RESUMO

Este estudo teve como objetivos adaptar o Questionário de Credibilidade/Expectativa (QCE) (Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire-CEQ) para o contexto brasileiro, avaliar suas propriedades psicométricas e apresentar as relações entre a credibilidade-expectativa do tratamento e variáveis sociodemográficas da amostra. Participaram 217 adultos, que declararam realizar acompanhamento psicológico, recrutados por meio de mídias sociais. Utilizou-se o QCE, o Teste de Orientação da Vida e um questionário sociodemográfico. O resultado da análise fatorial exploratória indicou uma estrutura unidimensional para o QCE. A fim de evitar duplicidade de medida e prezar pela parcimônia, dois itens foram excluídos da versão final, fazendo com que o instrumento em português brasileiro seja composto por 4 itens. O alfa de Cronbach foi 0,87 e os índices de ajuste do modelo foram satisfatórios. Observou-se associação positiva e estatisticamente significativa entre o QCE e o TOV-R. Concluiu-se que o QCE apresentou características psicométricas apropriadas para uso em amostras brasileiras. (AU)

This study aimed to adapt the Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ) to the Brazilian context, evaluate its psychometric properties, and present the relationships between the credibility-expectation of the treatment and the sociodemographic variables of the sample. Participants included 217 adults, who declared to be were undergoing psychological counseling and were recruited via social media. The CEQ, the Life Orientation Test, and a sociodemographic questionnaire were used. The result of the Exploratory Factor Analysis indicated a one-dimensional structure for the CEQ. To avoid duplication of measurement and for practical purposes, two items were excluded from the final version, therefore the instrument was composed of 4 items in the Brazilian Portuguese version. Cronbach's alpha was 0.87 and the model fit indices were satisfactory. There was a positive and statistically significant association between the CEQ and the LOT-R. We concluded that the CEQ showed appropriate psychometric characteristics for use in Brazilian samples. (AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar el Cuestionario de Credibilidad/Expectativa (CCE) (Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire-CEQ) para el contexto brasileño, evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas y presentar las relaciones entre la credibilidad-expectativa del tratamiento y las variables sociodemográficas de la muestra Participaron 217 adultos que declararon estar en seguimiento psicológico, reclutados a través de las redes sociales. Se utilizaron el CCE, el Test de Orientación Vital y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. El resultado del Análisis Factorial Exploratorio indicó una estructura unidimensional para el CCE. Para evitar la duplicidad de medidas y preservar la parsimonia, dos ítems fueron excluidos de la versión final, con lo que el instrumento en portugués brasileño quedó compuesto por 4 ítems. El alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,87 y los índices de ajuste del modelo fueron satisfactorios. Se observó una asociación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre CCE y TOV-R. Se concluyó que el CCE presenta características psicométricas apropiadas para su uso en muestras brasileñas. (AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Fake news detection continues to be a major problem that affects our society today. Fake news can be classified using a variety of methods. Predicting and detecting fake news has proven to be challenging even for machine learning algorithms. This research employs Legitimacy, a unique ensemble machine learning model to accomplish the task of Credibility-Based Fake News Detection. The Legitimacy ensemble combines the learning potential of a Two-Class Boosted Decision Tree and a Two-Class Neural Network. The ensemble technique follows a pseudo-mixture-of-experts methodology. For the gating model, an instance of Two-Class Logistic Regression is implemented. This study validates Legitimacy using a standard dataset with features relating to the credibility of news publishers to predict fake news. These features are analysed using the ensemble algorithm. The results of these experiments are examined using four evaluation methodologies. The analysis of the results reveals positive performance with the use of the ensemble ML method with an accuracy of 96.9%. This ensemble's performance is compared with the performance of the two base machine learning models of the ensemble. The performance of the ensemble surpasses that of the two base models. The performance of Legitimacy is also analysed as the size of the dataset increases to demonstrate its scalability. Hence, based on our selected dataset, the Legitimacy ensemble model has proven to be most appropriate for Credibility-Based Fake News Detection.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Physical therapists obtain information from a variety of sources. The sources may influence their believability and use in clinical practice. OBJECTIVES: In this hypothesis-based study, we queried physical therapists (PTs) on the believability of evidence across six musculoskeletal treatment domains and analyzed variables that predicted the strength of beliefs. METHODS: This international survey included six different language portals and used a snowball dispensation strategy. PTs who were credentialed, licensed, or who practiced in the field, were queried on the believability of six treatment domains (i.e., exercise, manual therapy, psychologically-informed practice, sports/occupational performance, thermal/electrical agents, and pain science/patient education) and potential predictors of believability (i.e., social media use, years of practice, time and access to literature, specialization, confidence in reviewing literature and attributions of the researcher). RESULTS: In total, 1098 PTs from 36 countries completed the survey. PTs had strong beliefs in what they read or hear about exercise, sports/occupational performance, pain science/patient education, and psychologically-informed interventions. There was only moderate believability regarding manual therapy treatment and weak believability associated with thermal/electrical agents. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the most robust predictor to outcome relationships included time and access to literature and believability of pain science/patient education, years of clinical practice and believability of psychologically informed practice, and believability of thermal/electrical agents. CONCLUSION: An important takeaway from this study is that believability was influenced by several factors (primarily by years of practice, attributions of the researcher, and time and access to literature) and appeared to vary across treatment domains.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumen El engaño en la publicidad es una práctica que ha ido en aumento para lograr la venta de productos y servicios e implica un asunto ético. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue examinar la relación del escepticismo en la publicidad del "Buen Fin" y la percepción de engaño en dicha publicidad y su efecto en la actitud hacia la misma, la credibilidad en los anuncios y la intención de compra de los millennials. Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa, explicativa y transversal a 392 millennials radicados en la Ciudad de México. Los resultados mostraron que, efectivamente, el escepticismo en la publicidad del "Buen Fin" incrementará la percepción de engaño en la misma y ambos parámetros influirán negativamente en forma indirecta en la intención de compra, ya que la confiabilidad en el producto queda en duda.

