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The known activities of cytokinins (CKs) are promoting shoot multiplication, root growth inhibition, and delaying senescence. 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) has been the most effective CK to induce shoot proliferation in cereal and grasses. Previously, we reported that in lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) micropropagation, BAP 10 µM induces high shoot proliferation, while the natural CK 6-(γ,γ-Dimethylallylamino)purine (2-iP) 10 µM shows less pronounced effects and developed rooting. To understand the molecular mechanisms involved, we perform a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network based on the genes of Brachypodium distachyon involved in shoot proliferation/repression, cell cycle, stem cell maintenance, auxin response factors, and CK signaling to analyze the molecular mechanisms in BAP versus 2-iP plants. A different pattern of gene expression was observed between BAP- versus 2-iP-treated plants. In shoots derived from BAP, we found upregulated genes that have already been demonstrated to be involved in de novo shoot proliferation development in several plant species; CK receptors (AHK3, ARR1), stem cell maintenance (STM, REV and CLV3), cell cycle regulation (CDKA-CYCD3 complex), as well as the auxin response factor (ARF5) and CK metabolism (CKX1). In contrast, in the 2-iP culture medium, there was an upregulation of genes involved in shoot repression (BRC1, MAX3), ARR4, a type A-response regulator (RR), and auxin metabolism (SHY2).
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This research aimed to evaluate the oxidative stability and rheological properties of dark chocolates with the addition of essential oils (EO) of Cymbopogon citratus, Pimpinella anisum, and Mintostachys mollis. For this purpose, before the inclusion in chocolates, the EO were chemically characterized to identify the most important volatile compounds. We added essential oils of P. anisum, C. citratus and M. mollis to dark chocolates (cocoa 70%) at doses of 10, 12 and 14 µL per 500 g, separately. These chocolates were evaluated for oxidative activity, hardness, microstructure, rheological and melting properties and antioxidant capacity. It was found that C. citratus EO (10 µL/500 g of chocolate) improve the oxidative stability of the chocolates at 90 days of storage at 25 °C (230 meq O2/kg), while higher concentrations promote lipid oxidation. The incorporation of essential oils improves the antioxidant capacity, likewise, it changes the rheological, thermal, and microstructural properties. Therefore, essential oils can improve the physicochemical characteristics of dark chocolates allowing greater stability in oxidative fat and thus increase the shelf life.
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This study analyzed the chemical composition of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil from Puebla, México, assessed its antioxidant activity, and evaluated in silico protein-compound interactions related to central nervous system (CNS) physiology. GC-MS analysis identified myrcene (8.76%), Z-geranial (27.58%), and E-geranial (38.62%) as the main components, with 45 other compounds present, which depends on the region and growing conditions. DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteu assays using the leaves extract show a promising antioxidant effect (EC50 = 48.5 µL EO/mL), reducing reactive oxygen species. The bioinformatic tool SwissTargetPrediction (STP) shows 10 proteins as potential targets associated with CNS physiology. Moreover, protein-protein interaction diagrams suggest that muscarinic and dopamine receptors are related to each other through a third party. Molecular docking reveals that Z-geranial has higher binding energy than M1 commercial blocker and blocks M2, but not M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, whereas ß-pinene and myrcene block M1, M2, and M4 receptors. These actions may positively affect cardiovascular activity, memory, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia. This study highlights the significance of understanding natural product interactions with physiological systems to uncover potential therapeutic agents and advanced knowledge on their benefits for human health.
