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This paper discusses a landmark ruling by the Chilean Supreme Court of August 9, 2023 dealing with the right to mental privacy, originated with an action for constitutional protection filed on behalf of Guido Girardi Lavin against Emotiv Inc., a North American company based in San Francisco, California that is commercializing the device "Insight." This wireless device functions as a headset with sensors that collect information about the brain's electrical activity (i.e., neurodata). The discussion revolves around whether neurodata can be considered personal data and whether they could be classified into a special category. The application of the present legislation on data (the most obsolete, such as the Chilean law, and the most recent EU law) does not seem adequate to protect neurodata. The use of neurodata raises ethical and legal concerns that are not fully addressed by current regulations on personal data protection. Despite not being necessarily considered personal data, neurodata represent the most intimate aspects of human personality and should be protected in light of potential new risks. The unique characteristics of neurodata, including their interpretive nature and potential for revealing thoughts and intentions, pose challenges for regulation. Current data protection laws do not differentiate between different types of data based on their informational content, which is relevant for protecting individual rights. The development of new technologies involving neurodata requires particular attention and careful consideration to prevent possible harm to human dignity. The regulation of neurodata must account for their specific characteristics and the potential risks they pose to privacy, confidentiality, and individual rights. The answer lies in the reconfiguration of human rights known as "neurorights" that goes beyond the protection of personal data.

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In September 2021, the Mexican Supreme Court issued a decision disallowing any federal or local judicial authority to indict someone for the offense of voluntary or consensual abortion. This decision also declared unconstitutional penalties imposed on medical personnel who facilitate or assist such procedures. Furthermore, the Court decided that limiting access to abortion in cases of rape to a specific time frame was disproportionate. Later on, in September 2023, the Supreme Court confirmed that absolute criminalization of abortion was unconstitutional and declared that the rule supporting criminalization in the Federal Penal Code was without effects. Consequently, healthcare providers who work in public federal health institutions cannot be criminalized for guaranteeing the right to abortion. This article reviews the reasons advanced by the Supreme Court to guarantee the right of reproductive self-determination, as well as the effects of both decisions beyond the decriminalization of abortion by Mexican federal and state legislatures. The paper also examines the scope and limitations of these rulings and identifies the remaining challenges regarding voluntary abortion procedures in Mexico.

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Resumo A morosidade judicial no Brasil é um problema grave e persistente. Este trabalho ajuda a compreender as causas desse problema, na medida em que identifica e discute 12 fatores que aumentam o tempo do processo judicial no país, os quais foram identificados com base na análise de conteúdo de entrevistas com 15 atores-chave do sistema brasileiro de Justiça, entre juízes, promotores e advogados. Cada um dos fatores foi discutido segundo a literatura acadêmica, relatórios oficiais e indicadores de desempenho. Os achados da pesquisa mostram que fatores como o baixo custo do ajuizamento, a ausência de punição a litigantes repetitivos e o ajuizamento de execuções fiscais promovem uma sobrecarga de processos nos tribunais. O Judiciário também parece sobrecarregado por atribuições que extrapolam a função jurisdicional, como coletar evidências e localizar devedores e bens. O excesso de disputas e atribuições teria tornado a máquina judiciária brasileira grande e lenta, além de cara. Políticas públicas de redução da morosidade judicial no país são sugeridas.

Resumen Las demoras judiciales en Brasil son un problema grave y persistente. Este trabajo ayuda a comprender las causas de este problema, ya que identifica y discute 12 factores que aumentan la duración del proceso judicial en el país. Los factores fueron identificados a partir del análisis de contenido de entrevistas con 15 actores clave del sistema de justicia brasileño, entre jueces, fiscales y abogados. Cada factor fue discutido con base en la literatura académica, informes oficiales e indicadores de desempeño. Los hallazgos de la investigación muestran que factores como el bajo costo de presentación, la ausencia de sanción para los litigantes reincidentes y la presentación de ejecuciones fiscales promueven una sobrecarga de procesos en los tribunales. El Poder Judicial también parece estar cargado de atribuciones que van más allá de la función jurisdiccional, como reunir pruebas y localizar deudores y bienes. El exceso de disputas y asignaciones habría hecho grande y lenta la máquina judicial brasileña, además de costosa. Se sugieren políticas públicas para reducir las demoras judiciales en el país.

Abstract Judicial delay in Brazil is a severe and persistent problem. This work helps to understand the causes of this issue, by identifying and discussing 12 factors that increase the length of the judicial process in the country. These factors were identified through content analysis of interviews with 15 key players in the Brazilian justice system, including judges, prosecutors, and lawyers. Each factor was discussed based on academic literature, official reports, and performance indicators. The research findings show that factors such as the low cost of filling, the absence of punishment for repetitive litigants, and tax foreclosures promote an overload of processes in the courts. The Judiciary also seems to be burdened with attributions beyond the jurisdictional function, such as collecting evidence and locating debtors and assets. The excess of disputes and assignments has made the Brazilian judicial machine large, slow, and expensive. Public policies to reduce judicial delays in the country are suggested.

