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RESUMEN Introducción La identidad profesional docente está conformada por las dimensiones cognitiva, psicomotriz y afectiva que surgen de la enseñanza. Los incidentes críticos en escenarios universitarios permiten un cambio radical de estas representaciones cuando la reflexión es la estrategia de afrontamiento. Nuestro estudio aporta nuevos conocimientos a la docencia de matronería. Objetivos Establecer la relación entre las dimensiones identitarias del profesorado de matronería con las estrategias de afrontamiento ante incidentes críticos en contextos educativos, así como identificar las estrategias utilizadas por el grupo de docentes para cada incidente crítico. Método Estudio transversal y correlacional, muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Participaron 231 docentes de 21 universidades chilenas. Se aplicó el cuestionario Identidad profesional de matronas/es docentes y estrategias de afrontamiento ante incidentes críticos. Las pruebas estadísticas fueron de tipo descriptivas e inferenciales. Resultados Se obtuvo una relación estadísticamente significativa entre las dimensiones identitarias y las estrategias de afrontamiento ante sucesos inesperados. Los abordajes reflexivos fueron determinantes en el cuerpo académico en estudio. Discusión y Conclusiones Los componentes identitarios varían en función del tipo de afrontamiento de cada participante. La posición académica de investigación de la dimensión cognitiva denota mayor preocupación por su desarrollo incipiente. La postura reflexiva prepondera en el grupo de docentes; no obstante, los incidentes críticos son resueltos de manera temporal, con la posibilidad de reproducirse nuevamente. Este estudio sustenta la necesidad de ofrecer programas de manejo de incidentes críticos en escenarios educativos y en metodologías de investigación que permitan una reconceptualización del ser docente universitario.
ABSTRACT Introduction The teaching professional identity is constituted by the cognitive, psicomotor, and affective dimensions which arise from the activity. Critical incidents in university scenarios can allow radical changes in these representations when reflection is the coping strategy. Our study adds new knowledge to midwifery teaching. Objectives To establish the relationships among the dimension of professional identity of midwifery teachers and the related coping strategies towards critical incidents in the context of education, as well as to determine those strategies used by teachers for each critical incident. Method This is a transversal and correlational study with probabilistic and by-convenience sampling with 231 teachers of 21 Chilean universities. The Professional identity of midwifery teachers and coping strategies towards critical incidents questionnaire was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated. Results A significant statistical relationship was found between the professional identity dimensions and the coping strategies towards unexpected incidents. Reflexive approaches were determinant among the teachers of this study. Discussion and conclusions The components of identity vary as a function of the coping approach. The academic position of research on the cognitive dimension reflects the greatest concern due to its incipient state. The reflexive posture is prevalent among the teachers of this study; nevertheless, critical incidents are addressed only in a temporary form. Therefore, in this study, we suggest the need to offer programs on the management of critical incidents in education contexts, as well as research methodologies that can allow a reconceptualization of the university teacher.
RESUMO Introdução A identidade profissional docente é constituída pelas dimensões cognitiva, psicomotora e afetiva que surgem da docência. Os incidentes críticos em ambientes universitários permitem uma mudança radical nessas representações quando a reflexão é a estratégia de enfrentamento. Nosso estudo traz novos conhecimentos para o ensino da obstetrícia. Objetivos Estabelecer a relação entre as dimensões identitárias dos professores de obstetrícia e as estratégias de enfrentamento dos incidentes críticos em contextos educacionais, bem como determinar as referidas estratégias utilizadas pelo grupo de docentes para cada incidente crítico. Método Estudo transversal e correlacional, amostragem não probabilística por conveniência. Participaram 231 professores de 21 universidades chilenas. Foi aplicado o questionário Identidade profissional de parteiras/os professores e estratégias de enfrentamento diante de incidentes críticos. Foram utilizados testes estatísticos descritivos e inferenciais. Resultados Foi obtida uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre as dimensões de identidade e as estratégias de enfrentamento diante de eventos inesperados. As abordagens reflexivas foram determinantes no corpo acadêmico em estudo. Discussão e Conclusões Os componentes identitários variam dependendo do tipo de enfrentamento de cada participante. A posição de pesquisador acadêmico da dimensão cognitiva denota maior preocupação com seu desenvolvimento incipiente. A posição reflexiva prevalece no grupo de professores; no entanto, os incidentes críticos são resolvidos temporariamente, com possibilidade de uma outra reprodução. Este estudo sustenta a necessidade de oferecer programas de gerenciamento de incidentes críticos em cenários educacionais e em metodologias de pesquisa que permitam uma reconceituação do ser professor universitário.