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Essential oils (EOs) and their vapour phase of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae), Ocimum campechianum (Lamiaceae), and Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) of cultivated plants grown in an Amazonian Ecuador area were chemically characterised by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Head Space-Gas Chromatograph-Flame Ionization Detector-Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC-FID-MS).figure The EOs analyses led to the identification of 25 compounds for C. longa (99.46% of the total; ar-turmerone: 23.35%), 18 compounds for C. citratus (99.59% of the total; geraniol: 39.43%), 19 compounds for O. campechianum (96.24% of the total; eugenol: 50.97%), and 28 for Z. officinale (98.04% of the total; α-Zingiberene: 15.45%). The Head Space fractions (HS) revealed C. longa mainly characterised by limonene and 1,8-cineole (37.35%) and α-phellandrene (32.33%); Z. officinale and C. citratus showed camphene (50.39%) and cis-Isocitral (15.27%) as the most abundant compounds, respectively. O. campechianum EO revealed a higher amount of sesquiterpenes (10.08%), mainly characterised by E-caryophyllene (4.95%), but monoterpene fraction remained the most abundant (89.94%). The EOs were tested for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and mutagen-protective properties and compared to the Thymus vulgaris EO as a positive reference. O. campechianum EO was the most effective in all the bioactivities checked. Similar results emerged from assaying the bioactivity of the vapour phase of O. campechianum EO. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity evaluation of O. campechianum EO were repeated through HP-TLC bioautography assay, pointing out eugenol as the lead compound for bioactivity. The mutagen-protective evaluation checked through Ames's test properly modified evidenced a better capacity of O. campechianum EO compared with the other EOs, reducing the induced mutagenicity at 0.1 mg/plate. However, even with differences in efficacy, the overall results suggest important perspectives for the functional use of the four studied EOs.
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Fermentation is an important tool in producing functional beverages through agro-industrial wastes, and medicinal and aromatic plants due to the specific content of bioactive molecules. Therefore, this study evaluated the contribution of Matricaria recutita (chamomile), Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass), or Mentha piperita (peppermint) extracts to the phytochemical profile and potential biological effects of a functional fermented orange beverage in vitro and in silico. The concentrations of aromatic herbal extracts that yielded the best sensory performance for fermented beverages were selected for analyses that involved characterizing the fermented beverages. The beverages that received the extracts (2%) had the highest phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant potential compared to the control. Hesperidin (124-130 mg L-1), narirutin (66-70 mg L-1), chlorogenic (11-16 mg L-1), caffeic (5.3-5.5 mg L-1), and ferulic (1-1.7 mg L-1) acids were found in the different formulations. The in silico analysis suggested that the evaluated compounds do not present a toxicity risk (mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, hepatotoxicity, and ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier). Additionally, they can contribute to the biological effects of therapeutic importance, such as antioxidant, gastroprotective, and anti-ulcerative properties, and the Mentha piperita L. extract presented the greatest potential among the evaluated herbs for use in functional fermented beverages.
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Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) is an important medicinal and aromatic plant containing citral-rich essential oil, of which the quality and quantity may be affected by nematode infection. Research has shown that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may act as nematode biocontrol agents and improve the chemical composition of plants. Three experiments were conducted to assess the effects of AMF inoculation on vegetative growth, essential oil composition, induction of defense-related proteins, and control of Pratylenchus brachyurus in C. citratus. Seedlings were transplanted into pots inoculated with one of two AMF species (Rhizophagus clarus or Claroideoglomus etunicatum). At 30 days after AMF inoculation, plants were inoculated with P. brachyurus. Evaluations were performed at 75 days after nematode inoculation. Although both AMF treatments led to effective root colonization (> 84%), fungus inoculation was not effective in reducing P. brachyurus population density. Nevertheless, C. etunicatum promoted an increase in shoot weight, and AMF treatments contributed to preserving essential oil composition in nematode-infected plants. In addition, both AMF treatments enhanced polyphenol oxidase activity and R. clarus increased peroxidase activity after nematode inoculation.