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Mexico's pandemic management and the absence of measures have been harshly criticized as being disproportionate. This paper examines whether the proportionality principle was properly applied to Mexico's COVID-19 response and outlines three reasons against such an endeavor, namely (i) the content of "proportionate measures" remained insufficiently well defined, (ii) there were yet fundamental rights conflicts to resolve, and (iii) the situation was moreover characterized by epistemic uncertainty.

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The concept of suicide by cop (SbC) is of interest to psychiatrists, law enforcement professionals, lawyers, and citizens. It is a form of provoked homicide arising from a wish to die. Those who attempt SbC experience more mental illness, substance use, and recent trauma than the general population. This article examines those who attempt SbC and survive the encounters. SbC survivors who threaten or harm police or others may be charged with crimes such as weapons possession, aggravated assault, murder or attempted murder of an officer. The formulation of a provocative act, however, frustrates attempts at defenses based on mental state, resulting in few requests for expert testimony. Few data exist on how these individuals fare in court. Appellate cases in which defendants attempted to introduce evidence of SbC illustrate great variability in adjudication. Psychiatric defenses, such as diminished capacity and insanity, are usually inapplicable or unsuccessful because intent and knowledge of wrongfulness are implied in the provocative act. Diversion of SbC defendants into mental health courts is rare because of firearms use against police. The author argues that criminal justice ignores SbC survivors' mental health and recommends application of therapeutic jurisprudence to give full expression of SbC dynamics.

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Este artículo muestra que la experiencia acumulada por la Corte Suprema chilena en juicios sobre responsabilidad civil y ambiental, debiera permitirle abordar los problemas ético-ambientales y jurídicos que el calentamiento global implica, sea previniendo daños mediante la imposición a los principales emisores de gases de efecto invernadero, incluido el Estado, del deber de reducir acelerada y significativamente las emisiones, sea exigiendo y haciendo cumplir la obligación de adaptación al cambio climático mediante la atribución de responsabilidad extracontractual o ambiental.

This article shows that the experience accrued by the Chilean Supreme Court in lawsuits on tort and environmental liability, should allow it to address the ethical-environmental and legal issues that global warming implies, either by preventing harm through the imposition on the major emitters of greenhouse gases, including the State, of the duty to reduce emissions rapidly and significantly, or by demanding and enforcing the obligation to adapt to climate change through the attribution of tort liability or environmental liability.

Esse artigo mostra que a experiência acumulada pela Corte Suprema chilena em julgamentos sobre responsabilidade civil e ambiental, deveria permitir-lhe abordar os problemas ético-ambientais e jurídicos que o aquecimento global implica, seja prevenindo danos mediante a imposição aos principais emissores de gases de efeito estufa, incluindo o Estado, do dever de reduzir acelerada e significativamente as emissões, seja exigindo e fazendo cumprir a obrigação de adaptação à mudança climática mediante a atribuição de responsabilidade extracontratual ou ambiental.

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Ghosting has become a way to end abruptly short/casual relationships. It is the practice of ending a personal relationship suddenly and without explanation withdrawing from all communication. Nowadays at family courts, the quality of psychology expert witness reports is limited to transcribe the interviewed person words, without applying any professional method tending to elaborate a diagnosis.On the other side, usually the formal procedures mandated by the law are not followed, may be due to the excessive amount of work. These two reasons lead to impose home exclusion or different kind of restrictions to see one or more members of the family, measures that facilitate de abrupt termination of the family bond, developing serious psychological consequences to the excluded person. Attempts are made to warn about the need for real expert reports that help judges to improve decision-making, to not facilitate long term family relationships ending.

El ghosting (fantasmeo o desaparición) se estableció como una forma de terminación de relaciones breves y sin compromiso. Consiste simplemente en cortar todo tipo de comunicación y no dar señales de vida de forma abrupta. Por otro lado, los informes psicológicos en los tribunales de familia, habitualmente se limitan a transcribir los dichos de las partes entrevistadas, sin efectuar ningún otro acto profesional que no sea el mero relato. Esto, sumado al no seguimiento de los procedimientos de la ley, terminan facilitando el cese abrupto no de relaciones cortas, sino parejas de larga data, o hasta inclusive matrimonios, mediante exclusiones de hogares o imposición de perímetros de exclusión, con las innumerables consecuencias para la persona ghosteada y la familia. Se intenta advertir, sobre la necesidad de la realización de verdaderos informes periciales, que ayuden a los magistrados a mejorar la toma de decisiones, que no faciliten la finalización abrupta de relaciones familiares de larga data.

