggest low toxicity for C. sicyoides' extract and high toxicity for W. paludosa's extract.
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Ethnopharmacological relevance: The orchid Prosthechea karwinskii is a medicinal orchid in Oaxaca, Mexico, used to treat diabetes, cough, wounds, and burns, prevent miscarriage and assist in labor. Each part of the plant (leaves, pseudobulbs, or flowers) is used by healers for certain treatment conditions, indicating that each part has different biocompounds with specific pharmacological activity. Aim of the study: To characterize the biocompounds in extracts from leaves, pseudobulbs, and flowers of P. karwinskii and evaluate their ROS inhibition capacity to associate it with medicinal uses. Materials and methods: The compounds present in extracts from leaves, pseudobulbs, and flowers of P. karwinskii were identified by UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS. The chemical differentiation of each extract was tested by principal component analysis (PCA) using compound intensity values. For each extract, total phenol and flavonoid contents were quantified. Their antioxidant capacity was evaluated ex vivo by inhibition of ROS with DCFH-DA and in vitro with DPPH radical. Results: Based on the PCA, it was observed that some compounds were completely separated from others according to the correlation that they presented. The compounds common to all three plant parts were quinic, malic, succinic, azelaic, and pinellic acids. Among the compounds identified, two were exclusive to leaves, four to pseudobulbs, and ten to flowers. Some of the identified compounds have well-known antioxidant activity. The leaves had the highest content of total phenols and flavonoids, and the highest in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant capacity. A strong correlation was observed between phenol and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant capacity ex vivo and in vitro. Conclusions: It was found that the bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of each part of the plant were associated with its traditional medicinal use. A pharmacological potential was also found in P. karwinskii for further biological studies because of the type of compounds it contained.
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Exotic fruits and their co-products may be valuable sources of antioxidant dietary fibres (DF) which are useful for food industry and human health. In this study, we aimed to characterize DF obtained from guavira fruit pomace and investigate its antioxidant potential employing TEAC assay as well as a cell model. The DF were chemically characterized as containing arabinan, highly-methoxylated homogalacturonan and arabinogalactan. The DF-containing fraction (CPW) presented ABTS free radical scavenger activity. MTT and DCFH-DA assay were performed to assess, respectively, changes in cell viability and the potential intracellular antioxidant activity against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in murine NIH 3T3 fibroblast. CPW exhibited no effects on cell viability, moreover, when administered 48 h prior the induction of H2O2 toxic effects, it protected the cells, significantly increasing the cell viability compared to control. This protection may be related to the observed reduction of reactive oxygen species levels. Thus, the pre-treatment of cells with guavira DF for 48 h remarkably induced a cytoprotection against pro-oxidant conditions, and may be a valuable functional compound recovered from an unexploited agroindutrial waste.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Frutas/química , Animais , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Galactanos/química , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/toxicidade , Camundongos , Células NIH 3T3 , Estresse Oxidativo , Pectinas/química , Polissacarídeos/químicaRESUMO
AIMS: Various investigations have demonstrated the protective capacity of general anesthetics as neuroprotective agents. The effects of propofol against ischemia are known to reside in its antioxidant properties and its GABAergic activity. Other aromatic alcohols have also been reported as able to protect neurons against oxidative damage. The aim of this work is to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effect of some phenols, structurally analogues of propofol, with proven GABAergic activity. These phenols include the naturally occurring compounds thymol, carvacrol and eugenol, the synthetic product chlorothymol, and the most widely used intravenous anesthetic, propofol, as a reference compound. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Taking primary cultures of cortical neurons as a suitable model to evaluate cellular protection against oxidative damage, we developed an injury model to test potential neuroprotective activity. The intracellular hydroperoxides were also determined. KEY FINDINGS: The results showed that no compound decreased cell viability at concentrations where they were active on the GABAA receptor. In neuroprotection tests, some phenols and Vit E showed a partial protective effect against the oxidative injury. These compounds induced a clear tendency to reduce H2O2 damage, comparing production of hydroperoxides, although these last changes were statistically non-significant. SIGNIFICANCE: Testing the intracellular oxidation levels suggests that this partial protection exerted by propofol, thymol and chlorothymol may be mediated in some way by their antioxidant activities. However, this neuroprotection is not completely correlated with the antioxidant capacity, but it approaches their relative pharmacological potency, which could be interpreted as a final effect that would involve both activities.