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Cymbopogon , Micorrizas , Nematoides , Óleos Voláteis , Animais , Fungos , ReproduçãoRESUMO
SUMMARY Introduction: This study evaluated the chemical characterization, larvicidal activity and molluscicidal activity in front of the snail transmitting schistosomes (Biomphalaria glabrata) of the essential oils of Alpinia zerumbet and Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. The essential oils (EOs) were extracted by hydrodistillation, with chemical characterization through Gas Chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The physical-chemical parameters were determined according to the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. The toxicity test followed the bioassay with Artemia salina Leach, the EOs approved in this assay followed to evaluate their biological properties. Methodology: For molluscicidal activity, the methodology recommended by the WHO was performed, and the LC50 of the EOs was performed for their action in the face of the snail obtained by the Reed&Muench method. Both EOs showed low toxicity, and thus were evaluated for the biological properties larvicidal and molluscicidal. Alpinia zerumbet EO showed molluscicidal activity with LC50 of40.63 mg-L-1 and Cymbopogon citratus EO 33.94 mg-L-1. Results: Both EOs showed larvicidal and molluscicidal potentials against the organisms tested, showing satisfactory results for their action. The results indicate that the evaluated EOs are composed of substances that promote and encourage their application due to their potential for molluscicidal and larvicidal biological activity.
RESUMEN Introducción: Este estudio evaluó la caracterización química, la actividad larvicida y la actividad molusquicida frente al caracol que transmite esquistosomas (Biomphalaria glabrata) de los aceites esenciales de Alpinia zerumbet y Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Los aceites esenciales (AE) fueron extraídos por hidrodestilación, con caracterización química a través de cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Los parámetros físico-químicos se determinaron de acuerdo con la Farmacopea Brasileña. La prueba de toxicidad siguió al bioensayo con Artemia salina Leach, los AE probados en este ensayo se evaluaron a continuación en sus propiedades biológicas. Metodología: Para la actividad molusquicida se empleó la metodología recomendada por la OMS, y la LC50 de las AE se realizó para su acción frente al caracol obtenido por el método Reed&Muench. Ambos AE mostraron baja toxicidad, y por lo tanto fueron evaluados para las propiedades biológicas larvicidas y molusquicidas. Alpinia zerumbet AE mostró actividad molusquicida con LC50 de 40,63 mg-L'1 y Cymbopogon citratus EO 33,94 mg-L-1. Resultados: Ambos AE mostraron potenciales larvicidas y molusquicidas contra los organismos probados, mostrando resultados satisfactorios para su acción. Los resultados indican que los AE evaluados están compuestos de sustancias que promueven y fomentan su aplicación debido a su potencial para la actividad biológica molusquicida y larvicida.
RESUMO Introdução: Este estudo avaliou a caracterização química, atividade larvicida e ativi-dade moluscicida contra o caramujo transmissor de esquistossomos (Biomphalaria glabrata) dos óleos essenciais de Alpinia zerumbet e Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Os óleos essenciais (AE) foram extraídos por hidrodestilação, com caracterização química por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). Os parâmetros físico-químicos foram determinados de acordo com a Farmacopéia Brasileira. O teste de toxicidade seguiu o bioensaio com Artemia salina Leach, os EA testados neste teste foram então avaliados quanto às suas propriedades biológicas. Metodologia: Para a atividade moluscicida, foi utilizada a metodologia recomendada pela OMS, e o LC50 do EA foi realizado para sua ação contra o caramujo obtido pelo método de Reed & Muench. Ambos os AE apresentaram baixa toxicidade e, portanto, foram avaliados quanto às propriedades biológicas larvicidas e moluscicidas. Alpinia zerumbet AE apresentou atividade moluscicida com CL50 de 40,63 mg-L-1 e Cymbopogon citratus EO 33,94 mg-L-1. Resultados: Ambos os AE apresentaram potencial larvicida e moluscicida contra os organismos testados, apresentando resultados satisfatórios para sua ação. Os resultados indicam que os AE avaliados são compostos por substâncias que promovem e estimulam sua aplicação devido ao seu potencial de atividade biológica moluscicida e larvicida.
