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Abstract Background: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is an umbrella term encompassing various clinical complaints involving the temporomandibular joints, masticatory muscles, and/or associated orofacial structures. Myogenous TMDs are the most frequent cause of chronic orofacial pain. Musculoskeletal pain is commonly associated with myofascial trigger points (MTPs), for which dry needling (DN) is a routine treatment. Objective: To investigate muscle oxygenation and pain immediately after DN application on an MTP in the masseter muscle of patients with myogenous TMDs. Methodology: Masseter muscle oxygen tissue saturation indices (TSI%) were assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) pre- and post-interventions by a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover DN/Sham clinical trial (primary outcome). Pain was investigated by the visual analog scale (VAS). In total, 32 individuals aged from 18 to 37 years who were diagnosed with myogenous TMD and myofascial trigger points in their masseter muscles participated in this study. Relative deltas for the studied variables were calculated. Data normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. According to their distribution, data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and the Student's t-, and Mann-Whitney tests. Statistical analyses were performed using Prism® 5.0 (GraphPad, USA). Results: We found a significant difference (2,108% vs. 0,142%) between masseter muscle TSI% deltas after the DN and Sham interventions, respectively (n=24). We only evaluated women since men refused to follow NIRS procedures. Pain increased immediately after DN (n=32, 8 men), in comparison to Sham delta VAS. Conclusion: These findings show an increase in tissue oxygen saturation in the evaluated sample immediately after the DN intervention on the MTP of patients' masseter muscle. Pain may have increased immediately after DN due to the needling procedure.

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Abstract Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome (TMD), is a collective term characterized by symptoms involving chewing muscles, temporomandibular joint and orofacial structures. The efficacy of low intensity laser (LLLT) Gallium arsenide, in combination with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was evaluated. The main objective was to evaluate the maximum mouth opening without pain (ABM), arthralgia in the joint capsule through visual analog scale (VAS), laterality, protrusion, joint noises and count of tablets ingested per group. A controlled clinical trial (double-blind-randomized) was carried out in 30 subjects, who presented DTM of arthrogenic etiology; 5 applications of LLLT were made with wavelength of 810 nm, output optical power of 100-200 mw, emission PW=Pulsed (1-10,000Hz), dose of 10 jouls-cm², time of 1.44 minutes in mouth closed and with the mouth half open. One more follow-up appointment per month. There were two groups: experimental and control group, where different variables were analyzed (ABM, laterality, protrusion, VAS and sociodemographic). In the control group, a supposed LT application (not active) was made, for later comparison. Pain-free ABM was assessed in all appointments in addition to the other clinical parameters. Repeated measures analysis was performed with mixed models. Thirty patients were included of which 28 finished the treatment, two of them were lost during follow-up. The groups were similar in all their baseline variables. There were no statistically significant differences when applying the final multiple regression analysis, in the ABM, or in any other of the clinical parameters analyzed. LT was not effective in treating arthrogenic DTM.

Resumen El síndrome de disfunción de la articulación temporomandibular (DTM) es un término colectivo caracterizado por síntomas que involucran músculos de la masticación, articulación temporomandibular y estructuras orofaciales. Se evaluó la eficacia del láser de baja intensidad (LLLT) Arseniuro de galio, en combinación con un antiinflamatorio no esteroideo (AINE). El objetivo principal fue evaluar la apertura bucal máxima sin dolor (ABM), la artralgia en cápsula articular a través de escala visual análoga (EVA), lateralidades, protrusión, ruidos articulares y conteo de tabletas ingeridas por grupo. Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado (doble ciego-aleatorizado) en 30 sujetos, que presentaban DTM de etiología artrogénica; se les realizaron 5 aplicaciones de LLLT con longitud de onda de 810 nm, potencia óptica de salida de 100-200 mw, emisión PW=Pulsed (1-10,000Hz), dosis de10 jouls-cm², tiempo de1.44 minutos a boca cerrada y con la boca semiabierta. Una cita más de seguimiento al mes. Se tuvieron dos grupos: experimental y grupo control, donde se analizaron diferentes variables (ABM, lateralidades, protrusión, EVA y sociodemográficas). En el grupo control se hizo una supuesta aplicación LT (no activo), para posterior comparación. En todas las citas se valoró la ABM sin dolor además de los otros parámetros clínicos. Se realizó análisis de medidas repetidas con modelos mixtos. Se incluyeron 30 pacientes de los cuales 28 finalizaron el tratamiento, dos de ellos se perdieron en el seguimiento. Los grupos fueron similares en todas sus variables basales. No hubo diferencias estadísticas significativas al aplicar los análisis de regresión múltiple finales, en la ABM, ni tampoco en ningún otro de los parámetros clínicos analizados. El LT no fue eficaz en el tratamiento de la DTM de origen artrogénico.