Abstract Deception in advertising is a practice that has been increasing to achieve the sale of products and services and involves an ethical issue. The objective of this work was to examine the relationship of skepticism and the perception of deception in the advertising of "Buen Fin" and its effect on the attitude, credibility on advertisements, and purchase intention of millennials. A quantitative, explanatory and cross-sectional research was conducted on 392 millennials living in Mexico City. The results showed that, indeed, skepticism on "Buen Fin" advertising will increase deception perception and both parameters will negatively influence indirectly purchase intention, since the reliability of the product is in doubt.

RESUMO

Even though the topic of infodemic - a blending of the words information and pandemic - emerged just in 2020 it addresses a question that has been crucial ever since in communication: How to establish - or undermine - credibility? This article deals with rhetorical techniques applied by Brazilian President Jair Messias Bolsonaro (2019-) and high-ranking politicians of the German party AfD (Alternative für Deutschland) during the COVID-19-pandemic. The analysis is based on tweets published through their official accounts during the first year of the pandemic (@jairbolsonaro, @AfD). Meanwhile Bolsonaro, who was in charge during the crisis, attacks the media claiming they would spread panic and false information, AfD, an opposition party, concentrates its criticism on the federal and state governments. The key concept credibilityDiscourse-Historical Approach (Reisigl/Wodak 2001), focusing on discursive strategies of negative other representation, and a framework for studies on the language of legitimation and delegitimation developed by Theo van Leeuwen (1996).

RESUMO

The information we obtain from how speakers sound-for example their accent-affects how we interpret the messages they convey. A clear example is foreign accented speech, where reduced intelligibility and speaker's social categorization (out-group member) affect memory and the credibility of the message (e.g., less trustworthiness). In the present study, we go one step further and ask whether evaluations of messages are also affected by regional accents-accents from a different region than the listener. In the current study, we report results from three experiments on immediate memory recognition and immediate credibility assessments as well as the illusory truth effect. These revealed no differences between messages conveyed in local-from the same region as the participant-and regional accents-from native speakers of a different country than the participants. Our results suggest that when the accent of a speaker has high intelligibility, social categorization by accent does not seem to negatively affect how we treat the speakers' messages.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumo Este estudo foi realizado por meio de questionário para identificar o conhecimento e credibilidade sobre as práticas integrativas e complementares e a Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares. Participaram 118 profissionais da saúde, de nível superior, do Sistema Único de Saúde de três municípios brasileiros, em 2014. Procederam-se à análise descritiva e à análise de cluster (two-step cluster). A maioria dos profissionais conhece parcialmente as práticas integrativas e complementares; considera mais eficiente a acupuntura e a fitoterapia; desconhece a antroposofia e o termalismo; tem menor credibilidade na homeopatia; desconhece a política nacional de práticas integrativas e complementares; considera que seus conhecimentos não foram obtidos durante a graduação, mas principalmente pela leitura e experiência em família; entende que estas práticas devem ser inseridas na graduação e que são importantes para a profissão e para o serviço. A análise de cluster permitiu identificar dois grupos que se diferenciam quanto ao conhecimento e crenças. Conclui-se que há pouco conhecimento e pouca credibilidade nas práticas integrativas e complementares e pouco conhecimento da Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares.