Assuntos
Anestésicos Intravenosos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Eugenol/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Timol/farmacologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Córtex Cerebral/citologia , Cimenos , Neurônios/citologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores de GABA-A/metabolismoRESUMO
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Previously, we found several genes showing a differential expression in CFDE cells (epithelial cells derived from a CF patient). One corresponded to c-Src; its expression and activity was found increased in CFDE cells, acting as a signaling molecule between the CFTR activity and MUC1 overexpression. Here we report that bronchial IB3-1 cells (CF cells) also showed increased c-Src activity compared to 'CFTR-corrected' S9 cells. In addition, three different Caco-2 cell lines, each stably transfected with a different CFTR-specific shRNAs, displayed increased c-Src activity. The IL-1ß receptor antagonist IL1RN reduced the c-Src activity of Caco-2/pRS26 cells (expressing a CFTR-specific shRNA). In addition, increased mitochondrial and cellular ROS levels were detected in Caco-2/pRS26 cells. ROS levels were partially reduced by incubation with PP2 (c-Src inhibitor) or IL1RN, and further reduced by using the NOX1/4 inhibitor GKT137831. Thus, IL-1ßâc-Src and IL-1ßâNOX signaling pathways appear to be responsible for the production of cellular and mitochondrial ROS in CFTR-KD cells. In conclusion, IL-1ß constitutes a new step in the CFTR signaling pathway, located upstream of c-Src, which is stimulated in cells with impaired CFTR activity.
Assuntos
Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima , Quinases da Família src/metabolismo , Animais , Comunicação Autócrina , Proteína Tirosina Quinase CSK , Células CACO-2 , Linhagem Celular , Fibrose Cística/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteína Antagonista do Receptor de Interleucina 1/metabolismo , Microscopia Confocal , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Mucina-1/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Células Sf9 , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
The radioprotective potential of histamine on healthy tissue has been previously demonstrated. The aims of this work were to investigate the combinatorial effect of histamine or its receptor ligands and gamma radiation in vitro on the radiobiological response of 2 breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), to explore the potential molecular mechanisms of the radiosensitizing action and to evaluate the histamine-induced radiosensitization in vivo in a triple negative breast cancer model. Results indicate that histamine significantly increased the radiosensitivity of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. This effect was mimicked by the H1R agonist 2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)histamine and the H4R agonists (Clobenpropit and VUF8430) in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, respectively. Histamine and its agonists enhanced radiation-induced oxidative DNA damage, DNA double-strand breaks, apoptosis and senescence. These effects were associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species, which correlated with the inhibition of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in MDA-MB-231 cells. Histamine was able also to potentiate in vivo the anti-tumoral effect of radiation, increasing the exponential tumor doubling time. We conclude that histamine increased radiation response of breast cancer cells, suggesting that it could be used as a potential adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy.
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Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Histamina/metabolismo , Tolerância a Radiação , Radiação Ionizante , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/efeitos da radiação , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/radioterapia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Senescência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Senescência Celular/efeitos da radiação , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Dano ao DNA/efeitos da radiação , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Feminino , Histamina/farmacologia , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Oxirredução , Tolerância a Radiação/efeitos dos fármacos , Radiossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Carga Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Carga Tumoral/efeitos da radiação , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
In order to find a novel photosensitizer to be used in photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment, we have previously showed that the cationic zinc(II) phthalocyanine named Pc13, the sulfur-linked dye 2,9(10),16(17),23(24)-tetrakis[(2-trimethylammonium) ethylsulfanyl]phthalocyaninatozinc(II) tetraiodide, exerts a selective phototoxic effect on human nasopharynx KB carcinoma cells and induces an apoptotic response characterized by an increase in the activity of caspase-3. Since the activation of an apoptotic pathway by chemotherapeutic agents contributes to the elimination of malignant cells, in this study we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor action of Pc13. We found that after light exposure, Pc13 induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are mediating the resultant cytotoxic action on KB cells. ROS led to an early permeabilization of lysosomal membranes as demonstrated by the reduction of lysosome fluorescence with acridine orange and the release of lysosomal proteases to cytosol. Treatment with antioxidants inhibited ROS generation, preserved the integrity of lysosomal membrane and increased cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Lysosome disruption was followed by mitochondrial depolarization, cytosolic release of cytochrome C and caspases activation. Although no change in the total amount of Bax was observed, the translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria, the cleavage of the pro-apoptotic protein Bid, together with the decrease of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 indicated the involvement of Bcl-2 family proteins in the induction of the mitochondrial pathway. It was also demonstrated that cathepsin D, but not caspase-8, contributed to Bid cleavage. In conclusion, Pc13-induced cell photodamage is triggered by ROS generation and activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway through the release of lysosomal proteases. In addition, our results also indicated that Pc13 induced a caspase-dependent apoptotic response, being activation of caspase-8, -9 and -3 the result of a post-mitochondrial event.
