RESUMO
Protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium are parasites capable of causing animal rearing losses due to diarrhea outbreaks. This review aimed to determine the prevalence of and potential risk factors for bovine cryptosporidiosis in Brazil. The search was carried out in the databases Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and SciELO. The search strategy used the descriptors "Cryptosporidium," "cryptosporidiosis," "cattle," "calves," and "Brazil." Nine studies conducted in different Brazilian states between 2008 and 2019 were selected. The age of the evaluated animals ranged from 0 to >36 months. The main risk factors were the low age of the animals, collective pens, presence of diarrhea, contact with other animals, and dairy breed. The average prevalence rate was 30.51%. The species identified were C. ryanae, C. parvum, and C. bovis. Optical microscopy was used as a diagnostic method for oocysts in fecal samples and to determine the species, and PCR was used in three studies. The average prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle in Brazil was 30.51%, ranging from 10.2 to 62.5%. The main risk factors found were young animals, the presence of animals with diarrhea, contact with other animals, dairy breeds, and collective pens.(AU)
Protozoários do gênero Cryptosporidium são parasitas capazes de causar perdas durante a criação animal devido à surtos de diarreia. Esta revisão foi realizada para determinar a prevalência e os potenciais fatores de risco para a ocorrência de criptosporidiose bovina no Brasil. A busca foi conduzida nas bases de dados Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science e Scielo. A estratégia de busca usou os descritores "Cryptosporidium", "cryptosporidiosis", "cattle", "calves" e "Brazil". Nove estudos conduzidos em diferentes estados do Brasil foram selecionados, com ocorrências entre 2008 e 2019. A idade dos animais avaliados variou de 0 acima de 36 meses. Os principais fatores de risco determinados foram animais jovens, baias coletivas, presença de animais com diarreia, contato com outros animais e raça leiteira. A taxa de prevalência média foi de 30,51%. As espécies identificadas foram C. ryanae, C parvum e C. bovis. Microscopia óptica foi usada como método de diagnóstico de oocistos nas amostras de fezes e, para determinação das espécies, a técnica PCR foi usada em três estudos. Concluiu-se que a prevalência média do protozoário Cryptosporidium spp. em bovinos no Brasil foi 30,51%, variando de 10,2 a 62,5%. Os principais fatores de risco foram animais jovens, presença de animais com diarreia, contato com outros animais, baias coletivas e raças leiteiras.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Bovinos/parasitologia , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Brasil , Fatores de Risco , Cryptosporidium/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Scours is the most common disease in dairy calves, and it is a multifactorial syndrome complex. Cryptosporidium sp. (C. sp.), rotavirus group A (RVA), and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) are the three main pathogens associated with scours. The objective of this study was to identify potential factors associated with scours, C. sp., RVA, and BCoV infections in preweaned dairy calves from Lerma Valley in Salta Province, Argentina. A total of 488 preweaned calves from 19 dairy farms located in the Lerma Valley were enrolled in this observational study. One fecal sample was collected from each calf between one week and two months of age for assessment of C. sp., RVA, and BCoV infection status. Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts and RVA and BCoV antigens in fecal samples were assessed using microscopic observation and indirect enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (iELISA), respectively. A voluntary questionnaire was developed and used to collect data regarding management practices from the participants' farms. The data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models. Scours incidence was 35.4%, and a greater proportion of calves younger than 20 days were affected. Of the fecal samples, 18% and 9.5% tested were positives for C. sp. and RVA, respectively, while BCoV was detected only in two calves. Furthermore, 84.2% and 63.1% of the farms tested positive for Cryptosporidium sp. and RVA, respectively. In addition, the following variables were associated with higher odds of having scours: (1) herd size (>300 milking cows; OR = 1.7), (2) calf age (<20 days of age; OR = 2.2), (3) RVA and C. sp. test (positive test; RVA OR = 2.6; C. sp. OR = 3), calf feeding practices (feeding milk replacer; OR = 1.81), and newborn calf management practices (calf moved from maternity pen <6 h after calving; OR = 1.7). Concerning RVA infection, calves less than 20 days of age (OR = 2.6) had a higher chance of testing positive for RVA, while calves that remained in the calving pen for less than 6 h after calving had a lower chance (OR = 0.3). On the other hand, for C. sp. infection, large farm size (>300 milking cows; OR = 1.2) and young calf age (<20 days of age; OR = 4.4) indicated a higher chance of testing positive for C. sp., while calves belonging to farms that fed frozen colostrum (OR = 0.2) had a lower chance of becoming infected with C. sp. The result of this study indicated that scours is a prevalent disease in farms of the Lerma Valley, Salta, Argentina, and that RVA and C. sp. infections, along with specific farm management practices, might be important contributing factors that could increase the chance of NCS in dairy farms.