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This article explores the last bastion of slavery in the USA­motherhood ­as circumscribed by two landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases about abortion:Dobbs v. Jackson (2022) and the case it overruled, Roe v. Wade (1973). These two cases bookend a half century fraught with controversy that began when Roe v. Wade allowed pregnant patients to decide whether they want a legal abortion under USA law. The contrary opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson allowing individual states of the USA to prohibit abortion in the same time frame in which Roe v. Wade allowed patients to have an abortion (and explicitly overruling Roe v. Wade) exploded when a draft opinion was released across international social media ­igniting protests at the gates of judges homes and during off duty activities such as eating in a restaurant. Beyond the implicationsof this unprecedented response towards legitimate juridical pronouncements in a democracy that prides itself on protecting free speech, the billions of dollars spent lobbying around abortion laws and the small number of pregnancies involved annually suggests that these cases are about unspoken issues that do not surface in the Supreme Court. This article therefore explores the notion that the public uproar about abortion masks the societal need for several important conversations that have not occurred. Under this view, close examination of cases that mark the beginning and end of U.S. Supreme Court case law regarding abortion posits a distraction from unresolved fundamental problems about public health. Achieving the goal of developing rational legislation that clarifies these issues to move towards resolution requires however a Constitutional base that presently does not exist in USA law. Therefore, this article proposes a U.S. Constitutional Amendment protecting the right to health that would provide a strong foundation for case law regarding medical decisions ostensibly protected by the abortion case law.

Este artigo explora o último bastião da escravidão nos EUA ­a maternidade ­,circunscrito por dois casos marcantes da Suprema Corte dos EUA sobre o aborto: Dobbs v. Jackson (2022) e o que foi anulado, Roe v. Wade (1973). Esses dois casos encerram meio século repleto de controvérsias que começaram quando Roe v. Wade permitiu que pacientes grávidas decidissem se queriam um aborto legal sob a lei dos EUA. A opinião contrária ao aborto em Dobbs v. Jackson­permitindo que estados dos EUA proíbam o aborto no mesmo período em que Roe v. Wade permitia que pacientes fizessem um aborto e, assim, anulando explicitamente Roe v. Wade ­foi maciçamente divulgada em toda a mídia internacional, iniciando protestos nos portões das casas dos juízes e em seus momentos de lazer. Além das implicações dessa resposta sem precedentes a pronunciamentos jurídicos legítimos em uma democracia que se orgulha de proteger a liberdade de expressão, os bilhões de dólares gastos com o lobby junto às leis de aborto e o pequeno número de gestações envolvidas anualmente sugerem que esses casos são sobre questões não ditas que não abordadas na Corte Suprema americana. Este artigo, portanto, explora a noção de que o alvoroço público sobre o aborto mascara a necessidade social de se discutir temas importantes. Sob esse ponto de vista, o exame minucioso dos casos que marcam o início e o fim da jurisprudência da Suprema Corte dos EUA em relação ao aborto se coloca como uma distração em relação aos problemas fundamentais não resolvidos sobre a saúde pública. Atingir o objetivo de desenvolver uma legislação racional que esclareça essas questões para avançar para a solução requer, no entanto, uma base constitucional que atualmente não existe na lei dos EUA. Este artigo propõe uma Emenda Constitucional nos EUA, que proteja o direito à saúde para fornecer uma base sólida para a jurisprudência sobre decisões médicas ostensivamente protegidas pela jurisprudência sobre o aborto.

Este artículo explora el último bastión de la esclavitud en los EE. UU., la maternidad, circunscrito por dos casos históricos de la Corte Suprema de los EE. UU. sobre el aborto: Dobbs v. Jackson (2022) y lo que fue anulado, Roe v. Wade (1973). Estos dos casos culminan medio siglo lleno de controversias que comenzaron cuando Roe v. Wade permitió que las pacientes embarazadas decidieran si querían un aborto legal bajo la ley estadounidense. La opinión contraria ao caso Dobbs v. Jackson­que permitió que los estados de EE. UU. prohíban el aborto en el mismo período que Roe v. Wade permitió que las pacientes abortaran, anulando así explícitamente Roe v. Wade ­ fue enorme cuando circuló en todas las redes sociales internacionales, lo que provocó protestas en las puertas de las casas de los jueces y durante sus descansos. Además de las implicaciones de esta respuesta sin precedentes a los pronunciamientos legales legítimos en una democracia que se enorgullece de proteger la libertad de expresión, los miles de millones de dólares gastados en cabildear las leyes de aborto y la pequeña cantidad de embarazos involucrados anualmente sugieren que estos casos se tratan de temas no expresados que no se abordan. por la Corte Suprema de EE.UU. Este artículo, por lo tanto, explora la noción de que el alboroto público sobre el aborto enmascara una necesidad social de discutir temas importantes. Desde este punto de vista, el escrutinio de los casos que marcan el principio y el final de la jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema de los EE.UU. en relación con el aborto se presenta como una distracción de los problemas fundamentales no resueltos sobre la salud pública. Lograr el objetivo de desarrollar una legislación racional que aclare estos temas para avanzar hacia la resolución requiere, sin embargo, una base constitucional que actualmente no existe en la ley estadounidense. Este artículo propone una Enmienda Constitucional de los Estados Unidos que protege el derecho a la salud para proporcionar una base sólida para la jurisprudencia sobre las decisiones médicas ostensiblemente protegidas por la jurisprudencia sobre el aborto.