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O complexo de desordens hiperostóticas é uma condição rara e autolimitante, que tem as mesmas características histopatológicas, que cursa com proliferação óssea de caráter não neoplásico. Acomete cães jovens de raças distintas, com variabilidade quanto ao tipo de proliferação óssea e quanto aos ossos acometidos. O complexo é composto pela osteopatia craniomandibular, hiperostose da calota craniana e osteodistrofia hipertrófica. Podendo estar presente nos ossos da calota craniana, mandíbulas, coluna cervical e esqueleto apendicular. O presente relato, descreveu o quadro de uma cadela, da raça American Bully, não castrada, três meses de idade, que foi atendida com queixa de aumento de volume doloroso das mandíbulas, hiporexia e sialorreia há 15 dias, apresentando ao exame físico, amplitude de movimento diminuída e sensibilidade dolorosa da articulação temporomandibular, espessamento firme bilateral do crânio em região de fossa temporal, espessamento palpável de consistência firme das mandíbulas e crepitação respiratória. Após avaliação clínica e realização de exames complementares, chegou-se ao diagnóstico presuntivo, de complexo de desordens hiperostóticas. Foi instituído como conduta terapêutica o suporte analgésico, sendo eficaz para a manutenção das necessidades fisiológicas até a paciente alcançar a fase adulta. O prognóstico para esta paciente foi considerado bom, uma vez que não havia indícios de anquilose da articulação temporomandibular e/ou manifestações neurológicas.

The complex of hyperostotic disorders is a rare and self-limiting condition, which has the same histophatological characteristics, which courses with non-neoplastic bone proliferations. It affects young dogs of different breeds, with variability the bones affected. The complex is composed of craniomandibular osteopathy, calvarial hyperostotic syndrome and hypertrophic osteodystrophy. It may be present in the bones of the skullcap, jaws, cervical spine and appendicular skeleton. The present report describes the condition of a female dog, American Bully breed, entire, three months old, with a complaint of painful swelling of the jaws, hyporexia and drooling for 15 days, presenting on physical examination, reduced amplitude and pain of the temporomandibular joint, bilateral firm thickening of the skull in the temporal fossa region, palpable firm-consistent thickening of the mandibles and respiratory crackle. After clinical evaluation and complementary tests, a presumptive diagnosis of hyperostotic disorders complex was reached. It was instituted pain management as a treatment, being effective for the maintenance of physiological needs until the patient reaches the adulthood. The prognosis for this patient was considered good, since there was no evidence of temporomandibular joint ankylosis and/or neurological manifestations.

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RESUMEN La presente investigación surge de una inquietud ante la falta de consenso sobre el concepto del colapso posterior de mordida, sobre el cual en la actualidad existe limitada literatura. El Objetivo fue Identificar los factores clínicos relevantes en el diagnóstico de colapso posterior de mordida. Es una revisión sistemática basada en reportes y series de caso. Se consideraron como dimensiones al tejido dentario, oclusión dentaria, tejido muscular, articulación temporomandibular, tejido periodontal y examen radiográfico. De 82 artículos seleccionados inicialmente, se realizó la revisión con 6 artículos, Con los artículos se ordenó la información describiendo cada uno de ellos, siendo las publicaciones entre 1987 y 2020. Podemos concluir que se identificaron los factores clínicos relevantes: pérdida de piezas dentarias, alteración de la dimensión vertical, periodontitis, desviación en la apertura y cierre del ATM, y reabsorción ósea como los más predominantes según las dimensiones de diagnóstico.

ABSTRACT The present research arises from a concern regarding the lack of consensus on the concept of posterior bite collapse on which there is currently very little literature. The Objective was identify the relevant clinical factors in the diagnosis of a posterior bite collapse. Is a systematic review based on reports and case series. Was considered as dimensions: dental occlusion, muscle tissue, temporomandibular joint, periodontal tissue and radiographic examination. Of 82 initially selected articles, the review was carried out with 6 articles. The information was ordered describing each one of them, being the publications between 1987 and 2020. We can Conclude that Relevant clinical factors for the correct diagnosis of a posterior bite collapse were identified according to the study dimensions: loss of teeth, alteration of the vertical dimension, periodontitis, deviation in the opening and closing of the TMJ, and bone resorption, as the most predominant according to the diagnostic dimensions.

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This study evaluated the effect of auricular acupuncture (AA) on physical (PA) and emotional (EA) aspects of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and compared the effect of AA with those of Sham and occlusal splints (OS). In accordance with the CONSORT guidelines, patients with TMDs were evaluated by axes I and II of the RDC-TMD. The patients were allocated among three groups: OS, Sham and AA; and followed for 8 weeks. Both intragroup and intergroup evaluation for quantitative variables were analyzed with ANOVA, one-way, followed by the Tukey test. Qualitative variables were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis, and Dunn tests (intergroup evaluation) and for intragroup analyses, the Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were applied. At the end of the experiment, the chi-squared test was applied to compare the three groups with respect to the number of variables that had shown improved scores. The adopted level of significance for all tests was α = 5%. Intragroup analysis showed that, in the Sham group, no improvement in performance was seen in either EA and significant was improvements in 5 variables for 9 for PA, while in the AA group, significant improvements were observed in 2 variables for EA and in 9 for PA. In the OS group at the end of this study, significant improvements were observed in 8 and 8 variables for EA and PA, respectively. The analysis of therapies used revealed that the number of variables exhibiting significantly improved outcomes after treatment was similar between the AA and OS groups, whereas the sham group showed statistically significant differences when compared with the other two groups. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that AA applied at a specific TMJ ear point was able to bring about improvements in patients with TMDs, with outcomes similar to those in patients treated with an OS. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: RBR-69ynnw (Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials).