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Dermatite Fototóxica/metabolismo , Dermatite Fototóxica/patologia , Indóis/toxicidade , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Compostos Organometálicos/toxicidade , Caspases/metabolismo , Catepsinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Catepsinas/metabolismo , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Morte Celular/efeitos da radiação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Citocromos c/metabolismo , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Indóis/química , Membranas Intracelulares/efeitos dos fármacos , Membranas Intracelulares/metabolismo , Membranas Intracelulares/efeitos da radiação , Isoindóis , Lisossomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Lisossomos/efeitos da radiação , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos da radiação , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/efeitos da radiação , Modelos Biológicos , Compostos Organometálicos/química , Permeabilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Permeabilidade/efeitos da radiação , Fotoquimioterapia , Transporte Proteico/efeitos dos fármacos , Transporte Proteico/efeitos da radiação , Radiação Ionizante , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos da radiação , Compostos de Zinco , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/metabolismoRESUMO
A criopreservação do sêmen é de muita importância para a produção de equinos pois permite o amplo comércio internacional de sêmen e a redução dos custos com transporte de animais. Entretanto, o sêmen criopreservado apresenta reduzida longevidade e integridade funcional, um obstáculo para a expansão dessa técnica. Recentes descobertas sugerem que os maiores danos durante a criopreservação de sêmen de garanhões ocorrem devido ao desequilíbrio osmótico e às espécies reativas de oxigênio. Um método para combater os efeitos deletérios da congelação é utilizar substâncias que possam amenizar os danos subletais. O objetivo desse experimento foi avaliar o efeito da adição de duas substâncias com efeito protetor celular (mio-inositol e ácido ferúlico) ao meio de congelação, na qualidade do sêmen criopreservado de garanhões. Para isso foram realizadas 5 colheitas de sêmen de 5 garanhões. O sêmen foi processado para criopreservação e antes do envase foi dividido em 3 tratamentos: controle, mio-inositol (30mM) e ácido ferúlico (160 µM). As palhetas foram descongeladas e analisadas quanto a motilidade computadorizada (CASA), integridade de membrana, estado metabólico e produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) em microscopia de epifluorescência nos tempos 0, 2 e 4h de incubação a 37°C. Previamente foram realizadas validações da técnica de mensuração simultânea da membrana plasmática e estado metabólico (sondas PI, H33342 e resazurina) e correlação entre duas técnicas de mensuração de EROs (DCFH-DA e DCFH-DA com H33342). Os dados obtidos foram avaliados no programa SAS, versão 9,3 (SAS, 2011) utilizando ANOVA e medidas repetidas no tempo, para as validações foram realizadas regressões lineares simples. A adição de mio-inositol no diluidor de congelação resultou em maior motilidade total no tempo 2h e 4h e maior motilidade progressiva nos tempos 0 e 2h de incubação pós-descongelação em relação aos outros grupos. O tratamento com mio-inositol resultou em maior quantidade de células com membrana plasmática íntegra nos tempo 0h (53,3±1,4%); 2h (50,0±1,0%) e 4h (37,9±1,5%) de incubação que o grupo controle: 0h (48,0±1,0%); 2h (44,9±1,1%); e 4h (31,5±1,7%). O ácido ferúlico prejudicou as características de motilidade (CASA) e a integridade da membrana plasmática, entretanto melhorou o estado metabólico em todos os tempos. Conclui-se que o mio-inositol melhora as características de motilidade e a integridade de membranas espermáticas do sêmen criopreservado de equinos e que o ácido ferúlico apesar de prejudicar essas características promove melhor metabolismo espermático, mensurado pela técnica de redução da resazurina
Sperm cryopreservation is of great importance for equine production, it assists in the international semen trade and reduce costs with animal transportation. However, frozen/thawed semen has reduced longevity and functional integrity and these is an obstacle to the expansion of this technique. The improvement in quality of cryopreserved semen is very important, especially to help become available more widely new technologies, such as sperm sexing. Recent findings suggest that the greatest damage during cryopreservation of stallion semen occur due to osmotic imbalance and the reactive oxygen species (ROS). One method to mitigate the deleterious effects of freezing is using substances that might lessen the sublethal damage. