RESUMO
We investigated the effects of metals and physicochemical variables on the microbes and their metabolisms in the sediments of Guarapiranga reservoir, a tropical eutrophic-hypereutrophic freshwater reservoir located in a highly urbanized and industrialized area in Brazil. The metals cadmium, copper, and chromium showed minor contribution to changes in the structure, composition, and richness of sediment microbial communities and functions. However, the effects of metals on the microbiota are increased when taken together with physicochemical properties, including the sediment carbon and sulfur, the bottom water electrical conductivity, and the depth of the water column. Clearly, diverse anthropic activities, such as sewage discharge, copper sulfate application to control algal growth, water transfer, urbanization, and industrialization, contribute to increase these parameters and the metals spatially in the reservoir. Microbes found especially in metal-contaminated sites encompassed Bathyarchaeia, MBG-D and DHVEG-1, Halosiccatus, Candidatus Methanoperedens, Anaeromyxobacter, Sva0485, Thermodesulfovibrionia, Acidobacteria, and SJA-15, possibly showing metal resistance or acting in metal bioremediation. Knallgas bacteria, nitrate ammonification, sulfate respiration, and methanotrophy were inferred to occur in metal-contaminated sites and may also contribute to metal removal. This knowledge about the sediment microbiota and metabolisms in a freshwater reservoir impacted by anthropic activities allows new insights about their potential for metal bioremediation in these environments.
Assuntos
Metais Pesados , Microbiota , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Brasil , Metais/análise , Cobre , Bactérias , Água , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Metais Pesados/análiseRESUMO
Spatial distribution linked to geostatistical techniques contributes to sum up information into an easier-to-comprehend knowledge. This study compares copper spatial distribution in surface sediments and subsequent categorization according to its toxicological potential in two reservoirs, Rio Grande (RG) and Itupararanga (ITU) (São Paulo-Brazil), where copper sulfate is applied and not applied, respectively. Sediments from 47 sites in RG and 52 sites in ITU were collected, and then, copper concentrations were interpolated using geostatistical techniques (kriging). The resulting sediment distributions were classified in categories based on sediment quality guides: threshold effect level and probable effect level; regional reference values (RRVs) and enrichment factor (EF). Copper presented a heterogenic distribution and higher concentrations in RG (2283.00 ± 1308.75 mg/kg) especially on the upstream downstream, associated with algicide application as well as the sediment grain size, contrary to ITU (21.81 ± 8.28 mg/kg) where a no-clear pattern of distribution was observed. Sediments in RG are predominantly categorized as "Very Bad", whereas sediments in ITU are mainly categorized as "Good", showing values higher than RRV. The classification is supported by the EF categorization, which in RG is primarily categorized as "Very High" contrasting to ITU classified as "Absent/Very Low". Copper total stock in superficial sediment estimated for RG is 4515.35 Ton of Cu and for ITU is 27.45 Ton of Cu.
Assuntos
Sulfato de Cobre , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Sulfato de Cobre/toxicidade , Cobre/toxicidade , Cobre/análise , Ecotoxicologia , Sedimentos Geológicos , Brasil , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
Watersheds contaminated with municipal, hospital, and agricultural residues are recognized as reservoirs for bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The objective of this study was to determine the potential of environmental bacterial communities from the highly contaminated La Paz River basin in Bolivia to transfer ARGs to an Escherichia coli lab strain used as the recipient. Additionally, we tested ZnSO4 and CuSO4 at sub-inhibitory concentrations as stressors and analyzed transfer frequencies (TFs), diversity, richness, and acquired resistance profiles. The bacterial communities were collected from surface water in an urban site close to a hospital and near an agricultural area. High transfer potentials of a large set of resistance factors to E. coli were observed at both sites. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that putative plasmids belonging to the incompatibility group N (IncN, IncN2, and IncN3) were predominant among the transconjugants. All IncN variants were verified to be mobile by a second conjugation step. The plasmid backbones were similar to other IncN plasmids isolated worldwide and carried a wide range of ARGs extensively corroborated by phenotypic resistance patterns. Interestingly, all transconjugants also acquired the class 1 integron intl1, which is commonly known as a proxy for anthropogenic pollution. The addition of ZnSO4 and CuSO4 at sub-inhibitory concentrations did not affect the transfer rate. Metal resistance genes were absent from most transconjugants, suggesting a minor role, if any, of metals in the spread of multidrug-resistant plasmids at the investigated sites.
RESUMO
In fish farming, high losses occur during egg incubation and larviculture due to diseases caused by oomycetes. This study aimed to identify the oomycete species that occurs in zebrafish Danio rerio eggs and to evaluate the oomyceticidal effect of copper sulfate, bronopol and methylene blue on the mycelial growth of this organism, as well as to determine the lethal and sublethal toxicity of these compounds in embryos of D. rerio. The isolates were cultivated in yeast-starch medium to determine the concentration necessary to inhibit mycelial growth by 50% (IC50) and 100% (minimum oomyceticidal concentration) after a 96 h exposure to these compounds. In addition, tests with D. rerio eggs were conducted to determine the lethal concentrations for 50% of the organisms (96h-LC50), and the concentrations that inhibited 17% of the eggs hatching (96h-IC17) after 96 h. The organism responsible for the mortality of D. rerio eggs was classified by classical and molecular methods as Aphanomyces brasiliensis, representing the first report of this pathogen in zebrafish eggs. IC50 values could be determined for both bronopol and copper sulfate, whereas methylene blue had low effectiveness against the oomycete. Copper showed high toxicity to D. rerio eggs at low concentrations, while methylene blue and bronopol toxicity was low and similar to each other. The use of bronopol at a concentration of 4.8 mg l-1 for the treatment of zebrafish eggs allows controlling the pathology without causing deleterious effects to the treated organisms.