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In Chile, Law 21.057 established in 2019 that, for criminal cases in which there is a child or adolescent victim of a sexual or other serious crime, professionals who take the evidence from the victim during the investigative interview and court testimony are required to be specially trained as interviewers and intermediaries, respectively. Although Chile has been progressively moving into a child-friendly justice system, the expertise and training on how to address victims who have particular communicative, emotional, cultural, or social needs have been rather limited. This study explores the challenges experienced by investigative interviewers and intermediaries with child victims from priority groups, through the lens of their instructors. The term "priority groups" encompasses people who require special protection because of a condition that puts them at a disadvantage. Using purposive sampling, 12 of the most experienced instructors were recruited, and five semi-structured group interviews were conducted remotely. Through thematic data analysis, eight categories of challenges were found. First, the study identified particular difficulties experienced by professionals with six groups of children and adolescents who are here called priority victims or members of priority groups: (1.1) preschool children, (1.2) victims with neurodevelopmental disorders, (1.3) victims with psychiatric disorders, (1.4) reluctant victims, (1.5) Indigenous and migrant victims, and (1.6) victims in complex contexts/crimes. Secondly, the analysis identified cross-cutting challenges for the professionals related to (2.1) difficulties remaining after their initial training, and (2.2) the unavailability of background information about the victims before the proceedings. The article emphasizes the need to strengthen advanced competences and training content regarding priority groups, to reinforce initial skills, and to refine guidelines to assess and address these victims adequately, in order to facilitate their access to justice.

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Justice-involved youth experience a high number of mental health symptoms. There has been an increased effort to address the mental health needs of these youth through specialized juvenile mental health courts (JMHC). To date, there have been few studies that examined characteristics related to successful completion of a JMHC program. This study is a retrospective case file review of 99 individuals ages 10 to 18 years who were involved in a JMHC program. Information collected included educational history, parental factors, psychiatric and abuse history, legal history, risk of removal from home, and risk and protective factors from the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) measure. The primary outcome was successful completion of the program. Forty-eight participants (48.5%) successfully completed the program. Neglect, removal from the home, new charges, probation violation, and number of previous charges were negatively associated with successful completion. Positive attitude toward intervention was positively associated with successful completion. Measures that juvenile justice systems may use, such as the SAVRY risk factors and abuse and neglect screens, were not associated with completion. More studies are needed to identify factors associated with successful completion of a JMHC program and to develop interventions to improve outcomes.

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O artigo discutiu os requisitos ínsitos do laudo médico e receituário decorrentes do julgamento do Recurso Especial n. 1.657.156/RJ, no qual o Superior Tribunal de Justiça fixou as bases de observância obrigatória por todos os juízes brasileiros para determinação de fornecimento de fármacos não constantes das listas oficiais do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foi feita pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, com abordagem qualitativa e exploratória, a partir do acórdão disponibilizado pelo portal do Superior Tribunal de Justiça; seguiu-se, então, para consultas às demais fontes bibliográficas, dentre as quais Google Scholar, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Scientific Electronic Library Online e Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações do Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia. Por fim, passou-se à análise dos achados e, com embasamento teórico e empírico, buscou-se compreender e justificar as exigências relativas a laudo médico utilizado em ações judiciais, em uma tentativa de contribuir para a gestão da política sanitária e dos próprios processos judiciais, bem como para a popularização do precedente. Concluiu-se que o precedente do Superior Tribunal de Justiça levara à exigência de laudos médicos com mais informações, demandando nova atuação dos médicos, e à expectativa de priorização dos protocolos clínicos, das diretrizes terapêuticas e dos medicamentos constantes das listas oficiais do Sistema Único de Saúde.

The article discussed the requirements of medical reports and prescriptions resulting from the judgement of Special Appeal nº 1.657.156/RJ, in which the High Court of Justice established the compulsory adoption measures that all Brazilian judges must follow to decide on the supply of drugs that are not listed in the official Brazilian Unified Health System. This is a bibliographic and documentary research, with a qualitative and exploratory approach, based on the electronic document availability of the judgement trough the High Court of Justice portal. This research followed a critical approach, and entailed searches in various bibliographic sources, including: Google Scholar, Virtual Health Library, Scientific Electronic Library Online and the Brazilian Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses of the Brazilian Institute of Information in Science and Technology. Finally, we proceeded to the analysis of the findings, and, with a theoretical and empirical basis, we sought to understand and justify the requirements related to the medical report used in the lawsuits. This had the purpose of contributing to both the management of the health policy and the legal processes themselves, and the popularization of the requirements. It is concluded that these requirements will conduct to having medical reports with more information, doctors aware of important actions, and prioritization of clinical protocols, therapeutic guidelines and medications included in the official lists of Brazilian Unified Health System.

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Resumen A partir de 1991 se creó una nueva constitución que incluyera a todos los actores políticos además de los que tradicionalmente estaban excluidos en la constitu ción de 1886, con la esperanza de dar final a los conflictos armados, los paros e inconformidades ciudadanas. Las cuales fueron capitalizadas por los estudian tes en la séptima papeleta. Pero pocos años después se inició una cascada de reformas que evidencian una constante disputa por el poder de las elites, grupos emergentes legales e ilegales, y la población que comenzó a sentirse partícipe del poder. Pero ¿cuál es la finalidad de dichos cambios constitucionales? Dicha respuesta se intentará responder primero describiendo los cambios, segundo comparando dichos cambios a la luz de los principios y valores de la Carta y fi nalmente desde una visión crítica comprender a quien benefician, lo anterior se hará bajo una metodología descriptiva-histórica-critica-decolonial.