Abstract This study was carried out using a questionnaire to identify the knowledge of and belief in integrative and complementary practices and the National Integrative and Complementary Practices Policy. Taking part were 118 health professionals, all college graduates and working in the Health System in three Brazilian municipalities, in 2014. Descriptive and two-step cluster analyses followed. Most professionals have partial knowledge on complementary and integrative practices; they consider acupuncture and herbal medicine more efficient; they do not know anthroposophy and hydrotherapy; they believe less in homeopathy; they are unaware of the national policy on complementary and integrative practices; they consider that they did not get their knowledge during their undergraduate course, rather mainly by reading and family experience; they believe that these practices should be included in the undergraduate course, and that they are important for the profession and for the service. The cluster analysis allowed for identifying two groups that stood out insofar as knowledge and beliefs are concerned. We conclude that there is little knowledge about and little credibility in complementary and integrative practices, as well as little knowledge of the National Policy on Complementary and Integrative Practices.

Resumen Este estudio fue realizado por medio de cuestionario para identificar el conocimiento y credibilidad sobre las prácticas integrativas y complementarias y la Política Nacional de Prácticas Integrativas y Complementarias. Participaron 118 profesionales de la salud, de nivel superior, del Sistema Único de Salud de tres municipios brasileños, en 2014. Se procedió al análisis descriptivo y al análisis de cluster (two-step cluster). La mayoría de los profesionales conoce parcialmente las prácticas integrativas y complementarias; considera más eficiente la acupuntura y la fitoterapia; desconoce la antroposofía y el termalismo; tiene menos credibilidad en la homeopatía; desconoce la política nacional de prácticas integrativas y complementarias; considera que sus conocimiento no se obtuvieron durante el pregrado, sino principalmente por la lectura y la experiencia en familia; entiende que estas prácticas deben insertarse en el pregrado y que son importantes para la profesión y para el servicio. El análisis de cluster permitió identificar dos grupos que se diferencian en cuanto al conocimiento y creencias. Se concluye que hay poco conocimiento y poca credibilidad en las prácticas integrativas y complementarias y poco conocimiento de la Política Nacional de Prácticas Integrativas y Complementarias.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Divergence time estimation has become an essential tool for understanding macroevolutionary events. Molecular dating aims to obtain reliable inferences, which, within a statistical framework, means jointly increasing the accuracy and precision of estimates. Bayesian dating methods exhibit the propriety of a linear relationship between uncertainty and estimated divergence dates. This relationship occurs even if the number of sites approaches infinity and places a limit on the maximum precision of node ages. However, how the placement of calibration information may affect the precision of divergence time estimates remains an open question. In this study, relying on simulated and empirical data, we investigated how the location of calibration within a phylogeny affects the accuracy and precision of time estimates. We found that calibration priors set at median and deep phylogenetic nodes were associated with higher precision values compared to analyses involving calibration at the shallowest node. The results were independent of the tree symmetry. An empirical mammalian dataset produced results that were consistent with those generated by the simulated sequences. Assigning time information to the deeper nodes of a tree is crucial to guarantee the accuracy and precision of divergence times. This finding highlights the importance of the appropriate choice of outgroups in molecular dating.

RESUMO

El progreso de la medicina siempre ha estado relacionado directamente con las publicaciones científicas, las cuales son el punto final de las investigaciones y permiten difundir universalmente los hallazgos y conclusiones de estas. Si las investigaciones no se publican, no existen. Aunque parece de Perogrullo, en la actualidad la autoría exige criterios que, con el devenir de las discusiones, se han ido construyendo, pero aún no hay un completa uniformidad al respecto y no todas los comités editoriales de las revistas científicas tienen conceptos explícitos sobre el tema. Un comité conformado por editores de prestigiosas revistas médicas ha propuesto unas condiciones que deben cumplir las personas que aparezcan como autores de las publicaciones científicas, al igual que el orden en que estos deben aparecer. Así mismo, en los estudios multicéntricos, en los que participa un gran número de colaboradores, debe quedar claro quiénes son los verdaderos autores, así como también el orden en el cual deben aparecer en el documento final. Hay que advertir, sin ningún tipo de ingenuidad, que pueden existir prácticas que hacen del proceso de autoría una práctica corrupta o fraudulenta que pone en riesgo la credibilidad de los estudios.