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of oral parafunctions with the presence of signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorder in children with cleft lip and palate (CLP). A cross-sectional study was performed in which one hundred and eighty-eight children with CLP and absence of associated syndromes or malformations were investigated. During clinical examination, the presence of wear facets and dental occlusion were observed and palpation was performed in the temporomandibular joint region (TMJ) and orofacial musculature . The children and their guardians were interviewed regarding the presence of oral parafunctional habits (bruxism, the act of biting the lips and/or cheeks, nail biting, sucking of fingers and pacifiers) and signs and symptoms of craniomandibular dysfunction (headache, ear and/or neckache, tiredness or crack in the TMJ during mouth opening and chewing movements). The data were analyzed by means of absolute and relative frequency measurements, and bivariate analysis using Pearson's chi-square test and likelihood ratio test were performed, considering the significance level of 5%. A higher prevalence of cleft lip and palate type (76.0%) and the presence of malocclusion (61.7%) was observed, highlighting the anterior crossbite (58.7%) and midline deviation (48.9%). There was a higher occurrence of teeth grinding (40.4%), onychophagy (28.7%) and biting lips and/or cheeks (28.7%). Onychophagia was associated with headache (p <0.05) and with pain or cracking during mouth opening (p <0.05). It was concluded that parafunctional oral habits may be associated with signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorder in children with cleft lip and palate.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a associação de parafunções orais com sinais e sintomas da disfunção craniomandibular em crianças com fissuras labiopalatinas (FLP). Um estudo transversal foi realizado, no qual cento e oitenta e oito crianças com FLP e ausência de síndromes ou malformações associadas, foram investigadas. Durante exame clínico, a presença de facetas de desgaste e a oclusão dentária foram observadas e foi realizada a palpação na região da articulação temporomandibular (ATM) e musculatura orofacial. As crianças e seus responsáveis foram entrevistados com relação à presença de hábitos orais parafuncionais (bruxismo, ato de morder os lábios e/ou bochechas, onicofagia, sucção de dedos e de chupeta) e sinais e sintomas de disfunção craniomandibular (cefaléia, ouvido, dor, cansaço ou estalo na ATM durante movimentos de abertura bucal e de mastigação). Os dados foram analisados por meio de medidas de frequência absoluta e relativa e a análise bivariada foi realizada por meio dos testes do Qui-quadrado de Pearson (χ2) e a Razão de verossimilhança, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Uma maior prevalência das fissuras envolvendo lábio e palato (76,0%) e presença de maloclusão (61,7%) foi observada, com destaque para mordida cruzada anterior (58,7%) e desvio de linha média (48,9%). Houve uma maior ocorrência do ato de ranger os dentes (40,4%), da onicofagia (28,7%) e do hábito de morder lábios e/ou bochechas (28,7%). A onicofagia foi associada à cefaléia (p<0,05) e à dor ou estalo durante abertura bucal (p<0,05). Conclui-se que hábitos orais parafuncionais podem estar associados a presença de sinais e sintomas da disfunção craniomandibular em crianças com FLP.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the predictors of temporomandibular disorder in people with Parkinson's disease, verifying their associations with sociodemographic aspects and stages of the disease. Methods: a study based on secondary data from research conducted in 2017 with 110 people with Parkinson's disease. They were assessed with the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders and the Parkinson's disease staging scale. The studied predictive variables for temporomandibular disorder were pain, crepitation, clicking, nighttime and daytime clenching/gnashing, uncomfortable/non-habitual bite, morning rigidity, and tinnitus. The sociodemographic aspects assessed were age, sex, schooling level, marital status, income, and stages 1 to 3 of the disease. The chi-squared odds ratio was used with a 95% confidence interval and significance level at p < 0.05. Results: an association was verified between nighttime clenching/gnashing and income (p = 0.006); tinnitus and income range from ½ to 3 (p = 0.003) and from 4 to 10 minimum wages (p = 0.004); and between tinnitus and stage 1 (p = 0.02). Conclusion: this study verified that the predictors associated with temporomandibular disorder in people with Parkinson's disease were pain, clicking, crepitation, uncomfortable/non-habitual bite, and morning rigidity. It was verified that income and stage 1 of the disease had an association with nighttime clenching/gnashing and tinnitus.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os preditores de disfunção temporomandibular em pessoas com doença de Parkinson (DP) verificando suas associações com aspectos sociodemográficos e estágios da doença. Métodos: estudo que utilizou fonte de dados secundários de uma pesquisa realizada em 2017, com 110 pessoas com DP que foram avaliadas pelo questionário para Pesquisa em Disfunção Temporomandibular (RDC/TMD) e pela escala de estadiamento da DP. As variáveis preditoras de DTM estudadas foram: dor, crepitação, estalido, apertamento/rangido noturno e diurno, mordida desconfortável/não habitual, rigidez matinal e zumbido. Os aspectos sociodemográficos avaliados foram: idade, sexo, escolaridade, estado civil, renda e estágios da doença de 1 a 3. Utilizou-se o Odds ratio do Qui-quadrado com intervalo de confiança de 95% e nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados: verificou-se associação entre os preditores: apertamento/rangido noturno e renda (p=0,006); zumbido e grupos de renda ½ a 3 (p=0,003) e de 4 a 10 salários mínimos (p=0,004). Além da associação do zumbido e estágio 1 (p=0,02). Conclusão: nesse estudo verificou-se que os preditores associados com a DTM em pessoas com DP foram: dor, estalido, crepitação, mordida desconfortável/não habitual e rigidez matinal. E destes verificou-se associação entre renda e estágio 1 da doença com apertamento/rangido noturno e zumbido.