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BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is the most common visceral neoplasia in men and frequently presents chemotherapy resistance. In this context, lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf) has been studied since it presents many important biological activities, such as anticancer. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the antitumor effect of lemongrass and in chemotherapy activity using prostate cancer cells line (DU-145). METHODS: DU-145 cells were exposed to different concentrations of aqueous extract of lemongrass (30; 100; 300; 500 and 1000 µg/mL), isolated and in combination with docetaxel, during 24 and 72 hours. After, cell viability and proliferation, oxidative metabolism, colony formation and cell cycle analyses were performed. Also, we exposed the African green monkey kidney cell line (VERO) to the same lemongrass concentrations to investigate a possible toxicity of this extract. RESULTS: Our findings suggested that lemongrass presented an antitumor effect and improved docetaxel chemotherapy activity by decreasing cell viability and proliferation as well as colony formation. Moreover, we found an oxidative stress increased and cell cycle arresting in G0 /G1 phase. In addition, this extract presented selectivity action for cancer cells, since it did not cause cytotoxicity in normal cells, ensuring non-toxic therapeutic concentrations. CONCLUSION: Lemongrass is a promising medicinal plant that could be used during chemotherapeutic treatment, in order to potentiate the antitumor response and decrease the resistance of prostate cancer.
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Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Cymbopogon/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Masculino , Estrutura Molecular , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/análise , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Células VeroRESUMO
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum, Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus citriodora and Rosmarinus officinalis on the mycelial development of the fungus Colletotrichum sp. in fragments of Feijoa sellowiana fruits. The essential oils were incorporated in the PDA (Potato-Dextrose-Agar) medium in the concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000 ppm, 0 ppm (PDA only) (negative control), and fungicide fluazinam 1% (positive control). The area under the mycelial growth curve (AUMGC) and percent inhibition of mycelial growth (PIMG) were calculated. In the second evaluation, fruits fragments bordering the disease symptom were immersed in essential oils aqueous solution of S. aromaticum, C. citratus, and E. citriodora, at the concentration of 5000 ppm, 0 ppm (water only - negative control) and fluazinam 1% (positive control). The immersion times in the treatments were: 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours, with subsequent incubation in Agar-Agar medium at 25°C. This evaluation was performed daily for 15 days, observing the moment of fungal germination through the emission of the mycelium. It was verified from the obtained results that all treatments reduced the fungal growth, and the essential oils of C. citratus and S. aromaticum totally inhibited its growth from the dose 500 and 1000 ppm, respectively. Regarding the test on fruit fragments, the essential oil of S. aromaticum at the immersion times of 12 and 24 hours was effective in inhibiting the fungus until the 15th day of evaluation.(AU)
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Ascomicetos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Óleos Voláteis/efeitos adversos , Óleos Voláteis/análise , FeijoaRESUMO
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum, Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus citriodora and Rosmarinus officinalis on the mycelial development of the fungus Colletotrichum sp. in fragments of Feijoa sellowiana fruits. The essential oils were incorporated in the PDA (Potato-Dextrose-Agar) medium in the concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000 ppm, 0 ppm (PDA only) (negative control), and fungicide fluazinam 1% (positive control). The area under the mycelial growth curve (AUMGC) and percent inhibition of mycelial growth (PIMG) were calculated. In the second evaluation, fruits fragments bordering the disease symptom were immersed in essential oils aqueous solution of S. aromaticum, C. citratus, and E. citriodora, at the concentration of 5000 ppm, 0 ppm (water only - negative control) and fluazinam 1% (positive control). The immersion times in the treatments were: 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours, with subsequent incubation in Agar-Agar medium at 25°C. This evaluation was performed daily for 15 days, observing the moment of fungal germination through the emission of the mycelium. It was verified from the obtained results that all treatments reduced the fungal growth, and the essential oils of C. citratus and S. aromaticum totally inhibited its growth from the dose 500 and 1000 ppm, respectively. Regarding the test on fruit fragments, the essential oil of S. aromaticum at the immersion times of 12 and 24 hours was effective in inhibiting the fungus until the 15th day of evaluation.