Assuntos
Aphanomyces , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Embrião não Mamífero , Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
The ageing of population is increasing, and a great percentage of these patients wear removable prostheses, and can suffer denture stomatitis, a condition that has been associated with candidiasis. Aims: To evaluate in vitro the effectiveness of Copper Sulfate against Candida albicans in samples of heat-polymerized acrylic resin, compared to nystatin, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine. Materials and Methods: Initially, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of copper sulfate for Candida albicans was determined by microdilution. Then, 54 resin samples were divided into 6 treatment groups corresponding to Nystatin 100.000 UI, Sodium Hypochlorite 0.5%, chlorhexidine 0.12%, Copper Sulfate 4.7µg/ml, Copper Sulfate 9.4µg/ml and physiological saline solution, in which samples were submerged for 6 hours. Resin samples were then washed and cultured on solid media at 37°C for 72 hours. The number of colony-forming units was determined using a Quebec colony counter. The statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Copper sulfate at a concentration of 9.4µg/ml presented a similar effectiveness as the other control products regarding the reduction in the number of colonies of Candida albicans post-treatment. Conclusion: The effectiveness of copper sulfate against Candida albicans on acrylic resin was similar to that of nystatin, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine.
En las últimas décadas se ha observado un aumento de la población de adultos mayores, de los cuales un gran porcentaje es portador de prótesis removible, y dos tercios pueden sufrir estomatitis subprotésica, enfermedad que es asociada a infecciones como candidiasis. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad antimicótica in vitro del sulfato de cobre en placas de resinas acrílicas de termocurado inoculadas con Candida albicans, frente a Nistatina, Hipoclorito de Sodio y Clorhexidina. Material y Métodos: Inicialmente, y mediante microdilución del sulfato de cobre, se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) para Candida albicans. En la fase experimental, 54 muestras de resina se dividieron en 6 grupos correspondientes a Nistatina 100.000 UI, Hipoclorito 0.5%, Clorhexidina 0.12%, Sulfato de Cu 4.7µg/ml, Sufato de Cu 9.4 µg/ml y suero fisiológico. Las muestras fueron sumergidas en estos agentes por 6 horas, para posteriormente ser lavadas y cultivada en medios solidos a 37°C por 72 horas. Luego se realizó el conteo de unidades formadoras de colonias mediante contador tipo Quebec. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y la prueba U de Mann-Whitney. Resultado: El sulfato de cobre a una concentración de 9.4µg/ ml presentó una efectividad similar a los otros productos, en la reducción de colonias de Candida albicans. Conclusión: La efectividad del sulfato de cobre contra Candida albicans fue semejante a la de Nistatina, Hipoclorito y Clorhexidina.
Assuntos
Humanos , Resinas Acrílicas , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Sulfato de Cobre/farmacologia , Hipoclorito de Sódio , Estomatite sob Prótese , Técnicas In Vitro , Candidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Clorexidina , Meios de CulturaRESUMO
A landscape ecotoxicology approach was used to assess the spatial distribution of copper in the recent bottom sediment (surficial sediment) of a Brazilian subtropical reservoir (the Guarapiranga reservoir) and its potential ecotoxicological impacts on the reservoir ecosystem and the local society. We discuss the policies and procedures that have been employed for the management of this reservoir over the past four decades. Spatial heterogeneity in the reservoir was evaluated by means of sampling design and statistical analysis based on kriging spatial interpolation. The sediment copper concentrations have been converted into qualitative categories in order to interpret the reservoir quality and the impacts of management policies. This conversion followed the Canadian Water Framework Directive (WFD) ecotoxicological concentration levels approach, employing sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). The SQG values were applied as the copper concentration thresholds for quantitative-qualitative conversion of data for the surficial sediment of the Guarapiranga. The SQGs used were as follows: a) interim sediment quality guideline (ISQG), b) probable effect level (PEL), and c) regional reference value (RRV). The quantitative results showed that the spatial distribution of copper in the recent bottom sediment reflected the reservoir's management policy and the copper application protocol, and that the copper concentrations varied considerably, ranging from virtually-zero to in excess of 3gcopper/kgds. The qualitative results demonstrated that the recent bottom sediment was predominantly in a bad or very bad condition, and could therefore have impacts on the local society and the ecosystem. It could be concluded that the management policy for this reservoir was mainly determined by the desire to minimize short-term costs, disregarding long-term socioeconomic and environmental consequences.