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BACKGROUND/AIMS: Mouthguards (MGs) are devices that can reduce the risks of facial trauma. However, the large variety of MG types and thicknesses raises the question of which type is the most effective and beneficial for the athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate stress distribution in the skull, teeth, and jaws as a consequence of a direct impact. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using modeling software, a human skull was modeled and a human jaw was created with all teeth inserted into the respective alveolus. The models were divided according to the MG type (custom-made or stock) and thickness (1, 2, and 4 mm). Two models without MG were evaluated with and without teeth contact. The geometries were exported to analysis software and the materials were considered ideal. Fixation occurred at the base of the foramen magnum. The load (500 N) was applied on the canine tooth with a ball. Maximum principal (MPa) and Von-Mises results were obtained. RESULTS: Without any protection, the generated tensile stress was of greater magnitude causing more damage in the absence of teeth contact. The presence of a MG significantly reduced the generated stress in all structures, and the customized/individualized type was more efficient than stock MGs. CONCLUSIONS: In extreme situations when it is impossible to use a MG, keeping the teeth in maximum intercuspal position is less harmful. Despite this, the use of any MG is beneficial and assists in dampening the generated stress. The thicker the device, the greater the capacity for decreasing the damage in all structures. The use of individual protectors for each patient is even more beneficial for preventing trauma during at-risk activities of impact.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se as terapias de placa oclusal, fisioterapia e aconselhamento, empregadas para o tratamento da disfunção temporomandibular (DTM), alteram a postura craniocervical e quadro de dor. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado controlado cego, onde foram incluídos sujeitos previamente diagnosticados com DTM por meio do RDC/TMD (Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders). Os pacientes foram sorteados entre quatro grupos de tratamento: placa oclusal (PO, n=17), fisioterapia (F, n= 19), aconselhamento (AC, n=15) e placa associada ao aconselhamento (PAC, n= 14), totalizando 65 indivíduos. Para a análise postural, uma teleradiografia foi realizada no baseline e após 1 mês da aplicação da terapia a fim de observar a distância occiptoatlas (DOA), a relação craniocervical (ACR) e o posicionamento do osso hioide (TH). Os traçados foram realizados nas imagens utilizando-se o Software CorelDraw X6 (2012 Corel Corporation, Canadá). Para análise da variável dor, a escala visual analógica foi aplicada antes e 1 mês após as terapias. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a diversos testes T pareado (α=5%) e para a variável dor o teste SPANOVA foi aplicado. Com exceção do grupo PAC na variável ACR (p=0,003), os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa para as variáveis analisadas quanto as diferentes terapias ao longo do tempo. Porém pode-se observar que todos os grupos de tratamento possibilitaram uma redução do quadro de dor dos pacientes (p=0.013) ao longo do tempo. Conclui-se que as terapias aplicadas pouco influenciam na postura craniocervical, mas são eficazes para o alivio da sintomatologia dolorosa (AU).

The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether the occlusal plaque, physiotherapy and counseling therapies used in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) alter the craniocervical posture and the pain picture. This is a controlled, randomized, blinded study that included individuals previously diagnosed with TMD through the RDC / TMD (Research criteria criteria for temporomandibular disorders). The patients were randomly selected from four treatment groups: occlusal (OP, n = 17), physiotherapy (MT, n = 19), counseling (C, n = 15) and counseling, totaling 65 individuals. For the postural analysis, a teleradiography was performed at the baseline and 1 month after the application of the therapy, in order to observe the occipito-atlas distance (DOA), the craniocervical relationship (ACR) and the positioning of the hyoid bone. Traits were performed on the images using CorelDraw X6 software (2012 Corel Corporation, Canada). To analyze the pain variable, the visual analogue scale was applied before and 1 month after the therapies. The data obtained were submitted to several paired T tests (α = 5%) and for the pain variable the SPANOVA test was applied. With the exception of the PAC group in the ACR variable (p = 0.003), the results showed that there was no statistically significant difference for the analyzed variables regarding the different therapies over time. However, it can be observed that all the treatment groups allowed a reduction of the patients' pain picture (p = 0.013) over time. It's concluded that the therapies applied have little influence on craniocervical posture, but are effective for the relief of painful symptoms (AU).