Abstract In 1991, a new constitution was created to include all political stakeholders in addition to those traditionally excluded in the 1886 constitution, in the hope of putting an end to armed conflicts, strikes and citizen discontent. These citizen demonstrations were capitalized by the students in the seventh ballot, which prompted the convocation of the constituent assembly. After the promulgation of the new constitution of 1991, a cascade of reforms began, which evidenced a constant dispute for power between the elites, emerging legal and illegal groups, and the population that began to feel part of the power. But, what was the purpose of these constitutional changes?

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The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic reinforced the central role of the One Health (OH) approach, as a multisectoral and multidisciplinary perspective, to tackle health threats at the human-animal-environment interface. This study assessed Brazilian preparedness and response to COVID-19 and zoonoses with a focus on the OH approach and equity dimensions. We conducted an environmental scan using a protocol developed as part of a multi-country study. The article selection process resulted in 45 documents: 79 files and 112 references on OH; 41 files and 81 references on equity. The OH and equity aspects are poorly represented in the official documents regarding the COVID-19 response, either at the federal and state levels. Brazil has a governance infrastructure that allows for the response to infectious diseases, including zoonoses, as well as the fight against antimicrobial resistance through the OH approach. However, the response to the pandemic did not fully utilize the resources of the Brazilian state, due to the lack of central coordination and articulation among the sectors involved. Brazil is considered an area of high risk for emergence of zoonoses mainly due to climate change, large-scale deforestation and urbanization, high wildlife biodiversity, wide dry frontier, and poor control of wild animals' traffic. Therefore, encouraging existing mechanisms for collaboration across sectors and disciplines, with the inclusion of vulnerable populations, is required for making a multisectoral OH approach successful in the country.

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Resumo: Por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, este artigo introduz o debate sobre o Depoimento Especial e desvela três diferentes violações de direitos presentes em sua execução. A partir disso, firmam-se as bases necessárias para dissipar as cortinas de fumaça que envolvem o assunto, em prol da compreensão sobre a sua real serventia, revelando que, ao contrário da forma como é apresentada, a Lei n. 13.431/2017 não está centrada nos direitos das crianças e dos adolescentes.

Abstract: By utilizing bibliographical research, the article introduces the debate on the Special Testimony and reveals three different violations of rights in its execution. Consequently, the necessary bases are established with the objective of to clarify the topic and providing its real value, and revealing that, contrary to how it appears, Law n. 13.431/2017 is not centered on the rights of children and adolescents.

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La fecundación consiste en la fusión de los gametos masculino y femenino en el tercio externo de la trompa uterina para constituir el cigoto, que inicia su división celular, viaja al útero, se implanta como blastocito en el endometrio a los siete días y comienzan los procesos de embriogénesis y morfogénesis. Concepción es la acción o efecto de quedar embarazada una mujer. En el tema de los derechos establecidos al concebido, el inicio de la vida humana plantea amplia discusión entre las definiciones que plantea la ciencia frente a las de grupos de la sociedad civil. No siendo el cigoto una persona humana, de acuerdo con la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) y otros no sería sujeto de los derechos establecidos para la persona, los cuales estarían íntimamente relacionados a los derechos de la mujer embarazada. La concepción ocurriría cuando el embrión se implanta en el útero y no aplicaría el artículo 4 de la CIDH. La doctrina, la legislación y la jurisprudencia peruana establecen amplia tutela jurídica a favor del concebido e instauran el inicio de la vida a partir de la fecundación. La Sentencia de la CIDH para el caso Artavia Murillo contra Costa Rica introduce la figura española del preembrión, al cual no se le otorga tutela jurídica hasta los 14 días, momento en que la ciencia médica establece la implantación del embrión en el endometrio materno. Para consideraciones éticas actuales, el embarazo humano empieza con la implantación del blastocisto en el endometrio y no existe sustento para aceptar el derecho del concebido desde el momento de la fecundación como si fuera una persona. Empero se señala que la vida humana posee una continuidad ininterrumpida desde su concepción hasta su fin natural, la muerte. El cigoto es vida que se inicia con dotación genética propia diferente a la de sus progenitores. El embrión preimplantatorio solo podrá originar un ser humano que se gesta y desarrolla dentro del cuerpo de otra persona, con propia dinámica vital.

Fertilization consists of the fusion of the male and female gametes in the outer third of the uterine tube to form the zygote, which begins its cell division, travels to the uterus, implants as a blastocyst in the endometrium after seven days and begins the processes of embryogenesis and morphogenesis. Conception is the action or effect of a woman becoming pregnant. About the rights established for the conceived, the beginning of human life raises a wide discussion between the definitions proposed by science and those of civil society groups. Not being the zygote a human person, according to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) and others, it would not be subject to the rights established for the person, which would be closely related to the rights of the pregnant woman. Conception would occur when the embryo implants in the uterus and Article 4 of the IACHR would not apply. Peruvian doctrine, legislation and jurisprudence establish broad legal protection in favor of the conceived and indicate the beginning of life from the moment of fertilization. The Judgment of the IACHR in the case of Artavia Murillo v. Costa Rica introduces the Spanish figure of the pre-embryo, which is not granted legal protection until 14 days, when medical science establishes the implantation of the embryo in the maternal endometrium. For current ethical considerations, human pregnancy begins with the implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium and there is no basis for accepting the right of the conceived from the moment of fertilization as if it were a person. However, it is pointed out that human life has an uninterrupted continuity from conception to its natural end, death. The zygote is life that begins with its own genetic endowment different from that of its progenitors. The preimplantation embryo can only give rise to a human being that is gestated and develops within the body of another person, with its own vital dynamics.