Assuntos
Sulfato de Cobre/análise , Ecotoxicologia , Monitoramento Ambiental , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Brasil , Abastecimento de ÁguaRESUMO
Sepsis is a complication of an infection which imbalance the normal regulation of several organ systems, including the central nervous system (CNS). Evidence points towards inflammation and oxidative stress as major steps associated with brain dysfunction in sepsis. Thus, we investigated the α-lipoic acid (ALA) effect as an important antioxidant compound on brain dysfunction in rats. Wistar rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) or sham (control) and treated orally with ALA (200 mg/kg after CLP) or vehicle. Animals were divided into sham + saline, sham + ALA, CLP + saline and CLP + ALA groups. Twelve, 24 h and 10 days after surgery, the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and cortex were obtained and assayed for levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß, blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, nitrite/nitrate concentration, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) formation, protein carbonyls, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity and neurotrophins levels. Behavioral tasks were performed 10 days after surgery. ALA reduced BBB permeability and TNF-α levels in hippocampus in 24 h and IL-1ß levels and MPO activity in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in 24 h. ALA reduced nitrite/nitrate concentration and lipid peroxidation in 24 h in all structures and protein carbonylation in 12 and 24 h in hippocampus and cortex. CAT activity increased in the hippocampus and cortex in all times. ALA enhanced NGF levels in hippocampus and cortex and prevented cognitive impairment. Our data demonstrates that ALA reduces the consequences of polymicrobial sepsis in rats by decreasing inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in the brain.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Disfunção Cognitiva/tratamento farmacológico , Coinfecção/tratamento farmacológico , Mediadores da Inflamação/antagonistas & inibidores , Sepse/tratamento farmacológico , Ácido Tióctico/uso terapêutico , Doença Aguda , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Disfunção Cognitiva/metabolismo , Coinfecção/metabolismo , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Masculino , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sepse/metabolismo , Ácido Tióctico/farmacologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Intrastriatal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) is considered a model to reproduce some biochemical alterations observed in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Among those alterations, inhibition of mitochondrial complex I activity, increased free radical production and reduced antioxidant responses have been reported. Copper (Cu) plays an important role in the metabolism and antioxidative responses through its participation as a cofactor in the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme (COX), Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), and metallothioneins. We tested the effect of copper sulfate (CuSO4) pretreatment on the mitochondrial electron transport chain (METC) in the striatum after MPP+ toxicity in rats. The results showed that the MPP+ intrastriatal injection reduced mitochondrial complex I, II, IV and V activities; while 10 µmol of CuSO4 pretreatment counteracted this damage. Activities of complexes I, II and IV, were coincident with ATP recovery. Moreover, Cu/Zn-SOD activity was reduced as a consequence of MPP+ damage; however, copper pre-treatment kept the striatal Cu/Zn-SOD activity unchanged in MPP+-damaged animals. We observed that MPP+ also reduced the metallothionein (MT) content and that CuSO4 pretreatment maintained baseline values. CuSO4 pretreatment also reduced the striatal caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities that were increased three days after MPP+-induced damage. The present study provided evidence that copper pretreatment reduced MPP+-induced apoptotic damage, probably through direct action on copper-dependent proteins or indirectly on proteins in the apoptotic pathway.
Assuntos
1-Metil-4-fenilpiridínio/toxicidade , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Sulfato de Cobre/farmacologia , Transporte de Elétrons/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença de Parkinson/prevenção & controle , Animais , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Caspase 9/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Complexo de Proteínas da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/metabolismo , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The incomplete disinfection of root canal system has been reported as the main cause of post-treatment disease, due to the persistence of bacteria. For over thirty years Enterococcus faecalis has been considered the most common bacterial species isolated from persistent root canal infections, resisting antibacterial agents, such as chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide. Several studies have indicated that copper has optimal disinfecting capacities in a hospital environment. Aimed to know the ex vivo effect of copper sulfate (CuSO4) on E. faecalis. Thirty-six extracted human tooth root canals were inoculated with E. faecalis ATCC 29212. These root canals had undergone endondontic procedures with a rotatory system. The effect of CuSO4 was determined by plate count method of E. faecalis obtained from one sample of each tooth under three incubation times (4th, 7th and 10th day). The canals medicated with CuSO4, the bacterial count decreased 6 log after 4 days and remained as such without statistically significant change until the tenth day. It is an indisputable fact of its antibacterial action. The bacterial persistence may be due to the ability of E. faecalis to remain viable in root canals up to 12 months without additional nutrients. These preliminary results couldbe used for further scientific work assessing the potential for the use of cooper in dentistry.