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RESUMO Objetivo O principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito do tempo de contração e repouso na atividade dos músculos masseter e temporal. Métodos 49 sujeitos do sexo feminino com idade entre 18 e 30 anos foram divididos em grupos DTM (n: 26) e controle (n: 23). A eletromiografia de superfície foi utilizada para avaliar os músculos temporal anterior e masseter durante protocolos de contração e repouso muscular. Foram analisados os parâmetros eletromiográfico raiz quadrada da média, frequência mediana e o coeficiente da inclinação da reta de regressão linear. Resultados Foi encontrado efeito significativo do tempo no protocolo de contração e de repouso muscular. No protocolo de contração, sujeitos com DTM apresentaram significativa diminuição da frequência mediana no masseter direito e do coeficiente de inclinação do músculo temporal direito comparados ao grupo controle. Conclusão Apesar de os sujeitos com DTM apresentarem maior suscetibilidade à fadiga, comparados aos controles, ambos os grupos devem respeitar o tempo máximo de 5 s de contração voluntária máxima e no mínimo 30 s de repouso entre sucessivas contrações da musculatura mastigatória durante protocolos de avaliação clínica ou de pesquisa.

ABSTRACT Purpose The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of time of contraction and rest on the masseter and temporal muscles activity. Methods 49 female subjects between 18 and 30 years of age were divided into TMD (n: 26) and control groups (n: 23). Surface electromyograph was used to evaluate the anterior temporal and masseter muscles during contraction and rest protocols. The root means square, median frequency and slope coefficient of the linear regression line parameters were analyzed. Results A significant effect of time in the contraction and rest muscle protocols was found. TMD patients showed a significant decrease in median frequency in the right masseter muscle and the slope coefficient in the right temporal muscle during the contraction protocol to control subjects. Conclusion Despite the TMD patients presented with higher fatigue susceptibility compared to the control group, both groups must meet the maximum time of 5 s of maximum voluntary contraction and at least 30 s rest between successive contractions of masticatory muscles during clinical or research assessment protocols.

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A Osteopatia Craniomandibular é uma afecção óssea proliferativa, não neoplásica, pouco comum em cães. Acomete principalmente, os ossos da mandíbula e do crânio. Os animais mais acometidos são cães jovens, entre três a 10 meses de idade, das raças West Highland e Scottish Terrier, tendo sido relatada também em outras raças tais como Bulldog, Labrador Retriever, Boxer, Bullmastiff, Pastor de Shetland e Shar Pei. Trata-se de uma doença autolimitante e sem predileção sexual. Os principais sinais clínicos são dor em região mandibular, aumento da mandíbula, sialorreia e febre intermitente. O diagnóstico é fundamentado basicamente nos sinais clínicos e achados radiográficos. O tratamento é sintomático, controlando a dor e providenciando suporte nutricional.

The Craniomandibular Osteopathy is a proliferative bone affection, non-neoplastic and it is uncommon in dogs. Affects mainly, the jaw bones and the skull bones. The animals that are most attacked are young dogs, from the age of three months to ten months, from the breeds West Highland and Scottish Terrier although been related in other breeds like the Bulldog, Labrador Retriever, Boxer, Bullmastiff, Shetland Sheepdog and Shar Pei. It's a self-limiting disease and without sex predilection. The main clinical signals are pain in the jaw area, jaw swelling, drooling and intermittent fever. The diagnosis is based basically in the clinical signs and radiographic findings. The treatment is symptomatic, controlling the pain and providing nutritional support.

La osteopatía Craniomandibular es una enfermedad proliferativa de los huesos, no neoplásico, poco común en perros. Afecta principalmente a los huesos de la mandíbula y el cráneo. Los animales más afectados son los perros jóvenes entre tres y diez meses de edad, las razas más frecuentes son West Highland y Scottish Terrier, también ha sido reportado en otras razas como el Bulldog, Labrador, Boxer, Bullmastiff, Pastor de Shetland y Shar Pei. Esta es una enfermedad autolimitada y sin preferencia de género. Los principales signos clínicos son dolor en la región mandibular, aumento de la mandíbula, babeo y fiebre intermitente. El diagnóstico se basa principalmente en los signos clínicos y los resultados radiológicos. El tratamiento es sintomático, controlar el dolor y la prestación de apoyo nutricional.

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A Osteopatia Craniomandibular é uma afecção óssea proliferativa, não neoplásica, pouco comum em cães. Acomete principalmente, os ossos da mandíbula e do crânio. Os animais mais acometidos são cães jovens, entre três a 10 meses de idade, das raças West Highland e Scottish Terrier, tendo sido relatada também em outras raças tais como Bulldog, Labrador Retriever, Boxer, Bullmastiff, Pastor de Shetland e Shar Pei. Trata-se de uma doença autolimitante e sem predileção sexual. Os principais sinais clínicos são dor em região mandibular, aumento da mandíbula, sialorreia e febre intermitente. O diagnóstico é fundamentado basicamente nos sinais clínicos e achados radiográficos. O tratamento é sintomático, controlando a dor e providenciando suporte nutricional.(AU)

The Craniomandibular Osteopathy is a proliferative bone affection, non-neoplastic and it is uncommon in dogs. Affects mainly, the jaw bones and the skull bones. The animals that are most attacked are young dogs, from the age of three months to ten months, from the breeds West Highland and Scottish Terrier although been related in other breeds like the Bulldog, Labrador Retriever, Boxer, Bullmastiff, Shetland Sheepdog and Shar Pei. It's a self-limiting disease and without sex predilection. The main clinical signals are pain in the jaw area, jaw swelling, drooling and intermittent fever. The diagnosis is based basically in the clinical signs and radiographic findings. The treatment is symptomatic, controlling the pain and providing nutritional support.(AU)