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Ascomicetos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feijoa , Óleos Voláteis/análise , Óleos Voláteis/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The objectives of the present work were to evaluate the in vivo antimethanogenic effects of Cymbopogon citratus (CC), Matricaria chamomilla (MC) and Cosmos bipinnatus (CB) on beef cattle fed a high in concentrate diet (forage-to-concentrate ratio [F:C] of 19.4:80.6), and the effects of increasing levels of CC (0%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of the daily DM intake (DMI)) on enteric CH4 emissions by beef cattle fed a ration low in concentrate (F:C ratio of 49.3:50.7). Two experiments were conducted to address the objectives. For the first experiment, eight Charolais × Brown Swiss steers distributed in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design were used. Four treatments were evaluated: (1) control diet (CO), (2) CO + 365 g dry matter (DM)/d CB, (3) CO + 365 g DM/d MC, (4) CO + 100 g DM/d CC. For Experiment 2, four Charolais x Brown Swiss steers distributed in a single 4 × 4 Latin square design were used. It was concluded that 100 g DM per day CC and 365 g DM per day CB (Experiment 1) reduced CH4 yield of beef cattle. In Experiment 2, CC supplementation levels exceeding 2% of DMI reduced daily CH4 emissions but at the expense of decreasing digestibility of DM.
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Medicinal plants have been the focus of several studies due to their nematicide properties which can be used to control nematodes in sheep. No study has examined the morphological effects of Cymbopogon citratus on nematodes. Thus, this study evaluated the chemical composition, nematicidal activity and effects of C. citratus extracts on the morphology of eggs and infective larvae (L3) of sheep. Aqueous and methanolic extracts and fractions of C. citratus were obtained and analysed in vitro. The C. citratus extracts were effective against Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. larvae and eggs. Ten fractions were obtained from C. citratus, six of which had high ovicidal activity at 1000 µg mL-1, and two fractions had high activity at all tested concentrations. The phytochemical analysis identified the presence of compounds such as terpenoids, various ketones, esters, and fatty acids. The ultrastructural analysis showed deformations of the cuticle and wilting along the body of the nematodes at all concentrations. The muscular layer, intestinal cells and the mitochondria profile showed damage compared to the typical pattern. Ultra-thin sections of eggs treated with methanolic fractions of C. citratus presented modifications. This study showed the biological activity and effects of C. citratus on the gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep.
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Cymbopogon/química , Hemoncose/veterinária , Haemonchus/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Tricostrongilose/veterinária , Trichostrongylus/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Brasil , Hemoncose/tratamento farmacológico , Haemonchus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Óvulo/efeitos dos fármacos , Óvulo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Extratos Vegetais/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Ovinos , Carneiro Doméstico , Tricostrongilose/tratamento farmacológico , Trichostrongylus/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
C. citratus essential oil and carvacrol have shown an antitumor effect on breast tumor cell lines; the main objective of this research was to evaluate the antitumor effect of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (EOCc) and carvacrol on 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in female rats. Cancer was induced by a single administration of DMBA at dose of 80 mg/kg body weight (BW). A total of 54 female Holtzman rats were randomly assigned into 9 groups (n = 6). Group I: PS (Physiological saline); Group II: DMBA; Groups III, IV, and V: DMBA + EOCc at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day BW, respectively; Groups VI, VII, and VIII: DMBA + carvacrol at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day BW, respectively; and group IX: DMBA + EOCc + carvacrol at doses of 100 mg/kg/day BW. The treatment lasted 14 weeks. As results, EOCc showed a reduction in tumors as well as necrosis and mitosis. Animals treated with carvacrol did not show necrosis, mitosis, or infiltration. Carvacrol at dose of 100 mg/kg/day BW revealed a significant decrease in the cumulative tumor volume down to 0.11 ± 0.05 cm3 compared to 0.38 ± 0.04 cm3 of the DMBA group (p < 0.01). It is concluded that EOCc and carvacrol had an antitumor effect on DMBA-induced breast cancer in female rats.