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the quality of frozen/thawed stallion sperm after using two substances that have protective effects in the freezing medium: myo-inositol and ferulic acid. Were performed five sperm collection of 5 stallions. The semen was processed and before cryopreservation it was divided into three treatments: control, myo-inositol (30 mM) and ferulic acid (160 mM). The straws were thawed and analyzed at 0, 2 and 4 h of incubation time at 37°C. It was performed computerized motility (CASA), membrane integrity, metabolic status and ROS production using an epifluorescence microscope. Before beginning of the experiment were carried out validations of the technique of simultaneous assessment of plasma membrane and metabolic state (PI probes, H33342 and resazurin) and correlation between two measurement techniques ROS (DCFH-DA and DCFH-DA with H33342). The data were analyzed using the SAS version 9.3 (SAS, 2011) with ANOVA and repeated measures. For the probes validation were used linear regressions. The addition of myo-inositol in the freezing extender resulted in higher total motility in time 2h and 4h and increased progressive cells at 0 and 2 h of incubation post-thaw compared to the other groups. Treatment with myo-inositol resulted in a higher number of cells with intact plasma membrane in time 0h (53.3 ± 1.4%); 2h (50.0 ± 1.0%) and 4h (37.9 ± 1.5%) of incubation than the control group: 0h (48.0 ± 1.0%), 2h (44.9 ± 1.1%), and 4h (31.5 ± 1.7%). The use of ferulic acid resulted in the worst characteristics of motility (CASA) and plasma membrane integrity, however improved metabolic status at all incubation times. It is concluded that myo-inositol improves sperm motility characteristics and preserves membrane integrity of equine cryopreserved semen. Ferulic acid although impairing these characteristics, promotes better sperm metabolism, measured by resazurin test
Assuntos
Masculino , Animais , Cavalos/fisiologia , Criopreservação/veterinária , Preservação do Sêmen/métodos , Substâncias Protetoras/administração & dosagem , Análise do Sêmen/veterináriaRESUMO
O estresse oxidativo é prejudicial a diversas características espermáticas, como motilidade e integridade das membranas plasmática, acrossomal e mitocondrial, podendo levar a redução da fertilidade, inclusive no sêmen refrigerado. Poucos estudos foram realizados utilizando-se a melatonina com o intuito de melhorar as características espermáticas em equinos. O mioinositol e o ácido ferúlico, por sua vez, nunca foram utilizados nessa espécie. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência desses compostos nas características do sêmen equino refrigerado. Para isso, foram utilizadas quatro ejaculados, de quatro animais conhecidamente férteis, com idade entre 4 e 8 anos. Após a coleta, o sêmen foi distribuído entre os quatro tratamentos, sendo eles, melatonina, ácido ferúlico, mioinositol e controle, utilizando-se diluidor á base de leite desnatado, na concentração de 25 milhões de espermatozoides por mL. As amostras foram refrigeradas à 5°C, sob uma curva de refrigeração de 0,09°C/min e avaliadas com 0, 4 e 8 horas de refrigeração, quanto às características de motilidade (CASA), integridade das membranas plasmática, acrossomal e o potencial de membrana mitocondrial (utilizando-se as sondas fluorescentes PI, H342, FITC-PSA e JC-1, por microscopia de epifluorescência), e quantificação da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (utilizando-se a sonda fluorescente DCFH-DA, por fluorímetria). Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo programa SAS, versão 9.3 (SAS, 2011). [...] A fluorescência emitida, relativa à quantidade de espécies reativas de oxigênio presentes na amostra não foi alterada pelos tratamentos, em nenhum dos tempos. Com isso conclui-se que a adição de melatonina e ácido ferúlico aumenta a porcentagem de células com alto potencial de mitocôndria, sugerindo a adição desses compostos ao diluidor visando maior manutenção da viabilidade por até 8 horas de refrigeração.
Oxidative stress is detrimental to several sperm characteristics such as motility, plasma, acrosomal and mitochondrial membrane integrity, and can lead to reduced fertility, also in cooled semen. Few studies were performed using melatonin intending an improvement in equine sperm characteristics. Para isso, foram utilizadas quatro ejaculados, de quatro animais conhecidamente férteis, com idade entre 4 e 8 anos. Myoinositol and ferulic acid, in turn, were never used in this species. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of these compounds in equine cooled semen characteristics. Four collections from four stallions of known fertility aged between 4 and 8 years old were used. After collection, semen was distributed in one of the four treatments, melatonin, ferulic acid, myoinositol and control. A skim milk based extender was used and semen was diluted to a final concentration of 25 million sperm per mL. Samples were cooled at 5°C, at a cooling rate of 0.09°C/min and evaluated at 0, 4 and 8 hoours of cooling. CHaracteristics anlyzed were motility (CASA), plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity mytochondrial membrane potential (using florescente probes PI, H342, FITC-PSA e JC-1, using epifluorescence microscopy), and reactive oxygen species production quantification (using DCFH-DA fluorescente probe, by fluorimetry. [...] Percentage of cells with intact acrosomal membrane (IAM) was higher in melatonin treated group (99.69± 0.07) than all the other groups (99.41 ± 0.09; 99.33 ± 0.09; 99.39 ± 0.09; myoinositol, ferulic acid and control, respectively). Concerning reactive oxygen species in the sample, emitted fluorescence was not altered by treatments at any moment evaluated. It can be concluded that the addition of melatonin and ferulic acid the percentage of high mitochondrial potential cells, suggesting a beneficial utilization of these coumpounds in the extender for a greater maintenance of viability up to 8 hours of cooling.