La osteopatía Craniomandibular es una enfermedad proliferativa de los huesos, no neoplásico, poco común en perros. Afecta principalmente a los huesos de la mandíbula y el cráneo. Los animales más afectados son los perros jóvenes entre tres y diez meses de edad, las razas más frecuentes son West Highland y Scottish Terrier, también ha sido reportado en otras razas como el Bulldog, Labrador, Boxer, Bullmastiff, Pastor de Shetland y Shar Pei. Esta es una enfermedad autolimitada y sin preferencia de género. Los principales signos clínicos son dolor en la región mandibular, aumento de la mandíbula, babeo y fiebre intermitente. El diagnóstico se basa principalmente en los signos clínicos y los resultados radiológicos. El tratamiento es sintomático, controlar el dolor y la prestación de apoyo nutricional.(AU)

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The objective was to investigate the prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction ­TMD - in severe and moderate hemophiliac A and B patients and healthy men as control group. Hemophilia complication is chronic arthropathy that results from repeated joint bleeding, leading to limited movement. Limitation of jaw movement is present in patients with TMD. Hemophiliac patients were recruited in the Hemophilia outpatient clinic at Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP). The control group was composed of voluntary subjects recruited among medical and dental students of UNIFESP. Both groups were screened for TMD symptoms according to the European Academy of Craniomandibular Disorders questionnaire. The Research Diagnostic Criteria further evaluated those considered positive for TMD. The results showed a similar prevalence of TMD in the hemophiliac group compared to the control group (n= 38, n= 79; p= 0.7). There were no significant differences in severity of sign and symptoms between the groups. In conclusion, patients with hemophilia do not have a higher prevalence of temporomandibular disorders, indicating absence of hemorrhage in temporomandibular joint.

El objetivo fue investigar la prevalencia de trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM) entre pacientes hemofílicos A y B severos y moderados, y hombres sanos como grupo de control. Una complicación de la Hemofilia es la artropatía crónica como resultado de una hemorragia articular a repetición, limitando el movimiento en el tiempo. La limitación del movimiento de la mandíbula está presente en pacientes con TTM. Los pacientes hemofílicos fueron reclutados en la clínica de atención ambulatoria de hemofilia en Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP). El grupo control estaba compuesto por sujetos voluntarios reclutados entre los estudiantes de Medicina y Odontología de UNIFESP. Ambos grupos fueron evaluados por síntomas de TTM según cuestionario de trastornos craneomandibulares de la Academia Europea. Los criterios de diagnósticos de investigación evaluados se consideraron positivos para TTM. Los resultados mostraron una prevalencia similar de TTM en el grupo de hemofílicos en comparación con el grupo control (n= 38, n= 79; p= 0,7). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la gravedad de los signos y síntomas entre los grupos. En conclusión, los pacientes con hemofilia no tienen una mayor prevalencia de trastornos temporomandibulares, indicando la ausencia de hemorragia en la articulación temporomandibular.

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There is a lack of knowledge about the effectiveness of manual therapy (MT) on subjects with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The aim of this systematic review is to synthetise evidence regarding the isolated effect of MT in improving maximum mouth opening (MMO) and pain in subjects with signs and symptoms of TMD. MEDLINE(®) , Cochrane, Web of Science, SciELO and EMBASE(™) electronic databases were consulted, searching for randomised controlled trials applying MT for TMD compared to other intervention, no intervention or placebo. Two authors independently extracted data, PEDro scale was used to assess risk of bias, and GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) was applied to synthetise overall quality of the body of evidence. Treatment effect size was calculated for pain, MMO and pressure pain threshold (PPT). Eight trials were included, seven of high methodological quality. Myofascial release and massage techniques applied on the masticatory muscles are more effective than control (low to moderate evidence) but as effective as toxin botulinum injections (moderate evidence). Upper cervical spine thrust manipulation or mobilisation techniques are more effective than control (low to high evidence), while thoracic manipulations are not. There is moderate-to-high evidence that MT techniques protocols are effective. The methodological heterogeneity across trials protocols frequently contributed to decrease quality of evidence. In conclusion, there is widely varying evidence that MT improves pain, MMO and PPT in subjects with TMD signs and symptoms, depending on the technique. Further studies should consider using standardised evaluations and better study designs to strengthen clinical relevance.

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Facial pain often persists long after any identifiable organic pathology has healed. Moreover, in a subgroup of patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD), no treatment is effective. Knowledge of factors associated with persistent pain in TMD could help identify personalized treatment approaches. Therefore, we conducted a critical review of the literature for the period from January 2000 to December 2013 to identify factors related to TMD development and persistence. The literature findings showed that chronic TMD is marked by psychological distress (somatization and depression, affective distress, fear of pain, fear of movement, and catastrophizing) and characteristics of pain amplification (hyperalgesia and allodynia). Furthermore, these factors seem to interact in TMD development. In addition, our review demonstrates that upregulation of the serotonergic pathway, sleep problems, and gene polymorphisms influence the chronicity of TMD. We conclude that psychological distress and pain amplification contribute to chronic TMD development, and that interactions among these factors complicate pain management. These findings emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary assistance in TMD treatment.