RESUMO
Intestinal protozoans found in ancient human samples have been studied primarily by microscopy and immunodiagnostic assays. However, such methods are not suitable for the detection of zoonotic genotypes. The objectives of the present study were to utilize immunoenzimatic assays for coproantigen detection of Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia duodenalis, and Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar in sixty ancient human and animal samples collected from 14 archaeological sites in South America, and to carry out a critical analysis of G. duodenalis according to results obtained from three diagnostic methodologies: microscopy, immunodiagnostic tests (immunoenzymatic and immunofluorescence), and molecular biology (PCR and sequencing). More than half (31/60) of the samples analyzed using immunoenzymatic tests were positive for at least one of the intestinal protozoans, with 46.6% (28/60) corresponding to G. duodenalis, 26.6% (16/60) to Cryptosporidium sp., and 5% (3/60) to E. histolytica/E. dispar. Cryptosporidium sp. and G. duodenalis coinfection was observed in 15% (9/60) of the samples, whereas all three protozoans were found in 5% (3/60) of samples. In the Northeast Region of Brazil, by immunoenzymatic tests there is evidence that G. duodenlais and Cryptosporidium sp. have infected humans and rodents for at least 7150 years. However, for G. duodenalis, the results from the three diagnostic tests were discordant. Specifically, despite the efficiency of the molecular biology assay in the experimental models, G. duodenalis DNA could not be amplified from the ancient samples. These results raise the following question: Are all ancient samples positive for coproantigen of G. duodenalis by immunoenzymatic tests truly positive? This scenario highlights the importance of further studies to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the immunoenzymatic method in the archaeological context.
Assuntos
Arqueologia/métodos , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Entamoeba/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas/normas , Animais , Antígenos de Protozoários/análise , Antígenos de Protozoários/genética , Cryptosporidium/genética , Cryptosporidium/imunologia , Entamoeba/genética , Entamoeba/imunologia , Entamoeba histolytica/genética , Entamoeba histolytica/imunologia , Entamoeba histolytica/isolamento & purificação , Giardia lamblia/genética , Giardia lamblia/imunologia , Humanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Roedores , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , América do SulRESUMO
Human cryptosporidiosis is an intestinal infection caused by different species belonging to the genus Cryptosporidium in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. The life cycle of Cryptosporidium sp. when affecting the digestive system is well known but the infection of other organs is less studied. Molecular methods are necessary for species and subtypes identification. The goal of this work is to propose a new approach that contributes to the diagnosis of the extra-intestinal dissemination process of Cryptosporidium infection. Cryptosporidium sp. was detected in stool and biopsy samples of two HIV-infected patients. DNA was extracted from feces, biopsy specimens, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). All samples were analyzed by nested PCR-RFLP of the 18S rDNA, real-time PCR, and gp60 subtyping. Cryptosporidium DNA was detected in stool and tissue samples and it was also present in blood and CSF samples. Both cases were characterized as Cryptosporidium hominis subtype IeA11G3T3. This is the first report that demonstrates the presence of Cryptosporidium DNA in blood and CSF of HIV-infected patients.
Assuntos
Criptosporidiose/diagnóstico , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , DNA de Protozoário/sangue , DNA de Protozoário/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Adulto , Animais , Criptosporidiose/sangue , Criptosporidiose/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Criptosporidiose/complicações , Cryptosporidium/classificação , Cryptosporidium/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Fezes/química , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Infecções por HIV/parasitologia , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo RealRESUMO
The objectives of the study were to detect and genotype Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis in wastewater samples obtained from five cities with high transit of people in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, and at the entrance of a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Lima, Peru. Samples were collected and concentrated by centrifugation. The genomic DNA was extracted for molecular characterization by nested PCR for Cryptosporidium and double nested PCR for Giardia, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. G. intestinalis was found in 63.6 % of the samples, and the human assemblages A and B were identified. Cryptosporidium sp. was found in 36.4 % of the samples, and the species were corresponding to Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium cuniculus, and Cryptosporidium muris. Results revealed the presence of human pathogenic Cryptosporidium species and G. intestinalis human pathogenic assemblages. Molecular tools highlight the importance to map the genetic diversity of these parasites, as well as to detect their epidemiological circulation pathway in the environment.
Assuntos
Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Águas Residuárias/parasitologia , Brasil , Cidades , Cryptosporidium/genética , Genótipo , Giardia lamblia/genética , Peru , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , RNA de Protozoário/genética , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Background: Bivalve mollusks, such as the Perna perna mussels, are used as bioindicators of aquatic contamination by heavy metals, pesticides, bacteria, viruses and protozoa. The protozoan Cryptosporidium spp. has species capable of infecting several hosts, including humans, with ingestion being the only form of transmission of oocysts, through water and/or contaminated food. The objective of this study was to use Perna perna mussels as bioindicators of aquatic contamination through the genetic characterization of species and/or genotypes of Cryptosporidium, associating the sources of environmental contamination by faeces and correlating the possible presence of the protozoan with precipitation indexes in the region of Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro.Materials, Methods & Results: The mussels were obtained from two sites, both formed by rocks bathed in natural sea water. Site A is called Lage Black and site B is called beach Bag. Samples were taken monthly from March 2009 to February 2010, totaling 12 collections. For the analyzes, the DNA extracted from tissues of mussels was used in the amplification of 18 SSU rDNA sequences, through the Nested-PCR technique. During all months of the study, we diagnosed Cryptosporidium-positive Perna perna mussels samples from, at least, one of the sites studied. We could identify the species C. andersoni, C. meleagridis and C. parvum...