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Resumo Esta pesquisa trata do desenvolvimento das instituições federais de controle externo durante a Primeira República brasileira. É um tema pouco visitado pela bibliografia, em geral abordado em retrospectivas que compõem estudos cujos focos estão na história recente do Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU), marcada pelo advento da Nova República (1985-). Tais estudos sugerem um padrão histórico no desenvolvimento das instituições federais de controle externo, caracterizado pela alternância entre períodos de expansão e de retração de suas atribuições. O conhecimento acerca desse padrão histórico de desenvolvimento institucional, para avançar, carece do aprofundamento das pesquisas sobre o período no qual se estabeleceram as bases de sua construção: a Primeira República. Este estudo pretende ser uma contribuição à superação dessa lacuna. Ele sustenta que o desenvolvimento das instituições federais de controle externo no período em questão foi caracterizado pela expansão legal de atribuições, de 1890 a 1892, seguida pela abdicação prática dali até 1930, por drift institucional, da responsabilidade de julgar as contas anuais de governo. O estudo é institucionalista histórico e foi construído com base na análise de fontes primárias.

Resumen Esta investigación aborda el desarrollo de las instituciones federales de control externo durante la Primera República brasileña. Es un tema es poco visitado por la bibliografía, que, en general, lo aborda en retrospectivas presentes en estudios centrados en la historia reciente del Tribunal de Cuentas de la Unión, a menudo demarcada por el advenimiento de la Nueva República (1985-actualidad). Los estudios sugieren la existencia de un patrón histórico de desarrollo de las instituciones federales de control externo, caracterizado por la alternancia entre períodos de expansión y de retracción de sus atribuciones. Para avanzar en el conocimiento acerca de este patrón histórico es necesario profundizar las investigaciones sobre el momento en el cual se establecieron las bases de su construcción, la Primera República. Este estudio pretende ser una contribución a la superación de esa laguna. Sostiene que el desarrollo de las instituciones federales de control externo en el período en cuestión se caracterizó por la expansión legal de atribuciones de 1890 a 1892, seguida de la abdicación práctica desde entonces hasta 1930, por drift institucional, de la responsabilidad de juzgar las cuentas anuales del gobierno. El estudio es institucionalista histórico y se compuso a partir del análisis de fuentes primarias.

Abstract This research deals with the development of the federal institutions of external control during the First Brazilian Republic. This subject is scarcely explored in the literature. In general, it is addressed as a background in studies focusing on the recent history of the Federal Court of Accounts, characterized by the emergence of the New Republic (started in 1985). Such studies suggest a historical pattern in the development of federal institutions of external control, characterized by the alternation between periods of expansion and retraction of their attributions. To advance the knowledge of this historical pattern and contribute to expanding the literature on these institutions, we need a more in-depth look at the period of they were established, i.e., the First Brazilian Republic. This study suggests that the development of federal external control institutions in the First Brazilian Republic was characterized by the legal expansion of attributions from 1890 to 1892, followed by the practical abdication until 1930 by the institutional drift of the responsibility of judging the annual accounts of the government. This is a historical institutionalist study based on the analysis of primary sources.

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Abstract This study sought to determine the influence of technical expertise on judgments rendered in social security lawsuits at federal courts and judgeships in Rio de Janeiro city (RJ), Brazil. To this end, 431 legal proceedings completed between 2018 and 2020 were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. After classification as to medical specialty demanded in lawsuits and request successes, the expert reports were directly compared with court decisions. In conclusion, technical evidence showed to be essential for Social Security Law and is the main influence on court decisions. When there was no such direct influence, procedural, legal, or social issues expressly described by law had supremacy.

Resumen El trabajo buscó determinar el grado de influencia de la conclusión técnica pericial en las sentencias dictadas en los procesos de seguridad social de los juzgados y tribunales federales de Río de Janeiro. Para ello, se analizaron cuali-cuantitativamente 431 procesos finalizados entre 2018 a 2020. Después de la clasificación en cuanto a las especialidades médicas, demandas en el proceso y el éxito de los pedidos, se realizó la comparación directa entre los reportes periciales y las sentencias. Fue posible concluir que la prueba técnica es esencial en el derecho de la seguridad social, siendo la principal influencia para las sentencias. Cuando no hubo esa experiencia directa, en la mayoría de las veces, lo que se observó fue la supremacía de las cuestiones legales procesales o sociales expresamente descriptas en la ley.