La desinfección incompleta del sistema de canales radiculares ha sido reportada como la principal causa de infección post tratamiento, debido a la persistencia bacteriana. Por más de 30 años, Enterococcus faecalis se ha considerado una de las especies bacterianas más comunes aisladas de infecciones persistentes del canal radicular, resistiendo a agentes antibacterianos, como clorhexidina e hidróxido de calcio. Varios estudios han indicado que el cobre tiene una capacidad de desinfección óptima en un entorno hospitalario. Con el objetivo de conocer el efecto ex vivo de sulfato de cobre (CuSO4) sobre E. faecalis. Treinta y seis canales radiculares de dientes humanos extraídos fueron inoculados con E. faecalis ATCC 29212. Estos canales radiculares fueron previamente sometidos a instrumentación con un sistema de rotación. El efecto de CuSO4 se determinó por el método de recuento en placa de E. faecalis a partir de una muestra de cada diente en tres tiempos de incubación (4, 7 y 10 días). En los canales medicados con CuSO4, el recuento de bacterias se redujo 6 log después de 4 días y se mantuvo como tal sin cambio estadísticamente significativo hasta el día 10. Esto demuestra su poder antibacteriano. La persistencia bacteriana pudo ser deberse a la capacidad de E. faecalis para seguir siendo viable en canales hasta 12 meses sin nutrientes adicionales. Estos resultados preliminares podrían ser utilizados para otros trabajos científicos que evaluen el potencial uso de cobre en odontología.
Assuntos
Humanos , Enterococcus faecalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Sulfato de Cobre/farmacologia , Cavidade Pulpar/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Longitudinais , Cavidade Pulpar/efeitos dos fármacos , Carga BacterianaRESUMO
Copper is a heavy metal found at relatively high concentrations in surface waters around the world. Copper is a micronutrient at low concentrations and is essential to several organisms. At higher concentrations copper can become toxic, which reveal the importance of studying the toxic effects of this metal on the aquatic life. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of copper on the behavior and biochemical parameters of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish were exposed for 24h at a concentration of 0.006 mg/L Cu. After the exposure period, behavioral profile of animals was recorded through 6 min using two different apparatuses tests: the Novel Tank and the Light-Dark test. After behavioral testing, animals were euthanized with a solution of 250 mg/L of tricaine (MS-222). Brain, muscle, liver and gills were extracted for analysis of parameters related to oxidative stress and accumulation of copper in these tissues. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was determined in brain and muscle. Results showed acute exposure to copper induces significant changes in behavioral profile of zebrafish by changing locomotion and natural tendency to avoid brightly lit area. On the other hand, there were no significant effects on parameters related to oxidative stress. AChE activity decreased significantly in zebrafish muscle, but there were no significant changes in cerebral AChE activity. Copper levels in tissues did not increase significantly compared to the controls. Taken together, these results indicate that a low concentration of copper can acutely affect behavioral profile of adult zebrafish which could be partially related to an inhibition on muscle AChE activity. These results reinforce the need of additional tests to establishment of safe copper concentrations to aquatic organisms and the importance of behavioral parameters in ecotoxicological studies.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cobre/toxicidade , Músculos/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/enzimologia , Feminino , Brânquias/efeitos dos fármacos , Brânquias/enzimologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/enzimologia , Masculino , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculos/enzimologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Peixe-Zebra/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
At low concentrations, Cu is considered as an essential micronutrient for plants and as a constituent and activator of several enzymes. However, when in excess, Cu can negatively affect plant growth and metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate physiological responses of sweet potato plants at different Cu concentrations by measuring morphological parameters, antioxidant metabolism, stomatal characteristics, and mineral profile. For this purpose, sweet potato plants were grown hydroponically in complete nutrient solution for six days. Then, the plants were transferred to solutions containing different Cu concentrations, 0.041 (control), 0.082, and 0.164 mM, and maintained for nine days. The main effect of increased Cu concentration was observed in the roots. The sweet potato plants grown in 0.082 mM Cu solution showed increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and no changes in growth parameters. However, at a concentration of 0.164 mM, Cu was transported from the roots to the shoots. This concentration altered morpho-anatomical characteristics and activated the antioxidant system because of the stress generated by excess Cu. On the basis of the results, it can be concluded that the sweet potato plants were able to tolerate Cu toxicity until 0.082 mM.