Assuntos
Animais , Biomarcadores Ambientais/fisiologia , Cryptosporidium , Mytilidae , Brasil , Poluição Ambiental , Tipagem MolecularRESUMO
Background: Bivalve mollusks, such as the Perna perna mussels, are used as bioindicators of aquatic contamination by heavy metals, pesticides, bacteria, viruses and protozoa. The protozoan Cryptosporidium spp. has species capable of infecting several hosts, including humans, with ingestion being the only form of transmission of oocysts, through water and/or contaminated food. The objective of this study was to use Perna perna mussels as bioindicators of aquatic contamination through the genetic characterization of species and/or genotypes of Cryptosporidium, associating the sources of environmental contamination by faeces and correlating the possible presence of the protozoan with precipitation indexes in the region of Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro.Materials, Methods & Results: The mussels were obtained from two sites, both formed by rocks bathed in natural sea water. Site A is called Lage Black and site B is called beach Bag. Samples were taken monthly from March 2009 to February 2010, totaling 12 collections. For the analyzes, the DNA extracted from tissues of mussels was used in the amplification of 18 SSU rDNA sequences, through the Nested-PCR technique. During all months of the study, we diagnosed Cryptosporidium-positive Perna perna mussels samples from, at least, one of the sites studied. We could identify the species C. andersoni, C. meleagridis and C. parvum...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Mytilidae , Biomarcadores Ambientais/fisiologia , Cryptosporidium , Poluição Ambiental , Tipagem MolecularRESUMO
Para determinar la presencia de Cryptosporidium sp. y otros parásitos intestinales; así como su relación con las pruebas coprocualitativas, se analizaron 100 muestras fecales de niños de 3 meses a 5 años de edad, que asistieron al Laboratorio de Parasitología del Servicio Autónomo del Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo (SAHUM) con diagnóstico clínico de diarrea. Estas muestras fueron sometidas a un examen macroscópico y microscópico con SSF (0,85%) y lugol, coloración de Kinyoun para la detección de coccidios intestinales y las pruebas coprocualitativas: sangre oculta, azucares reductores y pH. Del total de muestras estudiadas, el 12% evidenció parásitos. Las especies encontradas fueron Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia lamblia y Blastocystis hominis con 4%cada uno, Trichuris trichiura (2%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1%), Pentatrichomonas hominis (1%). No se encontró correlación entre las pruebas coprocualitativas y las especies parasitarias identificadas, así como tampoco entre parasitosis y sexo. Cryptosporidium sp. y Giardia lamblia fueron los parásitos patógenos más frecuentes en niños < 2 años de edad
To determine the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. and other intestinal parasites, as well as their relation to coproqualitative tests, fecal samples were analyzed from 100 children ranging from 3 months to 5 years old, who attended the Autonomous Service Parasitology Laboratory at the University Hospital of Maracaibo (SAHUM) with a clinical diagnosis of diarrhea. These samples were subjected to macroscopic and microscopic examination with SSF (0.85%) and iodine, Kinyoun stain for the detection of intestinal coccidia, coproqualitative tests (occult blood, reducing sugars and pH). Of all the samples studied, 12% evidenced parasites. The species found were Cryptosporidium sp. (4%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1%), Trichuris trichiura (2%) Pentatrichomonas hominis (1%), Giardia lamblia and Blastocystis hominis at (4%). There was no correlation between the coproqualitative tests and the parasitic species identified, nor was there any relation ship between parasitosis and gender. Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia lamblia were the most frequent pathogenic parasites in children < 2 years old
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Cryptosporidium/parasitologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Diarreia/patologia , Fezes/citologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologiaRESUMO
O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar a dinâmica, a ocorrência, a morfometria de oocistos e os períodos patentes de Cryptosporidium sp. em aves domésticas, patos (Anas platyrhynchos), pintos (Gallus gallus) e codornas (Coturnix japonica), naturalmente infectadas, provenientes de dois mercados municipais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Houve diferenças quanto à ocorrência da infecção entre os dois locais e entre pintos e patos, mas não entre codornas. Para a morfometria, foram observadas diferenças estatísticas nas medidas dos diâmetros maior e menor e para o índice morfométrico calculado (P<0,01). Já entre pintos e codornas não houve diferenças (P>0,05). Na comparação do período de eliminação, patos tiveram um maior período com maiores quantidades de oocistos eliminados. Codornas e pintos apresentaram dinâmica de eliminação semelhante e não houve diferença quanto à concentração de oocistos. Pintos foram mais susceptíveis à infecção seguidos por patos e codornas. Pode-se concluir que a infecção natural por Cryptoporidium sp. foi frequente nas aves estudadas. Patos, pintos e codornas podem ser disseminadores do protozoário em mercados municipais do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Assim, podem constituir risco de infecção.