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For any professional, it is of crucial importance to know not only how coping styles and strategies are present in an individual, but to know about its role to the treatment of alcohol abuse. Moreover, new approaches have emerged in this area in terms of relapse prevention and the counseling by phone can be an alternative. The aim of this study is to examine the factor structure of the Coping Behaviors Inventory (CBI) and to test its invariance across groups face-to-face and phone counseling in Brazil. For this purpose, two studies were carried out: study I, the factor structure was revisited in terms of exploratory factor analysis. Study II, face-to-face and phone counseling were examined through confirmatory factor analysis and multigroup analysis. The results confirmed the 4-factor solution with a revised model for the removal of 16 items. Thus presented, a reduced version with better indexes than the previous versions developed over the last 30 years that was ones reformulated from 60 items. The Internal consistency for study I presented α = 0.90 and homogeneity was between 0.17 and 0.5). In addition the KMO = 0.9 = 0.932, X ( df = 630 ) 2 = 6091.94, p < 0.0 < 0.001. In study II, cronbach's alpha = 0.91 and homogeneity 0.23-0.61 (telemedicine treatment) and α = 0.90 0.17 to 0.63 (face-to-face treatment). In the CFA, the examination of the current version has better fit than the that the traditional model. Moreover, the new version showed convergent validity with the IDHEA questionnaire. In the multigroup analysis no significant changes between groups to a metric level. Finally, the Brazilian version of inventory showed no differences between the phone counseling and face-to-face participants in a metric level after a multigroup analysis.
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Condições associadas à hospitalização e tratamentos de crianças com câncer têm sido identificadas como fontes de estresse, sendo pertinente estudar as estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas por essas crianças. Este estudo objetivou comparar duas metodologias de avaliação do enfrentamento em contexto de hospitalização pediátrica. Dezenove crianças com câncer, com idade entre 6 e 12 anos, em tratamento em um hospital português, responderam ao Kidcope e ao Instrumento para Avaliação das Estratégias de Enfrentamento da Hospitalização. Além disso, também os cuidadores avaliaram a adaptação da criança ao hospital. Os resultados apontaram níveis reduzidos de perturbação comportamental e sofrimento, tanto na avaliação das crianças quanto na dos pais. A amostra apresentou diversidade de estratégias de enfrentamento, bem como preponderância de comportamentos facilitadores em ambas as escalas, com predominância de suporte social e distração, mas também a presença de pensamento mágico e ruminação. Ambas as escalas tiveram respostas semelhantes para suporte social e distração, mas não para outras estratégias. Embora não tenha ficado demonstrado que as escalas sejam equivalentes, ambas se mostraram úteis para fins clínicos...