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Purpose: This study aimed to establish the prevalence of pain in the craniomandibular and cervical spine region in individuals with Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and to analyze the effects of these disorders on the bilateral activation of anterior temporalis (AT) and masseter (MA) muscles during the masticatory cycle. Methods: The participants were 55 female volunteers aged 18–30 years. The presence of TMD and craniomandibular and cervical spine pain was evaluated by applying the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) questionnaire and using a combination of tests for the cervical region. The muscle activity of AT and MA during the masticatory cycle was assessed using the symmetry and antero-posterior coefficient indices. Results: The AT activity during the masticatory cycle is more asymmetric in individuals with TMD. The craniomandibular pain, more prevalent in these individuals, influenced these results. Conclusion: Individuals with TMD showed changes in the pattern activity of AT. The craniomandibular nociceptive inputs can influence the increase in asymmetry of the activation of this muscle. .

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de dor nas regiões craniomandibular e cervical em indivíduos com Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) e analisar o efeito dessas desordens na ativação bilateral dos músculos temporal anterior (TA) e masseter (MA) durante o ciclo mastigatório. Métodos: Participaram deste estudo 55 voluntários do sexo feminino com idade de 18 a 30 anos. A presença de DTM e de dor craniomandibular e cervical foi avaliada por meio do questionário Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) e uma combinação de testes para a região cervical. A análise da ativação muscular do TA e MA durante o ciclo mastigatório foi realizada através dos índices de simetria e do coeficiente anteroposterior. Resultados: A atividade dos músculos TA, durante o ciclo mastigatório, é mais assimétrica em indivíduos com DTM. A dor craniomandibular, mais prevalente nesses indivíduos, influencia nesses resultados. Conclusão: Indivíduos com DTM apresentam alteração no padrão mastigatório do músculo TA e estímulos nociceptivos da região craniomandibular podem influenciar no aumento da assimetria de ativação dessa musculatura. .

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Objetivos. A pesar de décadas de investigación en el área de la electromiografía, su empleo en odontología es aún controversial, debido a la baja sensibilidad de las variables estudiadas. Se definió y analizó una nueva variable, que es la capacidad del individuo para controlar su trayectoria muscular durante un esfuerzo voluntario estandarizado, con el objetivo de analizar posibles patrones de normalidad.Métodos. Se utilizó retroalimentación visual para controlar el esfuerzo contráctil de los músculos masetero, trapecio y frontal. Se midió, para cada músculo, el tiempo que cada individuo necesitó para controlar la trayectoria de la actividad motora.Resultados. Se demostró que la capacidad de una persona sana para controlar esa trayectoria era diferente para los músculos inervados por distintos pares craneales. Un posible patrón de “normalidad” fue más evidente en los músculos maseteros.Conclusiones. Se define y analiza, en un trabajo piloto, una nueva variable para el estudio de la función cráneo-mandibular. Se requerirá un futuro estudio, con una muestra ampliada, para confirmar estos resultados preliminares.

Objectives. Despite decades of research in the area of electromyography, its use in dentistry is still controversial because low sensitivity of the proposed variables. We defined and analyzed a new variable, which is the ability of the subject to control the muscle force trajectory, with the aim to find possible normality patterns.Methods. Real-time visual biofeedback was used to control the muscle force trajectory of the masseter, trapezius and frontal muscles. We measured the time that each individual needed to control the trajectory under a standardized set of experimental conditions.Results. We showed that the ability to control the muscle force trajectory can vary for muscles innervated by different cranial nerves. A possible ¨normality¨ pattern was more evident in the masseter muscle.Conclusions. We defined and analyzed, in a pilot research, a new variable for the study of the craniomandibular function. Further research, with an increased sample size, will be needed in order to confirm these preliminary results.

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OBJECTIVE: Orthodontics as an option for treatment and prevention of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) is a topic that has generated discussion over time. While an occlusion current defends Orthodontics as an alternative to treatment, another current defends more conservative and reversible treatments. The objective of this study, through a systematic literature review, was to analyze the relationship between Orthodontics and TMD, checking the effects of orthodontic therapy in treatment and prevention of TMD. METHODS: Survey in research bases: MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, Pubmed, Lilacs and BBO, between the years of 1966 and May 2009, with focus in randomized clinical trials, non-randomized prospective longitudinal studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: After application of the inclusion criteria 11 articles were selected, 9 which were non-randomized prospective longitudinal studies, 1 randomized clinical trial and 1 systematic review. CONCLUSIONS: According to the literature, there is a lack of specific studies that evaluated Orthodontics as an option for treatment and prevention of TMD. Thus the data conclude that there is no significant scientific evidences that orthodontic treatment treats or prevents TMD.