The objective of the current study was comparing the dynamic and occurrence of Cryptosporidium sp., as well as the morphometry and elimination period of oocysts in naturally infected ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), chickens (Gallus gallus) and Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) from two local markets of Rio de Janeiro, RJ. There were significant differences considering the occurrence of infection between the two markets, and also between chickens and ducks, but not among Japanese quails. Also, significant statistical differences were observed in morphometry, considering the major and minor diameters of oocysts and the calculated morphometric index (P<0.01); however, there was no difference between chickens and Japanese quails (P>0.05). According to the elimination period, ducks eliminated oocysts for a longer period and in a higher number. Japanese quails and chickens had a similar dynamic of oocysts elimination, no difference in its concentration was observed. Chickens were the most susceptible bird species to Cryptosporidium sp. infection, followed by ducks and Japanese quails. In conclusion, Cryptosporidium sp. natural infection was commonly found in the studied fowls. Ducks, chickens and Japanese quails may disseminate this protozoan in local markets of Rio de Janeiro, representing risk of infection.
RESUMO
The objective of the current study was comparing the dynamic and occurrence of Cryptosporidium sp., as well as the morphometry and elimination period of oocysts in naturally infected ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), chickens (Gallus gallus) and Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) from two local markets of Rio de Janeiro, RJ. There were significant differences considering the occurrence of infection between the two markets, and also between chickens and ducks, but not among Japanese quails. Also, significant statistical differences were observed in morphometry, considering the major and minor diameters of oocysts and the calculated morphometric index (P 0.01); however, there was no difference between chickens and Japanese quails (P>0.05). According to the elimination period, ducks eliminated oocysts for a longer period and in a higher number. Japanese quails and chickens had a similar dynamic of oocysts elimination, no difference in its concentration was observed. Chickens were the most susceptible bird species to Cryptosporidium sp. infection, followed by ducks and Japanese quails. In conclusion, Cryptosporidium sp. natural infection was commonly found in the studied fowls. Ducks, chickens and Japanese quails may disseminate this protozoan in local markets of Rio de Janeiro, representing risk of infection.
O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar a dinâmica, a ocorrência, a morfometria de oocistos e os períodos patentes de Cryptosporidium sp. em aves domésticas, patos (Anas platyrhynchos), pintos (Gallus gallus) e codornas (Coturnix japonica), naturalmente infectadas, provenientes de dois mercados municipais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Houve diferenças quanto à ocorrência da infecção entre os dois locais e entre pintos e patos, mas não entre codornas. Para a morfometria, foram observadas diferenças estatísticas nas medidas dos diâmetros maior e menor e para o índice morfométrico calculado (P 0,01). Já entre pintos e codornas não houve diferenças (P>0,05). Na comparação do período de eliminação, patos tiveram um maior período com maiores quantidades de oocistos eliminados. Codornas e pintos apresentaram dinâmica de eliminação semelhante e não houve diferença quanto à concentração de oocistos. Pintos foram mais susceptíveis à infecção seguidos por patos e codornas. Pode-se concluir que a infecção natural por Cryptoporidium sp. foi frequente nas aves estudadas. Patos, pintos e codornas podem ser disseminadores do protozoário em mercados municipais do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Assim, podem constituir risco de infecção.
RESUMO
The objective of the current study was comparing the dynamic and occurrence of Cryptosporidium sp., as well as the morphometry and elimination period of oocysts in naturally infected ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), chickens (Gallus gallus) and Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) from two local markets of Rio de Janeiro, RJ. There were significant differences considering the occurrence of infection between the two markets, and also between chickens and ducks, but not among Japanese quails. Also, significant statistical differences were observed in morphometry, considering the major and minor diameters of oocysts and the calculated morphometric index (P 0.01); however, there was no difference between chickens and Japanese quails (P>0.05). According to the elimination period, ducks eliminated oocysts for a longer period and in a higher number. Japanese quails and chickens had a similar dynamic of oocysts elimination, no difference in its concentration was observed. Chickens were the most susceptible bird species to Cryptosporidium sp. infection, followed by ducks and Japanese quails. In conclusion, Cryptosporidium sp. natural infection was commonly found in the studied fowls. Ducks, chickens and Japanese quails may disseminate this protozoan in local markets of Rio de Janeiro, representing risk of infection.