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Introdução: o surgimento da pandemia mundial do coronavírus, declarada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, levantou questões relacionadas à atuação dos Estados, Distrito Federal e Municípios para seu enfrentamento. Objetivo: analisar o exercício da competência legislativa concorrente e o veículo normativo pertinente a esse exercício. Metodologia: o estudo partiu do julgamento da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade (ADI) nº 6.341/DF pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, confrontando os votos do Relator e do Redator para o acórdão e, em seguida, passando em revista aspectos doutrinários relacionados à competência. Resultados: os votos dos Ministros Relator e Redator para o acórdão divergem na abrangência, visto que o primeiro consagra o aspecto formal da competência e o segundo prioriza o aspecto material de proteção dos direitos fundamentais. Discussão: a União detém primazia na edição de leis em matéria de saúde pública, embora os demais possam legislar concorrentemente no silêncio ou na atuação deficiente. A conduta legislativa poderá ocorrer por meio de lei ou decreto. Conclusão: a matéria de saúde pública, no campo legislativo, está prevista como competência privativa da União e também concorrente dos demais entes. Prevalecerão as disposições legislativas da União, salvo na hipótese de silêncio ou proteção deficiente, que atrairá a atuação plena dos entes subnacionais, em primazia da proteção dos direitos fundamentais. No exercício da competência legislativa concorrente, os entes deverão observar a exigência de lei prévia para estabelecer restrições aos jurisdicionados. Existindo, a regulamentação poderá ocorrer por meio de decreto.

Introduction: the emergence of the worldwide coronavirus pandemic declared by the World Health Organization raised questions related to the actions of States, the Federal District and Municipalities to face it. Objective: to analyze the exercise of competing legislative competence and the normative vehicle pertinent to that exercise. Methods: the study startedfrom the judgment of the Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI, in Portuguese) No. 6,341/DF by the Supreme Federal Court, comparing the votes of the Rapporteur and of the Editor for the judgment, andthen revieweddoctrinal aspects related to jurisdiction. Results: the votes of the Rapporteur and Drafting Ministers for the judgment differ in scope, since the first consecrates the formal aspect of jurisdiction and the second prioritizes the materialaspect of protection of fundamental rights. Discussion:the Federal Government has priority in issuing public health laws, although the others can legislate concurrently in silence or in poor performance. Legislative conduct may occur by law or decree. Conclusion: public health matters, in the legislative field, are foreseen as a private competence of the Union and also competing with other entities. The Union's legislative provisions will prevail, except in the event of silence or deficient protection, which will attract the full performance of subnational entities, in the primacy of the protection of fundamental rights. In the exercise of competing legislative competence, the entities must comply with the requirement of a prior law to establish restrictions on the jurisdiction. Existing, regulation may occur by decree.

Introducción: el surgimiento de la pandemia mundial de coronavirus declarada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud planteó interrogantes relacionados con las acciones de los Estados, el Distrito Federal y los Municipios para enfrentarla. Objetivo: analizar el ejercicio de competencia legislativa en competencia y el vehículo normativo pertinente a ese ejercicio. Métodos: el estudio partiude la sentencia de Acción Directa de Inconstitucionalidad (ADI) No. 6.341/DF de la Suprema Corte Federal, comparando los votos del Relator y del Editor de la sentencia, y luego revisando losaspectos doctrinales relacionados con la jurisdicción. Resultados: los votos de la Relatoría y de los Ministros de Redacción de la sentencia difieren en alcance, ya que el primero consagra el aspecto formal de la jurisdicción y el segundo prioriza el aspecto material de protección de los derechos fundamentales. Discusión:el Gobierno Federal tiene prioridad en la emisión de leyes de salud pública, aunque los demás pueden legislar simultáneamente en silencio o en mal desempeño. La conducta legislativa puedeocurrir por ley o decreto. Conclusión: los asuntos de salud pública, en el ámbito legislativo, están previstos como competencia privada de la Unión y también compiten con otras entidades. Las disposiciones legislativas de la Unión prevalecerán, salvo en caso de silencio o protección deficiente, que atraerá el pleno desempeño de las entidades subnacionales, en la primacía de la protección de los derechos fundamentales. En el ejercicio de la competencia legislativa concurrente, las entidades deben cumplir con el requisito de una ley anterior para establecer restricciones a la jurisdicción. La regulación existente puede ocurrir por decreto.

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A Teoria do Estado de Coisas Inconstitucional tem cada vez mais encontrado ressonância na doutrina constitucionalista brasileira, notadamente após sua utilização em julgado recente do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Parte da doutrina nacional defende que o sistema de saúde brasileiro é um exemplo de "estado de coisas inconstitucional" e que, por conseguinte, seria legítimo defender que o Supremo Tribunal Federal intervenha na política pública de saúde para interromper a violação massiva de direitos fundamentais. Valendo-se da metodologia de revisão bibliográfica e hipotético-dedutiva, o presente artigo teve como objetivo responder ao seguinte questionamento: a Teoria do Estado de Coisas Inconstitucional aplica-se ao sistema de saúde brasileiro? Para tal, tanto o conceito quanto os pressupostos do estado de coisas inconstitucional foram definidos. Entendeu-se que o sistema de saúde brasileiro não se enquadra nos pressupostos dessa teoria e, como conclusão, fez-se um alerta para a necessidade de cuidadosa e rigorosa incorporação dessa teoria em nossa tradição jurídica, a fim de que seu uso não seja banalizado.