O cobre, em baixas concentrações, é considerado micronutriente essencial para as plantas por ser constituinte e ativador de diversas enzimas. Porém, quando em excesso, pode afetar negativamente o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e o metabolismo vegetal. Com base no exposto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as respostas fisiológicas de plantas de batata-doce quando submetidas a diferentes concentrações de cobre através dos parâmetros morfológicos, índice de clorofila, metabolismo antioxidante, perfil mineral e características estomáticas. Para tanto, as mesmas foram cultivadas em sistema hidropônico com solução nutritiva completa por seis dias. Após este período foram transferidas para soluções contendo diferentes concentrações de cobre: 0,041 (controle); 0,082 e 0,164 mM, onde permaneceram por nove dias. Nas raízes, o principal efeito do aumento da concentração de cobre foi o acúmulo do mesmo nesse órgão. As plantas de batata-doce cultivadas com 0,082 mM de cobre na solução, apresentaram aumento da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes sem nenhuma alteração na taxa de crescimento. No entanto, na concentração de 0,164 mM, o cobre foi transportado das raízes para a parte aérea. Essa concentração reduziu o crescimento, alterou características morfo-anatômicas e ativou o sistema antioxidante como forma de proteção ao estresse gerado pelo excesso de cobre. Com base nos resultados, pode-se concluir que as plantas de batata-doce foram capazes de tolerar a toxidez por Cu até a concentração de 0,082 mM.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Cobre/análise , Ipomoea batatas/fisiologia , Ipomoea batatas/química , Sulfato de CobreRESUMO
At low concentrations, Cu is considered as an essential micronutrient for plants and as a constituent and activator of several enzymes. However, when in excess, Cu can negatively affect plant growth and metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate physiological responses of sweet potato plants at different Cu concentrations by measuring morphological parameters, antioxidant metabolism, stomatal characteristics, and mineral profile. For this purpose, sweet potato plants were grown hydroponically in complete nutrient solution for six days. Then, the plants were transferred to solutions containing different Cu concentrations, 0.041 (control), 0.082, and 0.164 mM, and maintained for nine days. The main effect of increased Cu concentration was observed in the roots. The sweet potato plants grown in 0.082 mM Cu solution showed increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and no changes in growth parameters. However, at a concentration of 0.164 mM, Cu was transported from the roots to the shoots. This concentration altered morpho-anatomical characteristics and activated the antioxidant system because of the stress generated by excess Cu. On the basis of the results, it can be concluded that the sweet potato plants were able to tolerate Cu toxicity until 0.082 mM.(AU)
O cobre, em baixas concentrações, é considerado micronutriente essencial para as plantas por ser constituinte e ativador de diversas enzimas. Porém, quando em excesso, pode afetar negativamente o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e o metabolismo vegetal. Com base no exposto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as respostas fisiológicas de plantas de batata-doce quando submetidas a diferentes concentrações de cobre através dos parâmetros morfológicos, índice de clorofila, metabolismo antioxidante, perfil mineral e características estomáticas. Para tanto, as mesmas foram cultivadas em sistema hidropônico com solução nutritiva completa por seis dias. Após este período foram transferidas para soluções contendo diferentes concentrações de cobre: 0,041 (controle); 0,082 e 0,164 mM, onde permaneceram por nove dias. Nas raízes, o principal efeito do aumento da concentração de cobre foi o acúmulo do mesmo nesse órgão. As plantas de batata-doce cultivadas com 0,082 mM de cobre na solução, apresentaram aumento da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes sem nenhuma alteração na taxa de crescimento. No entanto, na concentração de 0,164 mM, o cobre foi transportado das raízes para a parte aérea. Essa concentração reduziu o crescimento, alterou características morfo-anatômicas e ativou o sistema antioxidante como forma de proteção ao estresse gerado pelo excesso de cobre. Com base nos resultados, pode-se concluir que as plantas de batata-doce foram capazes de tolerar a toxidez por Cu até a concentração de 0,082 mM.(AU)
Assuntos
Ipomoea batatas/química , Ipomoea batatas/fisiologia , Cobre/análise , Antioxidantes , Sulfato de CobreRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: las manos poseen un papel importante en la transmisión de infecciones en instituciones de salud, entornos industriales como la industria alimentaria y en toda la comunidad, por lo que su higiene no puede pasar desapercibida. Los jabones líquidos son actualmente una herramienta fundamental para la limpieza de las manos y así también evitar la transmisión de agentes patógenos. OBJETIVO: evaluar la efectividad del sulfato de cobre como agente antiséptico en un jabón líquido y caracterizar el producto mediante controles de calidad. MÉTODOS: se evaluó la capacidad antiséptica del jabón líquido mediante el método de dilución en agar y la disminución del crecimiento bacteriano a través de una variación del recuento por microgota, a tiempos 1, 5 y 10 min. Posteriormente se realizaron controles fisicoquímicos, microbiológicos, prueba de parche y estudios de estabilidad en estantería y acelerada durante 6 meses. RESULTADOS: las cepas Staphylococcus aureus, Staphyloccus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomona aeruginosay Klebsiella pneumoniae fueron sensibles a una concentración de 0,5 por ciento de sulfato de cobre. El crecimiento bacteriano en las cepas S. aureus y S. epidermidis mostró una reducción considerable en los tiempos 5 y 10 min a concentraciones de 0,3 y 0,5 por ciento de sulfato de cobre. El producto elaborado cumplió con los criterios de calidad establecidos, el cual mantuvo su estabilidad durante el tiempo de estudio. CONCLUSIONES: es posible elaborar un jabón líquido en base a sulfato de cobre como agente antiséptico, al ser eficaz frente a las cepas estudiadas(AU)