O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar a dinâmica, a ocorrência, a morfometria de oocistos e os períodos patentes de Cryptosporidium sp. em aves domésticas, patos (Anas platyrhynchos), pintos (Gallus gallus) e codornas (Coturnix japonica), naturalmente infectadas, provenientes de dois mercados municipais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Houve diferenças quanto à ocorrência da infecção entre os dois locais e entre pintos e patos, mas não entre codornas. Para a morfometria, foram observadas diferenças estatísticas nas medidas dos diâmetros maior e menor e para o índice morfométrico calculado (P 0,01). Já entre pintos e codornas não houve diferenças (P>0,05). Na comparação do período de eliminação, patos tiveram um maior período com maiores quantidades de oocistos eliminados. Codornas e pintos apresentaram dinâmica de eliminação semelhante e não houve diferença quanto à concentração de oocistos. Pintos foram mais susceptíveis à infecção seguidos por patos e codornas. Pode-se concluir que a infecção natural por Cryptoporidium sp. foi frequente nas aves estudadas. Patos, pintos e codornas podem ser disseminadores do protozoário em mercados municipais do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Assim, podem constituir risco de infecção.
RESUMO
The objective of the current study was comparing the dynamic and occurrence of Cryptosporidium sp., as well as the morphometry and elimination period of oocysts in naturally infected ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), chickens (Gallus gallus) and Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) from two local markets of Rio de Janeiro, RJ. There were significant differences considering the occurrence of infection between the two markets, and also between chickens and ducks, but not among Japanese quails. Also, significant statistical differences were observed in morphometry, considering the major and minor diameters of oocysts and the calculated morphometric index (P 0.01); however, there was no difference between chickens and Japanese quails (P>0.05). According to the elimination period, ducks eliminated oocysts for a longer period and in a higher number. Japanese quails and chickens had a similar dynamic of oocysts elimination, no difference in its concentration was observed. Chickens were the most susceptible bird species to Cryptosporidium sp. infection, followed by ducks and Japanese quails. In conclusion, Cryptosporidium sp. natural infection was commonly found in the studied fowls. Ducks, chickens and Japanese quails may disseminate this protozoan in local markets of Rio de Janeiro, representing risk of infection.
O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar a dinâmica, a ocorrência, a morfometria de oocistos e os períodos patentes de Cryptosporidium sp. em aves domésticas, patos (Anas platyrhynchos), pintos (Gallus gallus) e codornas (Coturnix japonica), naturalmente infectadas, provenientes de dois mercados municipais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Houve diferenças quanto à ocorrência da infecção entre os dois locais e entre pintos e patos, mas não entre codornas. Para a morfometria, foram observadas diferenças estatísticas nas medidas dos diâmetros maior e menor e para o índice morfométrico calculado (P 0,01). Já entre pintos e codornas não houve diferenças (P>0,05). Na comparação do período de eliminação, patos tiveram um maior período com maiores quantidades de oocistos eliminados. Codornas e pintos apresentaram dinâmica de eliminação semelhante e não houve diferença quanto à concentração de oocistos. Pintos foram mais susceptíveis à infecção seguidos por patos e codornas. Pode-se concluir que a infecção natural por Cryptoporidium sp. foi frequente nas aves estudadas. Patos, pintos e codornas podem ser disseminadores do protozoário em mercados municipais do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Assim, podem constituir risco de infecção.
RESUMO
En este trabajo se evaluó la aplicabilidad de la técnicas de tinción de Kinyoun e Inmunofluorescencia, para el monitoreo periódico de la calidad parasitológica del agua residual del Sistema de Lagunas de Estabilización "Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Servidas Sur" de la ciudad de Maracaibo. Se detectó Cryptosporidium sp. en el 100 por ciento de las muestras analizadas por las dos técnicas. Los promedios de Cryptosporidium sp. detectados por la técnica de Kinyoun fueron: en la entrada de la planta 4,9x105 ooquistes/100L, en los módulos primarios 1,2x105 ooquistes/100L, en la laguna facultativas 5,9x104 ooquistes/100L y en la salida 3,0x104 ooquistes/100L, mientras que para C. parvum por inmunofluorescencia fueron: 5,9x104 ooquistes/100L, 7,7x104 ooquistes/100L, 3,0x105 ooquistes/100L y 3,0x104 ooquistes/100L, respectivamente. Se observó una correspondencia del 100 por ciento de positividad en las muestras analizadas por ambas técnicas. Dada las ventajas en facilidad de aplicación, rapidez y costos que ofrece la técnica de Kinyoun, se sugiere su aplicación como técnica de rutina para la evaluación de Cryptosporidium sp. en muestras de agua residual. Se observó la presencia de par sitos en el efluente final, por lo tanto éste no es apto desde el punto de vista parasitológico, para ser empleado con fines de irrigación, sin representar un riesgo para la salud pública.
This work evaluates the applicability of the Kinyoun and immunofluorescence techniques for periodic control of the parasitological quality of wastewater from the stabilization lagoon system Wastewater Treatment Plant South in the city of Maracaibo. Cryptosporidium sp. was detected in the 100 percent of the samples analyzed by both techniques. The concentration of Cryptosporidum sp. detected by the Kinyoun technique was: 4.9x105 oocysts/100L at the plant entrance, 1.2x105 oocysts/100L in the primary modules, 5.9x104 oocysts/100L in the facultative lagoon and 3.0x104 oocysts/100L in the final effluent, while those of C. parvum detected by inmunofluorescence were: 5.9x104 oocysts/100L, 7.7x104 oocysts/100L, 3.0x105 oocysts/100L and 3.0x104 oocysts/100L, respectively. A 100 percent correspondence of the results from samples analyzed by both techniques was observed. Given the advantages in ease of application, rapidity and costs offered by the Kinyoun technique, its routine application for evaluating Cryptosporidium sp. in wastewater samples is suggested. The presence of parasites in the final effluent was observed; therefore, from the parasitological viewpoint, it is not apt for irrigation purposes, without representing a risk to human health.