The Theory of the Unconstitutional State of Affairs has increasingly found resonance in the Brazilian constitutionalist doctrine, notably after its use in a recent trial of the Supreme Court. Part of the national doctrine defends that the Brazilian health system is an example of an "unconstitutional state of affairs" and that, therefore, it would be legitimate to argue that the Supreme Court should intervene in public health policy to stop the massive violation of fundamental rights. Using the literature review and hypothetical-deductive methodology, the objective of this article is to answer the following question: does the Theory of the Unconstitutional State of Affairs apply to the Brazilian health system? To this end, both concept and the assumptions of the unconstitutional state of affairs were defined. It was understood that the Brazilian health system does not fit the assumptions of this theory and, in conclusion, a warning was made to the need for careful and rigorous incorporation of this theory into our legal tradition, so that its use is not trivialized.

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Objetivo: analisar descritivamente as conclusões fixadas nas decisões proferidas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal no julgamento das Ações Direta de Inconstitucionalidade (ADIs) nos 6.586 e 6.587 e do Recurso Extraordinário com Agravo nº 1.267.879 que tratam, respectivamente, da vacinação obrigatória contra a COVID-19 e a recusa à imunização por convicções filosóficas e religiosas. Metodologia: pesquisa exploratória baseada na revisão bibliográfica e na análise documental, em fontes primárias e secundárias, notadamente de textos de acordos internacionais, informações, dados, relatórios extraídos de órgãos governamentais brasileiros, incluindo decisões prolatadas em tribunais superiores. Resultados: a investigação demonstrou que a vacinação obrigatória, desde há muito, é uma realidade no Brasil, estando prevista em diversos diplomas legais. Em tempo algum, tais dispositivos tiveram sua legalidade e legitimidade questionadas de maneira ativa e enfática. Conclusão: o estudo aponta que a Suprema Corte Constitucional brasileira, ao realizar a necessária ponderação de interesses e princípios, em especial a intangibilidade do corpo humano e a inviolabilidade do domicílio, e a efetivação do direito coletivo à saúde, pugnou que a compulsoriedade da vacina como forma de atendimento ao interesse público de erradicação do vírus responsável pela pandemia não ofende a Constituição, reforçando que a obrigatoriedade da vacina não pode ser entendida como vacinação forçada, sendo garantido ao administrado o direito de recusa em se submeter à imunização.

Objective: To analyze descriptively the conclusions established in the decisions handed down by the Federal Supreme Court in the judgment of Direct Actions of Unconstitutionality 6586 and 6587 and of the Extraordinary Appeal 1267879 that deal, respectively, with the mandatory vaccination against COVID-19 and the refusal to immunization by philosophical and religious convictions. Methods: exploratory research based on bibliographic review and document analysis, in primary and secondary sources, notably in relation to the texts of international agreements, information, data, reports extracted from Brazilian government agencies, including decisions handed down in higher courts. Results: research has shown that mandatory vaccination has long been a reality in Brazil, and has provision for in several legal instruments. At no time did such provisions have their legality and legitimacy actively and emphatically questioned. Conclusion: the study points out that the Brazilian Constitutional Supreme Court, when carrying out the necessary balance of interests and principles, in particular the intangibility of the human body and the inviolability of the home, and the realization of the collective right to health, contended that the compulsory nature of the vaccine as a way of meeting the public interest in the eradication of the virus responsible for the pandemic, it does not offend the constitution, reinforcing that the obligation of the vaccine cannot be understood as forced vaccination, being guaranteed to the administered the right of refusal to undergo immunization.

Objetivo: analizar descriptivamente las conclusiones establecidas en las decisiones dictadas por el Supremo Tribunal Federal en la sentencia de Acciones Directas de Inconstitucionalidad 6586 y 6587 y del Recurso Extraordinario con Apelación 1.267.879 que tratan, respectivamente, de la vacunación obligatoria contra COVID-19 y la negativa a la inmunización por convicciones filosóficas y religiosas. Metodología: investigación exploratoria basada en revisión bibliográfica y análisis de documentos, en fuentes primarias y secundarias, notablemente en relación con los textos de acuerdos internacionales, información, datos, informes extraídos de agencias gubernamentales brasileñas, incluyendo decisiones tomadas en tribunales superiores. Resultados: la investigación ha demostrado que la vacunación obligatoria es una realidad desde hace mucho tiempo en Brasil, y está prevista en varios instrumentos legales. En ningún momento se cuestionó activa y enfáticamente la legalidad y legitimidad de tales disposiciones. Conclusión: el estudio señala que la Corte Suprema Constitucional brasileña, al realizar el necesario equilibrio de intereses y principios, en particular la intangibilidad del cuerpo humano y la inviolabilidad del hogar, y la realización del derecho colectivo a la salud, argumentó que la obligatoriedad de la vacuna como forma de atender el interés público en la erradicación del virus responsable de la pandemia, no ofende la constitución, reforzando que la obligación de la vacuna no puede entenderse como vacunación forzada, garantizándose a el administrado el derecho de negarse a someterse a la inmunización.