RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effect of dwell time (conventional or extended) and cooling protocol (fast or slow) of self-glaze firings on the mechanical (flexural strength and crack propagation) and optical (color and translucency) properties of a porcelain-veneered zirconia system. METHODS: Bilayer disc-shaped samples were prepared (Vita VM9 + In-Ceram YZ) and divided according to the final thermal treatment: glaze firing followed by slow cooling (furnace opening at 200 °C) (G-S) or fast cooling (furnace opening at 600 °C) (G-F, manufacturer-recommended protocol), extended glaze firing (15 min of dwell time) followed by slow cooling (EG-S) or fast cooling (EG-F), or no thermal treatment (CTRL). Porcelain roughness (Ra and Rz) was measured before and after glaze firings. Color (ΔE00) and translucency (TP00) alteration were also evaluated. Flexural strength was measured with the piston-on-three-ball test and crack propagation analysis was performed after Vickers indentations. Complementary analyzes of crystalline phase and scanning electron microscopy were carried out. RESULTS: Significant effect of dwell time was observed, with extended glaze leading to higher flexural strength and shorter crack lengths. Cracks of EG groups were observed to end in clusters of crystals. Color and translucency changed below perceptibility thresholds. All treatments led to a smoother surface and EG groups reached the lowest Rz values. An extra SiO2 peak was revealed in control and EG groups. No effect of cooling protocol was found. SIGNIFICANCE: Extended glaze firing was able to improve the resistance to crack initiation and propagation of porcelain-veneered zirconia without clinically perceptible changes in optical properties.

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RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: A systematic review of in vitro studies was conducted to assess the effect of thermal treatments on flexural strength or critical load to failure of porcelain-veneered zirconia (PVZ). SOURCES: Literature searches were performed up to June 2018 in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science databases, with no publication year or language limits. DATA: From 393 relevant studies, 21 were selected for full-text analysis, from which 7 failed to meet the inclusion criteria. The 14 remaining papers were included in the systematic review: 8 for meta-analysis and 6 restricted to descriptive analyses. Hand searching of reference lists resulted in no additional papers. STUDY SELECTION: In vitro studies using PVZ specimens testing the influence of thermal treatments on the fracture resistance to monotonic or cyclic loading. Papers evaluating cooling rate were divided into those applying fast cooling from above the porcelain glass transition temperature (Tg), or from below it. Meta-analyses were performed separately for flexural strength and critical load to failure, using random effects at a 5% significance level. CONCLUSIONS: Delaying furnace opening at a temperature below the porcelain Tg is advised for PVZ restorations, in order to improve their fracture resistance. Additional information is required to confirm the apparent beneficial effect of self-glaze and repeated veneer firings on the mechanical properties of these restorations. Finally, in order to obtain conclusive and relevant evidence regarding thermal treatments and the fracture resistance of PVZs, future studies should concentrate on anatomically-correct crown specimens.

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RESUMO

Avaliaram-se diferentes sistemas de refrigeração do sêmen ovino, através da aferição e comparação das curvas obtidas e seus efeitos sobre a qualidade do sêmen criopreservado. Ao final da refrigeração, os parâmetros espermáticos motilidade, vigor, defeitos morfológicos, viabilidade e estado acrossomal foram analisados. Para a avaliação pós-descongelação mais dois testes foram acrescentados: avaliação da integridade de membrana plasmática (IMP) e teste de exaustão com quatro horas de incubação a +37ºC. A refrigeração foi realizada em refrigerador doméstico e num balcão horizontal. Para controlar a queda de temperatura desses equipamentos, colocaram-se as palhetas entre bolsas plásticas contendo água aquecida a +32ºC, constituindo quatro sistemas: RS (refrigerador sem bolsa), RC (refrigerador com bolsa), BS (balcão sem bolsa) e BC (balcão com bolsa), os quais resultaram em quatro taxas de refrigeração: -1,4ºC/min, -0,4ºC/min, -2,9ºC/ min e -0,45ºC/min, para RS, RC, BS e BC, respectivamente. Após a refrigeração, observou-se diferença na motilidade espermática (P<0,05), em que BS apresentou menor média. O sistema BS obteve a menor média de vivos íntegros e também a maior de mortos íntegros ao final da refrigeração, diferindo de RC e BC. Quanto aos defeitos morfológicos pós-refrigeração, BS apresentou maior média (P<0,05), ao passo que RC e BC apresentaram as menores médias. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos na descongelação e ao final do teste de exaustão. Concluiu-se que as diferentes taxas de refrigeração afetaram o sêmen no final da fase de refrigeração, mas não após a descongelação.(AU)