Conditions associated with hospitalization and treatment of children with cancer have been identified as sources of stress, thus the relevance of studying the coping strategies spontaneously used by these children. The present study aimed to compare two methods for evaluating coping in the context of pediatric hospitalization. A total of 19 children (aged 6 to 12) with cancer, attending a Portuguese hospital, answered the Kidcope and the Instrument for the Assessment of Coping Strategies during Hospitalization. Their caregivers evaluated how the children adapted to the hospital. Low levels of distress were observed in the evaluations of both caregivers and children. The sample showed various coping strategies and a number of facilitative behaviors in both scales, including social support and entertainment, but also wishful thinking and rumination. Both scales had similar responses in terms of social support and entertainment, but not for other strategies. Although the two scales were not found to be equivalents, both proved to be useful for clinical purposes...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Criança , Criança Hospitalizada , NeoplasiasRESUMO
Condições associadas à hospitalização e tratamentos de crianças com câncer têm sido identificadas como fontes de estresse, sendo pertinente estudar as estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas por essas crianças. Este estudo objetivou comparar duas metodologias de avaliação do enfrentamento em contexto de hospitalização pediátrica. Dezenove crianças com câncer, com idade entre 6 e 12 anos, em tratamento em um hospital português, responderam ao Kidcope e ao Instrumento para Avaliação das Estratégias de Enfrentamento da Hospitalização. Além disso, também os cuidadores avaliaram a adaptação da criança ao hospital. Os resultados apontaram níveis reduzidos de perturbação comportamental e sofrimento, tanto na avaliação das crianças quanto na dos pais. A amostra apresentou diversidade de estratégias de enfrentamento, bem como preponderância de comportamentos facilitadores em ambas as escalas, com predominância de suporte social e distração, mas também a presença de pensamento mágico e ruminação. Ambas as escalas tiveram respostas semelhantes para suporte social e distração, mas não para outras estratégias. Embora não tenha ficado demonstrado que as escalas sejam equivalentes, ambas se mostraram úteis para fins clínicos.(AU)
Conditions associated with hospitalization and treatment of children with cancer have been identified as sources of stress, thus the relevance of studying the coping strategies spontaneously used by these children. The present study aimed to compare two methods for evaluating coping in the context of pediatric hospitalization. A total of 19 children (aged 6 to 12) with cancer, attending a Portuguese hospital, answered the Kidcope and the Instrument for the Assessment of Coping Strategies during Hospitalization. Their caregivers evaluated how the children adapted to the hospital. Low levels of distress were observed in the evaluations of both caregivers and children. The sample showed various coping strategies and a number of facilitative behaviors in both scales, including social support and entertainment, but also wishful thinking and rumination. Both scales had similar responses in terms of social support and entertainment, but not for other strategies. Although the two scales were not found to be equivalents, both proved to be useful for clinical purposes.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Criança , Neoplasias , Criança HospitalizadaRESUMO
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Abstract: This paper is focused in the coping strategies used by patients with an agoraphobic disorder (AD) when they are forced to confront phobic situations. Traditionally, the coping strategies considered were those used by agoraphobia patients to reduce anxiety and psychological distress: the avoidance behavior (to avoid the phobic stimuli) and the escape behavior (when the phobic stimulus is present). Additionally, behaviors used to try to avoid negative physiological responses similar to those occurring in an anxiety crisis (interoceptive avoidance) are also included. A fourth group of behaviors has received less attention: coping strategies that partially allow agoraphobia patients to confront and resist the presence of phobic stimuli. These are stimuli that they need to or are forced to confront. These partial coping strategies (often rituals behaviors) are behaviors to which patients assign a value in decreasing the anxiety to tolerable levels until they are able to confront and resist the phobic scenes (even partially). These behaviors play a non-adaptative role because they difficult the development of adaptative self-control strategies, interfere with daily living conditions, and support the disorder providing an initial and immediate relief of psychological distress. We prefer to name all these strategies non-adaptative coping behaviors. Despite the relevance of these partial coping strategies in the development and consolidation of agoraphobia, their empiric study has been infrequent (especially when compared to the study of both avoidance and escape behaviors). In that sense, with the present study we try to provide data about the following issues: 1) to know how frequently AP' use non-adaptative coping behaviors compared with a group of patients with other disorders. 