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PURPOSE: To study the frequency of cervical spine dysfunction (CCD) signs and symptoms in subjects with and without temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and to assess the craniocervical posture influence on TMD and CCD coexistence. METHODS: Participants were 71 women (19 to 35 years), assessed about TMD presence; 34 constituted the TMD group (G1) and 37 comprised the group without TMD (G2). The CCD was evaluated through the Craniocervical Dysfunction Index and the Cervical Mobility Index. Subjects were also questioned about cervical pain. Craniocervical posture was assessed by cephalometric analysis. RESULTS: There was no difference in the craniocervical posture between groups. G2 presented more mild CCD frequency and less moderate and severe CCD frequency (p=0.01). G1 presented higher percentage of pain during movements (p=0.03) and pain during cervical muscles palpation (p=0.01) compared to G2. Most of the TMD patients (88.24%) related cervical pain with significant difference when compared to G2 (p=0.00). CONCLUSION: Craniocervical posture assessment showed no difference between groups, suggesting that postural alterations could be more related to the CCD. Presence of TMD resulted in higher frequency of cervical pain symptom. Thus the coexistence of CCD and TMD signs and symptoms appear to be more related to the common innervations of the trigeminocervical complex and hyperalgesia of the TMD patients than to craniocervical posture deviations.

OBJETIVOS: Investigar a frequência de sinais e sintomas de disfunção da coluna cervical (DCC) em indivíduos com e sem disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) e avaliar a influência da postura craniocervical sobre a coexistência da DTM e da DCC. MÉTODOS: Participaram 71 mulheres, com idades entre 19 e 35 anos, que foram avaliadas quanto à presença de DTM. Destas, 34 constituíram o grupo com DTM (G1) e 37 participaram compuseram o grupo sem DTM (G2). A DCC foi avaliada pelo Índice de Disfunção Clínica Craniocervical e pelo Índice de Mobilidade Cervical. Questionou-se, ainda, a queixa de dor cervical. A postura craniocervical foi aferida por meio do traçado cefalométrico. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença na entre os grupos quanto à postura craniocervical. O G2 apresentou maior frequência de DCC leve e menor frequência de DCC moderada ou grave (0,01). O G1 apresentou maiores percentuais de frequência de dor durante a execução do movimento e dor à palpação dos músculos cervicais. No G1, a maioria (88,24%) das participantes relatou dor cervical, com diferença em relação ao G2. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença na postura craniocervical entre os grupos, o que sugere que as alterações posturais estejam mais relacionadas à ocorrência de DCC. A presença de DTM resultou em maior frequência de sintomas dolorosos na região cervical. Assim, a coexistência de sinais e sintomas de DCC e DTM parece estar mais relacionada à inervação comum do complexo trigêmino-cervical e à hiperalgesia de indivíduos com DTM do que à alteração postural craniocervical.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A interação entre o zumbido e os distúrbios temporomandibulares é um tema que possui abordagem antiga e complexa, pois os fatores etiológicos, bem como a patogênese desta inter-relação ainda não são bem definidos. Ademais, sabe-se que o zumbido possui maior prevalência nos portadores de distúrbios temporomandibulares quando comparados com a população geral, o que sugere haver esta correlação. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do tratamento dos distúrbios temporomandibulares na percepção do zumbido. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte, prospectivo, em que se estudaram pacientes portadores de distúrbios temporomandibulares (DTM) que apresentavam zumbido antes e após o tratamento odontológico do DTM. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto à idade, sexo, caracterização do zumbido - local do sintoma e tempo de duração e avaliação auditiva através de audiometria. A intensidade do zumbido foi avaliada através de escala analógico-digital antes e após o tratamento dos DTM. RESULTADOS: Avaliamos 15 pacientes com DTM e zumbido, com idade média de 37,7±17,1 anos, sendo 86,7 por cento do sexo feminino. Em 60 por cento dos casos o zumbido era unilateral e a mediana do tempo de duração foi de 24 meses. Em 5 (33,3 por cento) pacientes identificou-se perda auditiva neurossensorial a audiometria. Comparando-se os escores da escala analógico-visual antes e após o tratamento odontológico, verificou-se que houve redução significativa (p<0,001) da intensidade do zumbido. Em 4 (26,6 por cento) pacientes houve desaparecimento do zumbido. CONCLUSÃO: Houve redução significativa na percepção do zumbido nos pacientes submetidos a tratamento das desordens temporomandibulares.

INTRODUCTION: The interaction between tinnitus and temporomandibular disorders is a very complex issue that has been long approached, because neither the etiologic factors nor the pathogenesis of such a two-way association has been clearly defined yet. Additionally, tinnitus is known to be more prevalent in temporomandibular dysfunction individuals in comparison with the general population, hence, suggesting the existence of this two-way association. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of the temporomandibular disorder treatment when tinnitus is noticed. METHODS: It is about a prospective cohort study, in which temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) individuals showing a tinnitus before and after the dental TMD treatment were studied. Patients' age, sex, and tinnitus features - place of symptom and time length were examined, and an audiometric evaluation was performed. Intensity of tinnitus was evaluated by a digital analogue scale before and after the TMD treatment. RESULTS: We evaluated 15 TMD and tinnitus patients aged between 37. 7±17. 1, 86. 7 percent of whom were female. In 60 percent of the cases, tinnitus was unilateral and the average time length was 24 months. In 5 (33. 3 percent) patients, a neurosensorial hearing loss was seen at audiometry. When comparing the visual analogue scale scores before and after the dental treatment, a significant decrease (p<0,001) in the intensity of tinnitus was evident. In 4 (26. 6 percent) patients, tinnitus disappeared. CONCLUSION: A significant decrease in the recognition of tinnitus by patients submitted to a temporomandibular dysfunction treatment was evident.

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