INTRODUCTION: the hands play a significant role in the transmission of infections at health institutions, industrial environments such as the food industry and at the community; therefore, hand hygiene cannot be ignored. Liquid soaps are now a fundamental tool for hand cleaning and prevention of pathogen transmission. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the effectiveness of copper sulfate as an antiseptic agent in a liquid soap and to characterize the product by using quality controls. METHODS: aliquid soap was developed, in which its antiseptic capacity was evaluated through the agar dilution method and the reduction of bacterial growth by using a variant of microdrop counting at 1, 5 and 10 minutes. Then physicochemical and microbiological controls were performed, as well as patch test and shelf life and accelerated stability studies for six months. RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphyloccus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomona aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were susceptible to 0.5 percent copper sulfate concentration. Bacterial growth showed considerable reduction in S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains at 5 and 10 minutes at copper sulphate concentrations of 0.3 and 0.5 percent. The finished product met the quality criteria for this type of product, maintaining its stability during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: it is possible to produce a copper sulfate-based liquid soap as an antiseptic since it was effective to control the studied strains(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Controle de Qualidade , Sabões , Sulfato de Cobre , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
In the early Drosophila melanogaster embryo, Dpp, a secreted molecule that belongs to the TGF-ß superfamily of growth factors, activates a set of downstream genes to subdivide the dorsal region into amnioserosa and dorsal epidermis. Here, we examined the expression pattern and transcriptional regulation of Dtg, a new target gene of Dpp signaling pathway that is required for proper amnioserosa differentiation. We showed that the expression of Dtg was controlled by Dpp and characterized a 524-bp enhancer that mediated expression in the dorsal midline, as well as, in the differentiated amnioserosa in transgenic reporter embryos. This enhancer contained a highly conserved region of 48-bp in which bioinformatic predictions and in vitro assays identified three Mad binding motifs. Mutational analysis revealed that these three motifs were necessary for proper expression of a reporter gene in transgenic embryos, suggesting that short and highly conserved genomic sequences may be indicative of functional regulatory regions in D. melanogaster genes. Dtg orthologs were not detected in basal lineages of Dipterans, which unlike D. melanogaster develop two extra-embryonic membranes, amnion and serosa, nevertheless Dtg orthologs were identified in the transcriptome of Musca domestica, in which dorsal ectoderm patterning leads to the formation of a single extra-embryonic membrane. These results suggest that Dtg was recruited as a new component of the network that controls dorsal ectoderm patterning in the lineage leading to higher Cyclorrhaphan flies, such as D. melanogaster and M. domestica.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/enzimologia , Embrião não Mamífero , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos , Ligação Proteica , Alinhamento de Sequência , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Introduction: Controlling Enterococcus faecalis is of vital importance in endodontics, as this pathogen is associated with endodontic failure. Experimental evidence has shown that copper has antibacterial activity against other pathogens with similar characteristics. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of copper (II) or cupric (SC-II) sulfate on strains of Enterococcus faecalis and to compare it with the most commonly used antimicrobials. Methodology: We used 33 strains of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from different clinical pictures in different Chilean hospitals. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SC-II, chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide was determined by the broth microdilution technique, following the recommendations given by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: The MIC for CHX varied in the range of 5-10 ug/ml; SC-II from 1.5 to 12 ug/ml, and HC was >32 mg/ml. The geometric mean of SCII was 6 ug/ml, lower than that of CHX, which was 7.29 ug/ml. Conclusions: SCII showed antimicrobial activity at lower concentrations than CHX. HC (which could have been affected by the buffer effect of the broth microdilution technique) showed high values, not comparable to other compounds. We suggest carrying out further studies on the properties of SC-II, such assessing its biocompatibility and reaction with other materials to be used clinically in endodontic therapy.
Introducción: El control de Enterococcus faecalis es de vital importancia en endodoncia, ya que este patógeno está asociado al fracaso endodóntico. Evidencias experimentales que han demostrado que el cobre presenta actividad antibacteriana en otros patógenos de similares características. El objetivo de este estudio es determinarla actividad antimicrobiana del sulfato de cobre (II) o cúprico (SC-II) sobre cepas de Enterococcus faecalis y compararla con los antimicrobianos más usados en la actualidad. Metodología: Estudio in vitro. Se utilizó la técnica de microdilución en caldo según lineamientos del Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, incluyendo 33 cepas de Enterococcus faecalis obtenidas desde hospitales chilenos, para cada una de las cuales se determinó las concentraciones mínimas inhibitorias (CMI) de: SC-II, Clorhexidina (CHX) e Hidróxido de calcio (HC). Resultados: La CMI para CHX tuvo un rango de 5-10 ug/ml, el SC-II de 1,5-12 mM y el HC fue >32 mg/ml. Estas diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas entre los 3 antimicrobianos utilizados (p<0,001).Conclusiones: El SC-II mostró actividad antimicrobiana a bajas concentraciones, superiores a CHX, pero menores a HC (que pudo ser afectado por el efecto tampón de la técnica de microdilución en caldo). Se sugiere seguir con los estudios de las propiedades del SC-II, como evaluación de biocompatibilidad y reacción con otros materiales para ser utilizados clínicamente en la terapia endodóntica.
Assuntos
Humanos , Anti-Infecciosos , Clorexidina/farmacologia , Enterococcus faecalis , Sulfato de Cobre/farmacologia , Hidróxido de Cálcio , Endodontia , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Copper sulfate and sodium hypochlorite are used in footbath solutions for the prevention and treatment of bovine digital diseases; however, data on the residues of such elements in milk are sparse in Brazil. This study evaluated the cost of applying the footbath treatment and the total amount of copper and chlorite residues in the milk of healthy cows after they had passed through these footbath solutions. Two groups of 7 cows each (GI and GII) were studied. In the case of GI, 1% sodium hypochlorite was used and for GII 5% copper sulfate was employed in the footbath. The milk samples were collected before the 7-day footbath treatment period (M0) and 24 h (M1), 48 h (M2), 72 h (M3) and 15 days (M15) after the last footbath. Statistical analysis to compare the different samples within each group was carried out by applying Friedman's test, followed by Dunn's test (p<0.05). It was concluded that the amount of total chlorites and copper in the milk of healthy cattle after routine daily footbaths for a period of 7 days presented some variations. However, the concentrations observed were considered insufficient to represent a risk to human health. The cost of the footbath solutions was found to be reasonable.