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Cymbopogon/química , Cimenos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Óleos Voláteis/uso terapêutico , 9,10-Dimetil-1,2-benzantraceno , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Carcinogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Carcinogênese/patologia , Feminino , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/patologia , Óleos Voláteis/análise , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Picratos/química , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
The chemical composition and acaricidal activity of plant-derived essential oils was assessed against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. The essential oils of Mentha arvensis, Cymbopogon citratus and C. nardus were assessed for acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus microplus. Essential oils (EO) of plants were separated by hydrodistillation (three times) and analyzed using gas chromatography - mass spectrometer (GC-MS). For bioassays, engorged females of R. microplus were exposed to C. citratus and C. nardus EO at 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% concentrations; and to M. arvensis EO at 1%, 3%, and 5% for 5 min. The weight egg mass, nutrient index (N.I), egg production index (E.P.I), hatching and control rate were evaluated. Non-feed larvae of R. microplus were exposed to essential oils with 0.25%, 0.5%; 1%; 1.5% and 2% concentrations; the mortality rate was measured after 48 h. Only engorged females presented reduced biological activities (oviposition, E.P.I) after exposure to M. arvensis at 3%, when in comparison to both positive and negative controls. The hatchability of R. microplus larvae ranged from 66.9% (after exposure to C. nardus EO at 5%) to 99.2% (positive control). The nutrition index was lower (46.6%) for the exposure to M. arvensis EO at 5%. M. arvensis at 3% and 5% concentrations was significantly efficient for engorged females when compared to control (53.7% and 47.5%, respectively). C. citratus EO at 1%, 1.5% and 2% concentrations yielded better results in the larval packet test, causing 100% mortality. Nonetheless, C. nardus and M. arvensis EO at 2% yielded 66% and 39% mortality, respectively. The study showed that M. arvensis presented potential for the control of R. microplus engorged females while C. citratus and C. nardus presented potential as a larvicide.
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Acaricidas , Cymbopogon/química , Mentha/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Rhipicephalus , Acaricidas/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Bioensaio/veterinária , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Destilação/métodos , Feminino , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Dose Letal Mediana , Monoterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/isolamento & purificação , Infestações por Carrapato/parasitologia , Infestações por Carrapato/veterináriaRESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar a atividade antifúngica de uma solução à base de glucoprotamina (GLU) e de óleo essencial (OE) de Cymbopogon citratus. Candida tropicalis, Claviceps lusitaniae, Meyerozyma (Pichia) guilliermondii e Candida parapsilosis foram isoladas das superfícies de um hospital público de Pelotas, RS. A atividade antifúngica da GLU foi analisada nas concentrações de 0,25% a 0,0005%, e para o OE, obtido por Clevenger, foi utilizado nas concentrações de 17.500 µg/mL a 0,034 µg/mL. A análise cromatográfica foi efetuada por meio de CG/MS. A atividade anti-Candidafoi analisada pela técnica de Microdiluição em Caldo para determinar a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e a Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM). A inibição pela GLU ocorreu em todas as concentrações testadas, enquanto o OE apresentou resultado de CIM que oscilou de 2846 a 5450 µg/mL, e CFM de 2853 a 5330 µg/mL. Alfacitral (37,10%), betacitral (32,77% e beta-mirceno (18,75%) foram considerados como os compostos majoritários do OE. Os dados obtidos neste trabalho destacam a atividade antifúngica da solução à base de GLU e do OE de C. citratus na eliminação dos isolados de Candida spp ambientais. (AU)
This study aimed at evaluating the antifungal activity of glucoprotamine solution (GLU) and the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus (EO). Candida tropicalis, Claviceps lusitaniae, Meyerozyma(Pichia) guilliermondii and Candida parapsilosis were isolated from the samples, which were collected from the surfaces of a public hospital located in Pelotas, RS. The antifungal activity of GLU was detected at the concentrations from 0.25% to 0.0005%, while the EO, by Clevenger, was used at concentrations from 17.500 µg mL to 0.034 µg/mL. Chemical analysis was determined by GC/MS. The anti-Candida activity was performed by using Broth Microdilution technique to determine the Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) and the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The inhibition by GLU occurred at all of the tested concentrations, whereas the EO showed MIC ranging from 2.846 to 5.450 µ/mL and the CFM from 2.853 to 5.330 µg/mL. Alfacitral (37.10%), betacitral (32.77%) and beta-mirceno (18.75%) were the majority compounds in the EO. The data obtained in the present study highlight the effectiveness of the solution based on GLU and EO for eliminating the environmental isolates of Candida spp. (AU)