Assuntos
Águas Residuárias/análise , Cryptosporidium/classificação , Cryptosporidium/química , Gastroenteropatias/diagnóstico , Doenças EndêmicasRESUMO
Leopardus weiidi (gato-maracajá) é um mamífero neotropical de ampla distribuição no Brasil. No município de Cachoeira do Sul, RS, um exemplar foi capturado para tratamento, quando se coletou uma amostra de fezes, que foi analisada pelo método de centrífugo-flutuação com sulfato de zinco para pesquisa de parasitos. Foi observada elevada infecção por cistos de Giardia sp. e oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp.. Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que L. weeidi é hospedeiro desses protozoários.(AU)
Leopardus weiidi (gato-maracajá) is a neo-tropical mammal with has a wide distribution in Brazil. In the municipality of Cachoeira do Sul, RS, a fecal sample from a specimen captured for treatment was collected and analyzed by the centrifugal-flotation method with zinc sulfate for research of parasites. A large number of cysts of Giardia sp. and oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. was observed. The results indicate that L. weeidi is a host of these protozoa.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Panthera , Giardia , CryptosporidiumRESUMO
Leopardus weiidi (gato-maracajá) é um mamífero neotropical de ampla distribuição no Brasil. No município de Cachoeira do Sul, RS, um exemplar foi capturado para tratamento, quando se coletou uma amostra de fezes, que foi analisada pelo método de centrífugo-flutuação com sulfato de zinco para pesquisa de parasitos. Foi observada elevada infecção por cistos de Giardia sp. e oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp.. Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que L. weeidi é hospedeiro desses protozoários.
Leopardus weiidi (gato-maracajá) is a neo-tropical mammal with has a wide distribution in Brazil. In the municipality of Cachoeira do Sul, RS, a fecal sample from a specimen captured for treatment was collected and analyzed by the centrifugal-flotation method with zinc sulfate for research of parasites. A large number of cysts of Giardia sp. and oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. was observed. The results indicate that L. weeidi is a host of these protozoa.
RESUMO
Patients with AIDS are particularly susceptible to infection with intestinal coccidia. In this study the prevalence of infections with Cryptosporidium sp and Cystoisospora belli were evaluated among HIV/AIDS patients in the Triângulo Mineiro region, Brazil. Between July 1993 and June 2003 faecal samples from 359 patients were collected and stained by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen method, resulting in 19.7 percent of positivity for coccidian (8.6 percent with Cryptosporidium sp, 10.3 percent with Cystoisospora belli and 0.8 percent with both coccidian). Patients with diarrhoea and T CD4+ lymphocyte levels < 200 cells/mm3 presented higher frequency of these protozoans, demonstrating the opportunistic profile of these infections and its relationship with the immunological status of the individual. It was not possible to determine the influence of HAART, since only 8.5 percent of the patients positive for coccidian received this therapy regularly. Parasitism by Cryptosporidium sp was more frequent between December and February and thus was characterised by a seasonal pattern of infection, which was not observed with Cystoisospora belli.
Pacientes com AIDS são particularmente susceptíveis a infecção por coccídios intestinais e nesse estudo foi avaliada a freqüência de Cryptosporidium sp. e Cystoisospora belli entre pacientes HIV/AIDS na região do Triângulo Mineiro, Brasil. No período de julho de 1993 a junho de 2003, amostras de fezes de 359 pacientes foram submetidas à coloração pelo método de Ziehl-Neelsen modificado, sendo detectada a presença de coccídios em 19,7 por cento destas (8,6 por cento de Cryptosporidium sp, 10,3 por cento de Cystoisospora belli e 0,8 por cento de ambos coccídios). Pacientes com diarréia e níveis de linfócitos T CD4+ < 200 células/mm3 apresentaram maior frequência destes protozoários, demonstrando o perfil oportunista destas infecções e a relação com o status imunológico do indivíduo. Não foi possível determinar a influência da HARRT, pois apenas 8,5 por cento dos pacientes positivos para coccídios fazriam uso regular desta terapia. Parasitismo por Cryptosporidium sp foi mais freqüente no período compreendido de dezembro a fevereiro caracterizando padrão sazonal desta infecção, fato não observado com Cystoisospora belli.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/epidemiologia , /imunologia , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Isosporíase/epidemiologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/imunologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/diagnóstico , Criptosporidiose/imunologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Isosporíase/diagnóstico , Isosporíase/imunologia , Prevalência , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Parasites of the gennus Cryptosporidium infect several animal species.The disease resultant is the criptosporidiosis, an important zoonosis spreaded worldwide. In poultry, the infection has been reported in several species. This study goal was to identify the parasite presence in 208 bursa of Fabricius samples, 208 intestine and 208 of trachea, collected at chicks (Gallus gallus sp) of different ages, killed at three farms in Santa Maria city, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Three printings of each sample were done,on glass slides colored through the Ziehl Neelsen technique modified with Dimetil Sulfóxido (DMSO), Ziehl Neelsen modifed by Henriksen and Pohlens (HP), Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) and Kinyoun (K), completing 1872 printings analyzed in optical microscopy (1000 x). At this final number, at the different colorations done, oocysts of the parasite Cryptosporidium sp. were viewed in 18 trachea printings, 42 of bursa de Fabricius and 29 of intestine, resulting positive, 89 printings. From these 89, 44 were identified through the technique DMSO, 32 through HP, three through ZN and 10 through K. Cryptosporidium sp. parasites oocysts were found with more frequency from printings of bursa the Fabricius. The coloration method, of those utilized, was the one which had the better visualization of the oocysts was the DMSO.