O sulfato de cobre e o hipoclorito de sódio são empregados na prevenção e tratamento das enfermidades digitais dos bovinos, mas os valores residuais desses elementos foram pouco estudados. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a presença de resíduos de cobre e cloretos totais no leite de vacas saudáveis após passagens dos animais em pedilúvio contendo soluções formuladas com estas substâncias e estimou-se os custos das soluções. Utilizou-se 14 vacas saudáveis distribuídas em dois grupos (GI e GII) de sete animais cada. Em GI, empregou-se solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 1% e, em GII, sulfato de cobre a 5%. As amostras de leite foram colhidas antes da passagem pelo pedilúvio (M0), após 24 (M1), 48 (M2) e 72 (M3) horas, além de 15 dias (M15) subsequentes à última passagem. Na análise estatística, a comparação entre momentos dentro de cada grupo foi realizada com teste de Friedman, seguido pelo teste de Dunn's (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que os valores de cloretos totais e de cobre no leite de bovinos saudáveis, após passagens diárias dos animais em pedilúvio por um período de sete dias, apresentaram algumas variações consideradas insuficientes para provocarem danos à saúde humana e as soluções medicamentosas não apresentaram custos exorbitantes.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Substitutos do Leite Humano , Hipoclorito de Sódio/toxicidade , Leite , Sulfato de Cobre/toxicidade , Inocuidade dos Alimentos/métodosRESUMO
Copper sulfate and sodium hypochlorite are used in footbath solutions for the prevention and treatment of bovine digital diseases; however, data on the residues of such elements in milk are sparse in Brazil. This study evaluated the cost of applying the footbath treatment and the total amount of copper and chlorite residues in the milk of healthy cows after they had passed through these footbath solutions. Two groups of 7 cows each (GI and GII) were studied. In the case of GI, 1% sodium hypochlorite was used and for GII 5% copper sulfate was employed in the footbath. The milk samples were collected before the 7-day footbath treatment period (M0) and 24 h (M1), 48 h (M2), 72 h (M3) and 15 days (M15) after the last footbath. Statistical analysis to compare the different samples within each group was carried out by applying Friedman's test, followed by Dunn's test (p<0.05). It was concluded that the amount of total chlorites and copper in the milk of healthy cattle after routine daily footbaths for a period of 7 days presented some variations. However, the concentrations observed were considered insufficient to represent a risk to human health. The cost of the footbath solutions was found to be reasonable.(AU)
O sulfato de cobre e o hipoclorito de sódio são empregados na prevenção e tratamento das enfermidades digitais dos bovinos, mas os valores residuais desses elementos foram pouco estudados. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a presença de resíduos de cobre e cloretos totais no leite de vacas saudáveis após passagens dos animais em pedilúvio contendo soluções formuladas com estas substâncias e estimou-se os custos das soluções. Utilizou-se 14 vacas saudáveis distribuídas em dois grupos (GI e GII) de sete animais cada. Em GI, empregou-se solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 1% e, em GII, sulfato de cobre a 5%. As amostras de leite foram colhidas antes da passagem pelo pedilúvio (M0), após 24 (M1), 48 (M2) e 72 (M3) horas, além de 15 dias (M15) subsequentes à última passagem. Na análise estatística, a comparação entre momentos dentro de cada grupo foi realizada com teste de Friedman, seguido pelo teste de Dunn's (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que os valores de cloretos totais e de cobre no leite de bovinos saudáveis, após passagens diárias dos animais em pedilúvio por um período de sete dias, apresentaram algumas variações consideradas insuficientes para provocarem danos à saúde humana e as soluções medicamentosas não apresentaram custos exorbitantes.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Leite , Substitutos do Leite Humano , Sulfato de Cobre/toxicidade , Hipoclorito de Sódio/toxicidade , Inocuidade dos Alimentos/métodosRESUMO
High copper feeding, is used as a growth promoter of broiler chickens. Performance as well as serum and muscle cholesterol of 1200 broiler chickens (600 male and 600 female) which were fed diets supplemented with 50, 100 or 150 mg copper kg-1 (as cupric citrate), or 200 mg copper kg-1 (as cupric sulfate pentahydrate), or an unsupplemented control diet were determined in an experiment of 5 x 2 complete randomized blocks with 3 replicates (5 treatments and 2 sexes). The feeds, based on corn and soybean meal and adequate in all nutrients (12 mg copper kg-1 in the control diet), and water were supplied ad libitum during the 42 day experimental period. There were no effects (P>0.05) of treatments on weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed/gain ratio (F/G) and mortality + culling (M+C) during 1 to 21 or 22 to 42 days; the averages were 0.778 and 1.501 kg for WG, 1.181 and 3.087 kg for FI, 1.540 and 2.060 for F/G and 1.42 and 2.08% for M+C, respectively. At the end of the trial the liveweight (2.310 kg), the average daily gain (55 g), the production index (282.2), the serum cholesterol (129 mg dL-1) and breast muscle cholesterol (55.9 mg 100 g-1) were not affected by treatments either (P>0.05). Male broilers were superior to the females (P 0.05) in the performance traits (liveweight 2.530 vs 2.090 kg; F/G 1.85 vs 1.90), but the cholesterol levels in serum and muscle were similar across sexes (P>0.05).