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Leveduras , Óleos Voláteis , Cymbopogon , Poluição Ambiental , Hospitais , AntifúngicosRESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar a atividade antifúngica de uma solução à base de glucoprotamina (GLU) e de óleo essencial (OE) de Cymbopogon citratus. Candida tropicalis, Claviceps lusitaniae, Meyerozyma (Pichia) guilliermondii e Candida parapsilosis foram isoladas das superfícies de um hospital público de Pelotas, RS. A atividade antifúngica da GLU foi analisada nas concentrações de 0,25% a 0,0005%, e para o OE, obtido por Clevenger, foi utilizado nas concentrações de 17.500 μg/mL a 0,034 μg/mL. A análise cromatográfica foi efetuada por meio de CG/MS. A atividade anti-Candida foi analisada pela técnica de Microdiluição em Caldo para determinar a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e a Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM). A inibição pela GLU ocorreu em todas as concentrações testadas, enquanto o OE apresentou resultado de CIM que oscilou de 2846 a 5450 μg/mL, e CFM de 2853 a 5330 μg/mL. Alfacitral (37,10%), betacitral (32,77% e beta-mirceno (18,75%) foram considerados como os compostos majoritários do OE. Os dados obtidos neste trabalho destacam a atividade antifúngica da solução à base de GLU e do OE de C. citratus na eliminação dos isolados de Candida spp ambientais.
This study aimed at evaluating the antifungal activity of glucoprotamine solution (GLU) and the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus (EO). Candida tropicalis, Claviceps lusitaniae, Meyerozyma (Pichia) guilliermondii and Candida parapsilosis were isolated from the samples, which were collected from the surfaces of a public hospital located in Pelotas, RS. The antifungal activity of GLU was detected at the concentrations from 0.25% to 0.0005%, while the EO, by Clevenger, was used at concentrations from 17.500 μg mL to 0.034 μg/mL. Chemical analysis was determined by GC/MS. The anti-Candida activity was performed by using Broth Microdilution technique to determine the Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) and the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The inhibition by GLU occurred at all of the tested concentrations, whereas the EO showed MIC ranging from 2.846 to 5.450 μ/mL and the CFM from 2.853 to 5.330 μg/mL. Alfacitral (37.10%), betacitral (32.77%) and beta-mirceno (18.75%) were the majority compounds in the EO. The data obtained in the present study highlight the effectiveness of the solution based on GLU and EO for eliminating the environmental isolates of Candida spp.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/análise , Cymbopogon , Desinfetantes/análise , Óleos Voláteis , Hospitais , Poluição AmbientalRESUMO
Phytotherapy is an emerging topic of health research, with particular focus on studying the efficiency of essential oils as antimicrobials. In this study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo susceptibility of Staphylococcus strains isolated from newborns to Cymbopogon citratus oil. The in vitro susceptibility of the microorganisms to C. citratus essential oil was compared with the activities of standard antibiotics administered to newborns using disk diffusion and microdilution methods. For in vivo assessment, 30 Wistar rats were wounded and subjected to infection of Staphylococcus aureus strain DRJ080, followed by treatment with the antibiotic vancomycin, C. citratus, or carbopol polymer gel (control) for 11 days. S. aureus accounted for 23.36% of the 107 Staphylococcus sp. strains isolated. Both vancomycin and the essential oil of C. citratus inhibited the growth of all microorganisms in vitro. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations for the C. citratus oil were 0.625 mg/mL in all strains tested. The oil had the same therapeutic effectiveness as vancomycin against S. aureus DRJ080 in rats. Thus, Staphylococcus strains of newborns are sensitive to C. citratus oil, both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating its potential as an antibiotic alternative.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Cymbopogon/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Staphylococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Masculino , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Fitoterapia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Vancomicina/farmacologiaRESUMO
This study aimed to optimize Cymbopogon citratus essential oil loaded into PLGA-nanoparticles by investigating the effect of processing variables (sonication time, ultrasound power, and essential oil/polymer ratio) on encapsulation efficiency and particle mean hydrodynamic diameter using Box-Behnken design. Nanoparticles were prepared by an emulsification/solvent diffusion method and physicochemically characterized by FTIR, DSC and TGA/DTA. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in human HaCat keratinocytes by WST-1 and LDH assays. The optimized formulation had a hydrodynamic mean diameter of 277â¯nm, a polydispersity index of 0.18, a Zeta potential of -16â¯mV and an encapsulation efficiency of 73%. Nanoparticle characterization showed that only citral was incorporated in nanocarriers, with some amount adsorbed on their surface, and highlighted the potential in increasing the oil thermal stability. The drug release profile demonstrated a biphasic pattern with a substantial sustained release depending on diffusion from the polymeric matrix. Toxicity effects on cell viability of pure essential oil at low concentrations were significantly eliminated when encapsulated. Results revealed the ability of PLGA-nanoparticles to improve essential oil physicochemical characteristics, by controlling release and reducing toxicity, suggesting their potential use in pharmaceutical preparations.