Parasitas do gênero Cryptosporidium infectam várias espécies de animais, e a enfermidade resultante é a criptosporidiose, importante zoonose de distribuição mundial. Em aves, a infecção tem sido reportada em várias espécies. Este trabalho objetivou identificar a presença do parasita em 208 amostras de bursa de Fabricius, 208 amostras de intestino e 208 de traquéia, coletadas de frangos (Gallus gallus sp) de diferentes idades, abatidos em três propriedades rurais do município de Santa Maria, RS. Foram feitas três impressões de cada amostra em lâminas para microscopia, coradas pelas técnicas de Ziehl Neelsen modificada com Dimetil Sulfóxido (DMSO), Ziehl Neelsen modificada por Henriksen e Pohlens (HP), Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) e Kinyoun (K), perfazendo 1872 impressões analisadas em microscopia óptica (1000 x). Neste total, nas diferentes colorações empregadas, oocistos do parasita Cryptosporidium sp. foram visualizados em 18 impressões de traquéia, 42 de bursa de Fabricius e 29 de intestino, resultando positivas, portanto, 89 impressões. Destas, 44 foram identificadas pela técnica de DMSO, 32 por HP, três por ZN e 10 por K. Pode-se concluir que os oocistos do parasita Cryptosporidium sp. foram visualizados com maior freqüência nas impressões de bursa de Fabricius, e que o método de coloração, dentre os utilizados, que proporcionou a maior visualização dos oocistos foi o DMSO.
RESUMO
Parasites of the gennus Cryptosporidium infect several animal species.The disease resultant is the criptosporidiosis, an important zoonosis spreaded worldwide. In poultry, the infection has been reported in several species. This study goal was to identify the parasite presence in 208 bursa of Fabricius samples, 208 intestine and 208 of trachea, collected at chicks (Gallus gallus sp) of different ages, killed at three farms in Santa Maria city, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Three printings of each sample were done,on glass slides colored through the Ziehl Neelsen technique modified with Dimetil Sulfóxido (DMSO), Ziehl Neelsen modifed by Henriksen and Pohlens (HP), Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) and Kinyoun (K), completing 1872 printings analyzed in optical microscopy (1000 x). At this final number, at the different colorations done, oocysts of the parasite Cryptosporidium sp. were viewed in 18 trachea printings, 42 of bursa de Fabricius and 29 of intestine, resulting positive, 89 printings. From these 89, 44 were identified through the technique DMSO, 32 through HP, three through ZN and 10 through K. Cryptosporidium sp. parasites oocysts were found with more frequency from printings of bursa the Fabricius. The coloration method, of those utilized, was the one which had the better visualization of the oocysts was the DMSO.
Parasitas do gênero Cryptosporidium infectam várias espécies de animais, e a enfermidade resultante é a criptosporidiose, importante zoonose de distribuição mundial. Em aves, a infecção tem sido reportada em várias espécies. Este trabalho objetivou identificar a presença do parasita em 208 amostras de bursa de Fabricius, 208 amostras de intestino e 208 de traquéia, coletadas de frangos (Gallus gallus sp) de diferentes idades, abatidos em três propriedades rurais do município de Santa Maria, RS. Foram feitas três impressões de cada amostra em lâminas para microscopia, coradas pelas técnicas de Ziehl Neelsen modificada com Dimetil Sulfóxido (DMSO), Ziehl Neelsen modificada por Henriksen e Pohlens (HP), Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) e Kinyoun (K), perfazendo 1872 impressões analisadas em microscopia óptica (1000 x). Neste total, nas diferentes colorações empregadas, oocistos do parasita Cryptosporidium sp. foram visualizados em 18 impressões de traquéia, 42 de bursa de Fabricius e 29 de intestino, resultando positivas, portanto, 89 impressões. Destas, 44 foram identificadas pela técnica de DMSO, 32 por HP, três por ZN e 10 por K. Pode-se concluir que os oocistos do parasita Cryptosporidium sp. foram visualizados com maior freqüência nas impressões de bursa de Fabricius, e que o método de coloração, dentre os utilizados, que proporcionou a maior visualização dos oocistos foi o DMSO.