Medical progress has always been directly related to scientific publications. Publication is the end point of research which permits universal dissemination of research findings and conclusions. If research, "… is not published, it does not exist." Although this might seem like a truism, the current criteria for what constitutes authorship has been built gradually through debate. Complete uniformity in this respect has not yet been reached, and not all editorial boards of scientific journals have explicit concepts on this subject. A committee consisting of the editors of prestigious medical journals has proposed conditions to be met by people who appear as authors of scientific publications and have proposed an order in which authors should appear. Similarly, they have proposed that for multicenter studies which involve a large number of contributors, the real authors should be made clear and should be clear in the order that authors are listed as well in the final document. It should be stated without any ingenuousness that practices may exist that corrupt the process of authorship or make it fraudulent and which therefore threaten the credibility of research.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Este trabalho teve como objetivo discutir a perícia psicológica em casos de suspeita de abuso sexual cometido contra crianças e adolescentes. São apresentados diversos modos de realização desse tipo de perícia em diferentes contextos no cenário mundial e é identificada a existência de alguns pontos relativamente consensuais entre os autores. Dentre esses pontos, a avaliação do impacto psíquico na suposta vítima e a avaliação da credibilidade do relato ganham especial ênfase devido às dificuldades de suas aplicações práticas no contexto pericial. Este estudo demonstra uma variedade de estratégias utilizadas nas avaliações psicológicas investigativasem casos de abuso sexual contra crianças e adolescentes, indicando uma tentativa, por parte dos profissionais, de lidarem com a complexidade inerentemente envolvida nestas situações.

This paper aimed to discuss the forensic psychological evaluation in cases of suspected of sexual abuse against children and adolescents. This study shows several ways this evaluation is carried out in different contexts worldwide, as well as the existence of some relatively consensual points among the authors. Within these issues, the assessment of the impact on the alleged victim and the credibility of the report receive special emphasis due to the difficulties their practical application in the forensic context. This study demonstrates a variety of strategies used on the investigative psychological assessment in case of sexual abuse against children and adolescents, indicating how professionals attempt to handle the inherent complexity involved in these situations.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo discutir el peritaje psicológico ante supuestos de abuso sexual contra niños y adolescentes. Se presentan diversos modos de realización de ese tipo de peritaje en diferentes contextos en el escenario mundial y se identifica la existencia de algunos puntos de consenso entre los autores. Entre esos puntos, la evaluación del impacto psíquico en la supuesta víctima y la evaluación de la credibilidad del relato ganan especial énfasis debido a las dificultades de sus aplicaciones prácticas en el contexto experto. Este estudio demuestra una variedad de estrategias utilizadas en las evaluaciones psicológicas investigativas en casos de abuso sexual contra niños y adolescentes, lo que indica un intento, por parte de los profesionales, para hacer frente a la complejidad inherente en estas situaciones.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Este trabalho teve como objetivo discutir a perícia psicológica em casos de suspeita de abuso sexual cometido contra crianças e adolescentes. São apresentados diversos modos de realização desse tipo de perícia em diferentes contextos no cenário mundial e é identificada a existência de alguns pontos relativamente consensuais entre os autores. Dentre esses pontos, a avaliação do impacto psíquico na suposta vítima e a avaliação da credibilidade do relato ganham especial ênfase devido às dificuldades de suas aplicações práticas no contexto pericial. Este estudo demonstra uma variedade de estratégias utilizadas nas avaliações psicológicas investigativasem casos de abuso sexual contra crianças e adolescentes, indicando uma tentativa, por parte dos profissionais, de lidarem com a complexidade inerentemente envolvida nestas situações.(AU)

This paper aimed to discuss the forensic psychological evaluation in cases of suspected of sexual abuse against children and adolescents. This study shows several ways this evaluation is carried out in different contexts worldwide, as well as the existence of some relatively consensual points among the authors. Within these issues, the assessment of the impact on the alleged victim and the credibility of the report receive special emphasis due to the difficulties their practical application in the forensic context. This study demonstrates a variety of strategies used on the investigative psychological assessment in case of sexual abuse against children and adolescents, indicating how professionals attempt to handle the inherent complexity involved in these situations.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo discutir el peritaje psicológico ante supuestos de abuso sexual contra niños y adolescentes. Se presentan diversos modos de realización de ese tipo de peritaje en diferentes contextos en el escenario mundial y se identifica la existencia de algunos puntos de consenso entre los autores. Entre esos puntos, la evaluación del impacto psíquico en la supuesta víctima y la evaluación de la credibilidad del relato ganan especial énfasis debido a las dificultades de sus aplicaciones prácticas en el contexto experto. Este estudio demuestra una variedad de estrategias utilizadas en las evaluaciones psicológicas investigativas en casos de abuso sexual contra niños y adolescentes, lo que indica un intento, por parte de los profesionales, para hacer frente a la complejidad inherente en estas situaciones.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