O cobre, em níveis supranutricionais nas dietas de frangos de corte, atua como promotor do crescimento. Para avaliar as respostas no desempenho e no colesterol sérico e muscular de frangos de corte, 1200 pintos (600 machos e 600 fêmeas) receberam rações suplementadas com 50, 100 ou 150 mg kg-1 de cobre como citrato cúprico, ou 200 mg kg-1 de cobre como sulfato cúprico pentahidratado, ou uma dieta controle, não suplementada, em um experimento em blocos casualizados com três repetições e arranjo fatorial de cinco tratamentos e dois sexos. As rações, baseadas em milho e farelo de soja e adequadas em todos os nutrientes (12 mg kg-1 de cobre na dieta controle), e água foram fornecidas à vontade durante o experimento de 42 dias. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) de tratamentos nas variáveis ganho de peso, consumo de ração (CR), conversão alimentar (CA) e mortalidade + refugagem (M+R) nos períodos de 1 a 21 dias e de 22 a 42 dias, com valores médios de 0,778 e 1,501 kg para GP, 1,181 e 3,087 kg para CR, 1,540 e 2,060 para CA, 1,42 e 2,08 % para M+R, respectivamente. Ao final do experimento o peso vivo (2,310 kg), o ganho de peso diário (55 g), o fator de produção (282,2), o colesterol no soro sangüíneo (129 mgdL-1) e o colesterol no músculo (55,9 mg 100 mL-1) também não foram afetados pelos tatamentos (P>0,05). Os machos e as fêmeas tiveram níveis semelhantes de colesterol (P>0,05) no soro e no músculo.
RESUMO
High copper feeding, is used as a growth promoter of broiler chickens. Performance as well as serum and muscle cholesterol of 1200 broiler chickens (600 male and 600 female) which were fed diets supplemented with 50, 100 or 150 mg copper kg-1 (as cupric citrate), or 200 mg copper kg-1 (as cupric sulfate pentahydrate), or an unsupplemented control diet were determined in an experiment of 5 x 2 complete randomized blocks with 3 replicates (5 treatments and 2 sexes). The feeds, based on corn and soybean meal and adequate in all nutrients (12 mg copper kg-1 in the control diet), and water were supplied ad libitum during the 42 day experimental period. There were no effects (P>0.05) of treatments on weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed/gain ratio (F/G) and mortality + culling (M+C) during 1 to 21 or 22 to 42 days; the averages were 0.778 and 1.501 kg for WG, 1.181 and 3.087 kg for FI, 1.540 and 2.060 for F/G and 1.42 and 2.08% for M+C, respectively. At the end of the trial the liveweight (2.310 kg), the average daily gain (55 g), the production index (282.2), the serum cholesterol (129 mg dL-1) and breast muscle cholesterol (55.9 mg 100 g-1) were not affected by treatments either (P>0.05). Male broilers were superior to the females (P 0.05) in the performance traits (liveweight 2.530 vs 2.090 kg; F/G 1.85 vs 1.90), but the cholesterol levels in serum and muscle were similar across sexes (P>0.05).
O cobre, em níveis supranutricionais nas dietas de frangos de corte, atua como promotor do crescimento. Para avaliar as respostas no desempenho e no colesterol sérico e muscular de frangos de corte, 1200 pintos (600 machos e 600 fêmeas) receberam rações suplementadas com 50, 100 ou 150 mg kg-1 de cobre como citrato cúprico, ou 200 mg kg-1 de cobre como sulfato cúprico pentahidratado, ou uma dieta controle, não suplementada, em um experimento em blocos casualizados com três repetições e arranjo fatorial de cinco tratamentos e dois sexos. As rações, baseadas em milho e farelo de soja e adequadas em todos os nutrientes (12 mg kg-1 de cobre na dieta controle), e água foram fornecidas à vontade durante o experimento de 42 dias. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) de tratamentos nas variáveis ganho de peso, consumo de ração (CR), conversão alimentar (CA) e mortalidade + refugagem (M+R) nos períodos de 1 a 21 dias e de 22 a 42 dias, com valores médios de 0,778 e 1,501 kg para GP, 1,181 e 3,087 kg para CR, 1,540 e 2,060 para CA, 1,42 e 2,08 % para M+R, respectivamente. Ao final do experimento o peso vivo (2,310 kg), o ganho de peso diário (55 g), o fator de produção (282,2), o colesterol no soro sangüíneo (129 mgdL-1) e o colesterol no músculo (55,9 mg 100 mL-1) também não foram afetados pelos tatamentos (P>0,05). Os machos e as fêmeas tiveram níveis semelhantes de colesterol (P>0,05) no soro e no músculo.