RESUMO
Estudos para verificar a ocorrência, epidemiologia e fatores de risco associados com surtos de doenças intestinais de veiculação hídrica, tais como as gastroenterites bacterianas e virais vem possibilitando estratégias de vigilância e controle destas infecções. No entanto os surtos causados por agentes parasitários ainda necessitam de maior atenção, a inexistência de metodologia padronizada para detecção em alguns alimentos e águas, dificultam o esclarecimento e consequentemente há subnotificação de casos. Este estudo teve por objetivo demonstrar a presença de agentes bacterianos e parasitários nas águas de sete fontes naturais de utilidade pública localizadas nos municípios de Sorocaba e Votorantim - Estado de São Paulo, analisar fatores ambientais e as condições de manutenção das fontes. Para a pesquisa parasitológica foram utilizadas diferentes técnicas de concentração; o sedimento examinado em microscopia óptica, esfregaços corados pela Auramina e Kinyoun observados em objetiva de imersão. No exame bacteriológico utilizou-se os métodos de referência "Standart Methods for the examination of water and wastewater" e "Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods". No exame bacteriológico todas as amostras apresentaram contaminaçäo por coliformes totais e seis por coliformes fecais. No exame parasitológico 3 amostras apresentaram larvas de diferentes morfologias, sendo que uma delas apresentou oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp, ovos pertencentes a superfamília Oxyuroidea e cistos de Endolimax nana. Outra amostra apresentou formas císticas de amebídeos. Todas as fontes estudadas apresentavam condições precárias de manutenção.(AU)
Studies that are accomplished to check the occurrence, epidemiology and risk factors to outbreaks of intestine diseases of hydric transmission such as the bacterial and viral gastroenteritis have made it possible to use strategies and control of these infections. However, the outbreaks caused by parasitic agents still need more attentions. The lack of standard methodology to detect them in diferente foods and water makes it difficult to clarify and, as a consequence, to subnotify the cases that have occurred. This study aimed to demonstrate the presence of bacterial and parasitic agents in seven water from natural springs of public utility located in Sorocaba and Votorantim cities São Paulo state, analyzing environmental factors and source maintenance conditions. For the parasitological research were used different techniques of concentration: sediment was observed by optical microscopy; smears were prepared and stained by auramina and Kinyoun and were examined with oil immersion objective. The bacteriological methods were used the "Standart Methods for the examination of water and wastewater" and "Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods". The bacteriologic results showed the contamination of total coliforms in all samples, the presence of fecal coliforms was in 6 samples. The parasitologic results showed presence of larvae from different morphologies in 3 samples, one of them showed Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts, Endolimax nana cysts and oxyuroidea eggs. Another sample showed amoeboid cysts. All the sources showed precarious conditions of maintenence. (AU)
Assuntos
Recursos Hídricos , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Cryptosporidium , Águas MineraisRESUMO
Entre os patógenos entéricos que acometem os pacientes portadores vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) estäo os protozoários oportunistas Cryptosporidium sp e Isospora belli. O objetivo de estudo é avaliar a frequência de criptosporodiose e isosporíase em pacientes soropositivos para o HIV na região de Ribeirão Preto. Entre julho de 1990 a junho de 1997, foram examinados no Instituto Adolfo Lutz de Ribeirão Preto 3.340 amostras de fezes de 1.833 pacientes sintomáticos ou não, com idade entre 10 meses e 55 anos, atendidos nos Ambulatórios de DST/AIDS do município. A frequência destes protozoários nas amostras de fezes foi 9,3(por cento). Foi observado que 207, 11,3(por cento) dos pacientes estavam parasitados, sendo que cryptosporidium sp foi encontrado em 117, 6,4(por cento) pacientes e Isospora belli em 81, 4,4(por cento). Infecção concomitante por ambos parasitas ocorreu em 09, 05(por cento) dos pacientes. (AU)
Among the enteric pathogens that attack patients with the human immunodeficiency vírus (HIV) are opportunistic protozoans Cryptosporidium spp and Isospora belli . The purpose of this investigation was to establish the frequency of cryptosporidiosis and isosporidiosis in HIV seropositives patients in Ribeir"o Preto region. From July 1990 to June 1997 in Adolfo Lutz Institute ñ Ribeir"o Preto,3340 stool samples were examined from 1833 symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, with ages ranging between 10 months and 55 years, attended in Ribeir"o Preto AIDS Outpatient Departaments. The frequency of these protozoans among all the examined stool samples was 9,3%. We observed 207 (11,3%) patients with these parasites. Cryptosporidium spp was identified in 117 (6,4%) patients, Isospora belli in 81(4,4%) and 09 (0,5%) patients were infected by both parasites. (AU)