Assuntos
Nanopartículas/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Ácido Poliglicólico/química , Linhagem Celular , Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cymbopogon/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Humanos , Cinética , Óleos Voláteis/química , Tamanho da Partícula , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
We evaluated the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils obtained from the aromatic plants Laurus nobilis, Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita, Cymbopogon citratus and Lippia junelliana against the following Candida species isolated from clinical samples: C. krusei (n = 10); C. albicans (n = 50); C. glabrata (n = 70) and C. parapsilosis (n = 80). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined according to EDef 7.3.1 document from EUCAST. Amphotericin B and fluconazole were the antifungal drugs used as inhibition control. The concentration ranges evaluated were 0.4-800 and 0.03-128 mg l-1 for essential oils and antifungal drugs, respectively. MIC50 and MIC90, mode and ranges were calculated. All the Candida spp. evaluated were susceptible to amphotericin B (MIC ≤ 1 mg l-1), while fluconazole was inactive for C. krusei (MIC ≥ 32 mg l-1) and intermediate for C. glabrata (MIC≤ 32 mg l-1). The essential oils showed antifungal activity on Candida spp. tested with MIC90 values ranging from 0.8 to 800 mg l-1. In general, the most active essential oils were L. nobilis and T. vulgaris (MIC90 0.8-0.16 mg l-1), and the least active was C. officinalis (MIC90 400-800 mg l-1). C. krusei was inhibited by 5/6 of the essential oils evaluated, and C. glabrata was the least susceptible one. This in vitro study confirms the antifungal activity of these six essential oils assayed which could be a potential source of new molecules useful to control fungal infections caused by some Candida species, including those resistant to antifungal drugs.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Candida/isolamento & purificação , Candidíase/microbiologia , Cymbopogon/química , Humanos , Laurus/química , Lippia/química , Mentha piperita/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Thymus (Planta)/químicaRESUMO
This work aimed to optimize an aqueous extract rich in phenolic compounds and potential functional properties made of Ilex paraguariensis, Melissa officinalis, and Cymbopogon citratus. The lyophilized extract was used for the development of an ice cream. Total phenolics, FRAP, DPPH, Folin-Ciocalteu's reducing capacity, and total reducing capacity of different combinations of herbal extracts were tested and modeled using response surface methodology. Simultaneous optimisation was employed to maximize the bioactive compounds in the extract and the lyophilized optimum combination was added to ice cream. The lyophilized extract contained quercetin-3-rutinoside, hesperidin, isoquercetin, caffeic acid, and 5,7-dihydroxyflavone. The optimised extract, which showed antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activity using in vitro protocols, increased total phenolics and antioxidant activity in comparison to the control ice cream. The ice cream presented a sensory acceptance index of 83%. After 72â¯days of storage (-18⯰C), total phenolics and antioxidant activity significantly decreased.