En el presente artículo se describen algunos criterios de credibilidad percibida que las personas usan cuando juzgan el periodismo en Internet. Estos criterios fueron comparados con los hallados en la literatura en contextos internacionales sobre credibilidad en el periodismo. Con una muestra de 166 participantes, quienes calificaron con una escala tipo Likert. Se exploró la credibilidad percibida que tienen los colombianos sobre el periodismo en Internet. Los resultados encontrados muestran que hay concordancia entre los criterios encontrados en la literatura y los usados por los lectores, no obstante, se halló una correlación negativa entre la dependencia al Internet (profesional/académica) y el nivel de credibilidad, al igual que entre las variaciones en el nivel de credibilidad con base en algunas variables socio-demográficas.

This article describes some perceived credibility criteria that people use when judging Internet journalism. These criteria were compared with those found in the literature on journalism credibility in international contexts. With a sample of 166 participants who rated with a Likert scale, the perceived credibility that Colombian people have about Internet journalism was explored. Results show that there is agreement between the criteria found in the research literature and those used by online readers, however, was found a negative correlation between Internet dependence (professional/scholar) and the level of credibility as well as between changes in the level of credibility and some socio-demographic variables.

RESUMO

A partir da conferência de Freud sobre suas perspectivas quanto ao futuro da terapia psicanalítica, a autora faz alguns comentários e reflexões sobre a prática clínica nos dias de hoje.

Desde la conferencia de Freud sobre las perspectivas para el futuro de la terapia psicoanalítica, el autor hace algunas observaciones y reflexiones sobre la práctica clínica actual.

From Freud's conference on prospects of the future of psychoanalytic therapy, the author makes some comments and reflections on clinical practice today.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A partir da conferência de Freud sobre suas perspectivas quanto ao futuro da terapia psicanalítica, a autora faz alguns comentários e reflexões sobre a prática clínica nos dias de hoje.(AU)

Desde la conferencia de Freud sobre las perspectivas para el futuro de la terapia psicoanalítica, el autor hace algunas observaciones y reflexiones sobre la práctica clínica actual.(AU)

From Freud's conference on prospects of the future of psychoanalytic therapy, the author makes some comments and reflections on clinical practice today.(AU)

RESUMO

A partir da conferência de Freud sobre suas perspectivas quanto ao futuro da terapia psicanalítica, a autora faz alguns comentários e reflexões sobre a prática clínica nos dias de hoje.(AU)

Desde la conferencia de Freud sobre las perspectivas para el futuro de la terapia psicoanalítica, el autor hace algunas observaciones y reflexiones sobre la práctica clínica actual.(AU)

From Freud's conference on prospects of the future of psychoanalytic therapy, the author makes some comments and reflections on clinical practice today.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Este ensayo hace una serie de reflexiones importantes acerca del papel del testigo experto y del consultor técnico privado en el campo de la Psicología y Psiquiatría Pericial, donde el testigo experto puede ser un útil educador del Tribunal, dando un marco del cuerpo de conocimientos existente acerca de la naturaleza del abuso sexual infantil, reacciones comunes de las víctimas, patrones de revelación, memoria y sugestibilidad de los niños, y pueden ayudar a evaluar objetivamente la credibilidad de casos particulares. Sin embargo, con mucha facilidad el testigo experto puede hacer que sus puntos de vista correspondan a los intereses de la parte que los contrata. Entonces el estatus del experto se convierte en el de un testigo cuyo fin es lograr la victoria de una de las partes, aún al costo de la consideración de todos los datos científicos y profesionales existentes lo que puede devenir en el proceso de revictimización a través del sistema judicial por lo que debe insistirse en la necesidad de un compromiso ético y social con la infancia y adolescencia.

This essay brings to attention the role of the expert witness and the private technical consultant in the fields of Psychological and Psychiatric Expertise, in which the expert witness can be a useful educator to the Tribune, giving a background of the existing body of knowledge of the nature of sexual abuse of a minor, common reactions of victims, patterns of revelation, the child memory and suggestibility, and they can help to objectively evaluate the credibility in particular cases. Nevertheless, very easily can the expert witness make his or her points of view match those of the part who has hired him or her. Therefore, the status of the expert becomes that of a witness whose purpose is victory of one of the parts, even at the expense of the consideration of all the scientific and professional data existent that could turn out into the process of revictimizing through the judicial system, which is why an ethical and social commitment is needed towards children and adolescents.

Assuntos