2) The differential use of behavioral patterns by agoraphobic patients (AP): avoidance behaviors, interoceptive avoidance, escape behaviors, and, especially, the partial coping strategies. 3) The role of partial coping strategies in the evaluation of therapeutic outcome, according to the clinician opinion. The empirical study was designed in two stages: First, the elaboration of a scale to measure coping strategies of phobic stimuli. For that purpose, we took into account literature on the topic, observational data and clinical histories of patients with agoraphobia. The result was a scale (CAD scale) composed by 87 overt behavior items, and 52 covert behavior items. All of these items allowed for the formation of four behavioural patterns, grouping items according to their functions in coping with phobic stimuli: 1) avoidance behavioral pattern; 2) interoceptive avoidance pattern; 3) escape behavioral pattern; and 4) partial coping behavioral pattern. Second stage: The application of the CAD scale to a clinical simple. A group of psychologists and psychiatrists (from a local mental health service unit) were requested to administrate the scale to their patients, with their informed consent. The final sample (n = 235) was as follows: 40 with agoraphobic disorder (30 women and 10 men); 30 with panic disorder (18 women and 12 men); 30 mixed with anxious-depressive disorder (25 women and 5 men); 40 with depressive disorders (32 women and 8 men); 25 with psychotic disorders (10 women and 15 men). A matched group without any clinical disorders was added later (N = 70, 49 women and 21 men). After analysing the results related to the use of non-adaptative coping behaviors, these may be summarized as follows: In gene ral, the group which used less the CAD strategies was the non-clinical group. The patients with agoraphobia were the ones who used the CAD strategies in a more significant level, compared with both the non-clinical group and the groups with other disorders. This includes the use of partial coping behaviors. Results were similar both to CAD overt strategies and covert strategies. Comparing the differential use of CAD strategies by patients with agoraphobia, results show a more significant use of avoidance behaviors (especially in overt behavior form), followed by escape behaviors. Interoceptive avoidance was the third CAD more frequently used. Partial coping behaviors were less used in contrast with other CAD strategies. According to therapist judgments with respect to the relationship between the use of coping strategies and the therapeutic progress evaluation, the AP sample was divided into two groups: positive progress and non-positive progress (negative, unstable or no progress). The positive progress group shows a significant lower use of avoidance behaviors, interoceptive avoidance, and escape behaviors, but only in the overt behavior form. There were no significant effects for partial coping behavior. In other words, a positive evolution in PA was joined by a decrease in avoidance overt behaviors, interoceptive overt avoidance, and escape overt behaviors, but there were no changes in the use of both cognitive coping strategies and partial coping behaviors. Our findings confirm that CAD strategies are more used by AP. Partial coping behaviours are included among these. It was a well-known fact (and previous data supported it), that agoraphobia patients tended to use more both avoidance and escape strategies as procedures which relieved them from anxiety and psychological distress. But, also, there were few data about the role of strategies allowing AP to confront and resist the phobic scenes: the partial coping behaviors. Our data provide information about this kind of coping. Results support that it is more frequently used by agoraphobia patients. This is true when comparing it with patients with other disorders, and, obviously, in contrast with the normal population. But the use of partial coping behaviors is not commonly compared with "more traditional" behaviors such as avoidance or escape behaviors. It may be said that people with agoraphobia choose to avoid or to escape from phobic situations as the best way for them to reduce anxiety. But there is a group of phobic situations an agoraphobic patient must confront on some occasions (attending a medical service, buying something, etc.). These few occasions represent an opportunity to use partial coping strategies. The limited use of these strategies may be due to the fact that other strategies reduce anxiety in a more effective way. In that sense, they may be considered as behaviors having a low frequency of occurrence and a high intensity. We especially appreciate findings about the role of partial coping strategies in the therapeutic progress when a clinician emits judgments about the improvement of agoraphobia patients. These judgments are linked to a decrease of several non- adaptative overt strategies, but there is no change in cognitive coping strategies and neither in partial coping behaviors. These may be interpretated as imprecise therapist judgments, but also as the role played by this kind of strategies in the latent maintenance of agoraphobic responses. Finally, this paper discusses these results according to the counter-therapeutic role of partial coping strategies, and the need to consider them as a target objective in treatment process.