Different types of cooling systems of ram semen were evaluated by the measurement and comparison of cooling rates and their effects on the post-thawing quality. Motility, vigor, morphology damages, viability and acrosomal status were tested at the end of 90 minutes of cooling and post-thawing. Regarding post-thawed semen, the same parameters were used, in addition to the assessment of the integrity of the plasmatic membrane, and the resistance test by the incubation of semen at +37ºC for 4 hours. Semen refrigeration was carried out in a domestic refrigerator and in a horizontal refrigerator. To control the temperature drop of semen in both equipments, the slats were disposed between plastic bags containing water at +32ºC, constituting four combinations of cooling procedures: RS (refrigerator without bag), RC (refrigerator with bag), BS (horizontal refrigerator without bag) and BC (horizontal refrigerator with bag), resulting in four cooling rates: -1.4ºC/min, -0.4ºC/min, -2.9°C/min and -0.45ºC/min, for RS, RC, BS and BC, respectively. At the end of the cooling period, BS treatment showed the lowest percentage of sperm motility (P<0.05), the lowest mean of live spermatozoa with intact acrosome, and the highest mean of dead spermatozoa with intact acrosome (P<0.05). As for morphological defects, BS treatment had the highest mean whereas the systems RC and BC resulted in the lowest means. There was no significant difference among treatments in relation to frozen-thawed semen at the end of the resistant test. It was concluded that the different cooling rates affected ram semen at the end of cooling stage but not at post-thawing.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Avaliaram-se diferentes sistemas de refrigeração do sêmen ovino, através da aferição e comparação das curvas obtidas e seus efeitos sobre a qualidade do sêmen criopreservado. Ao final da refrigeração, os parâmetros espermáticos motilidade, vigor, defeitos morfológicos, viabilidade e estado acrossomal foram analisados. Para a avaliação pós-descongelação mais dois testes foram acrescentados: avaliação da integridade de membrana plasmática (IMP) e teste de exaustão com quatro horas de incubação a +37ºC. A refrigeração foi realizada em refrigerador doméstico e num balcão horizontal. Para controlar a queda de temperatura desses equipamentos, colocaram-se as palhetas entre bolsas plásticas contendo água aquecida a +32ºC, constituindo quatro sistemas: RS (refrigerador sem bolsa), RC (refrigerador com bolsa), BS (balcão sem bolsa) e BC (balcão com bolsa), os quais resultaram em quatro taxas de refrigeração: -1,4ºC/min, -0,4ºC/min, -2,9ºC/ min e -0,45ºC/min, para RS, RC, BS e BC, respectivamente. Após a refrigeração, observou-se diferença na motilidade espermática (P<0,05), em que BS apresentou menor média. O sistema BS obteve a menor média de vivos íntegros e também a maior de mortos íntegros ao final da refrigeração, diferindo de RC e BC. Quanto aos defeitos morfológicos pós-refrigeração, BS apresentou maior média (P<0,05), ao passo que RC e BC apresentaram as menores médias. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos na descongelação e ao final do teste de exaustão. Concluiu-se que as diferentes taxas de refrigeração afetaram o sêmen no final da fase de refrigeração, mas não após a descongelação.

Different types of cooling systems of ram semen were evaluated by the measurement and comparison of cooling rates and their effects on the post-thawing quality. Motility, vigor, morphology damages, viability and acrosomal status were tested at the end of 90 minutes of cooling and post-thawing. Regarding post-thawed semen, the same parameters were used, in addition to the assessment of the integrity of the plasmatic membrane, and the resistance test by the incubation of semen at +37ºC for 4 hours. Semen refrigeration was carried out in a domestic refrigerator and in a horizontal refrigerator. To control the temperature drop of semen in both equipments, the slats were disposed between plastic bags containing water at +32ºC, constituting four combinations of cooling procedures: RS (refrigerator without bag), RC (refrigerator with bag), BS (horizontal refrigerator without bag) and BC (horizontal refrigerator with bag), resulting in four cooling rates: -1.4ºC/min, -0.4ºC/min, -2.9°C/min and -0.45ºC/min, for RS, RC, BS and BC, respectively. At the end of the cooling period, BS treatment showed the lowest percentage of sperm motility (P<0.05), the lowest mean of live spermatozoa with intact acrosome, and the highest mean of dead spermatozoa with intact acrosome (P<0.05). As for morphological defects, BS treatment had the highest mean whereas the systems RC and BC resulted in the lowest means. There was no significant difference among treatments in relation to frozen-thawed semen at the end of the resistant test. It was concluded that the different cooling rates affected ram semen at the end of cooling stage but not at post-thawing.

Assuntos