RESUMO
This article describes detailed and novel data on the anatomy and histochemistry of leaves, stems, and roots of Camonea umbellata (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples in different environments for the identification of characters with taxonomical value and of ecological importance, with provision of light and scanning electron microscopy images. To analyze the characters, we collected samples of the vegetative organs of three individuals in each of three populations, which were in a grazing area, an urban environment, and a biological reserve. The main diagnostic anatomical markers for the identification of C. umbellata include amphistomatic leaves, tetracytic and brachyparatetracytic stomata, peltate trichomes, long simple trichomes, epidermis with striated cuticle ornamentation, mesophyll with acute borders, presence of druses, secretory channels, angular collenchyma, fibrous pericycle in the stem, intraxylary phloem in the vegetative organs, oil bodies throughout the midrib, petiole, stem and root, and epicuticular waxes of the crust and coiled rodlet types. Since the characters above did not show variation in the environments evaluated, we consider these characters taxonomically useful for the identification of C. umbellata. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The anatomy of the aerial vegetative organs of Camonnea umbellata retains common Convolvulaceae characters. The sinuosity of the epidermal cell walls and the density of trichomes in the epidermis of the petiole were visually variable characters among the analyzed individuals. Amphistomatic leaves, tetracytic and brachyparatetracytic stomata, peltate trichomes, epidermis with striated cuticle ornamentation, dorsiventral mesophyll with border acute, presence of druses, secretory structures, angular collenchyma, fibrous pericycle in the stem, intraxillary phloem, presence of oil bodies in all organs, and epicuticular waxes of the crust type and coiled rods were considered important anatomical markers for the recognition and correct identification of Camonea umbellata.
Assuntos
Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Microscopia , Folhas de Planta , Raízes de Plantas , Caules de Planta , Tricomas , Folhas de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Folhas de Planta/ultraestrutura , Caules de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Caules de Planta/ultraestrutura , Tricomas/ultraestrutura , Tricomas/anatomia & histologia , Raízes de Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Raízes de Plantas/ultraestrutura , Estômatos de Plantas/ultraestrutura , Estômatos de Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Epiderme Vegetal/ultraestrutura , Epiderme Vegetal/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
The jalap roots, Operculina hamiltonii D.F. Austin & Staples (Convolvulaceae), are extensively commercialized as a depurative and laxative remedy in traditional medicine of the north and northeast regions of Brazil. The purification by recycling HPLC and structure elucidation of three new acyl sugars or resin glycosides are described here from a commercial product made of powdered roots. Three macrocyclic structures of a tetrasaccharide of (11S)-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, operculinic acid C (1), the undescribed hamiltonins II and III (3 and 4), in addition to the known batatinoside III (5), presented a diastereoisomeric relationship as one residue of n-dodecanoic acid esterified the oligosaccharide core on a different position in each compound. Furthermore, hamiltonin IV (6) was characterized as an ester-type homodimer of acylated operculinic acid C with the same substitution pattern identified in hamiltonins II (3) and III (4) for each of the dimer subunits. All the isolated resin glycosides did not display any intrinsic cytotoxicity (IC50 > 25 µM). However, a combination of the individual isolated compounds 3-6 (1-50 µM) demonstrated an enhancement of cytotoxic effects with sublethal doses of vinblastine and podophyllotoxin (0.003 µM) in multidrug-resistant breast carcinoma epithelial cells (MCF-7/Vin).
Assuntos
Convolvulaceae , Neoplasias , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Estrutura Molecular , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Convolvulaceae/química , Glicosídeos/farmacologia , Glicosídeos/química , Resinas Vegetais/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Oligossacarídeos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Serra dos Carajás harbors a unique open plant community in Amazonia, known as canga vegetation, with several endemic species coexisting with the potential threat of large-scale iron ore mining. In this sense, Convolvulaceae occur in a wide variety of canga geoenvironments with multiple flower visitors, but the scarcity of data on its pollen morphology prevents the correct association between Convolvulaceae species with floral visitors, as well as the precise identification of their habitats throughout the Quaternary. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to the taxonomic knowledge and refinement of the identification of insect-plant networks of endangered plants, including Ipomoea cavalcantei. Pollen grains were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy (LM and SEM, respectively), and the morphological parameters obtained were statistically analyzed using principal component analysis. Therefore, all species were differentiated based on aperture types and exine ornamentation. The set of morphological characters indicated that echinae morphology, easily identified under LM, was effective for the identification of Ipomoea species. This work represents the first robust pollen database for a precise identification at the species level of Convolvulaceae from southeastern Amazonian cangas.
RESUMO
Cuscutamantiqueirana Costea, S.S. Silva & Sim.-Bianch. a new species from montane cloud forests of the Serra da Mantiqueira, Brazil, is described and illustrated. The morphological and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the new species belongs to sect. Subulataeofsubg.Grammica. The new species is related to C.odoratavar.botryoides, C.rotundiflora and C.globiflora from which it differs in narrower calyx lobes and the presence of four stomatiferous lobes or projections at the distal part of the ovary. A detailed morphological comparison with C.odoratavar.botryoides, morphologically the most similar taxon, is provided along with the geographical distribution, ecology and host range of the species. The morphological and phylogenetic relationships of the new species, as well as the diversity of stomatiferous projections, are discussed in the broader context of sect. Subulatae and subg. Grammica. Cuscutabolivianavar.paranensis is considered a synonym of C.odoratavar.botryoides.
RESUMO
The aim of this work was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of spontaneous poisoning by Merremia macrocalyx in cattle in the Pernambuco state, northeastern Brazil, and to experimentally replicate the poisoning by this plant. To determine the occurrence of poisonings, 30 farms were visited in six municipalities at the Forest Zone of Pernambuco. The plant was found in nine farms, in which history of plant poisoning in cattle, and occasionally in sheep were also reported. Three outbreaks of spontaneous poisonings in cattle were studied. To replicate the disease experimentally, two steers received a single dose of 60g/kg and two steers received 80g/kg of the fresh leaves of M. macrocalyx in the trough for spontaneous ingestion. Two steers were also used as a control group. The main clinical signs observed in spontaneous cases consisted of restlessness, bloat, polyuria, diarrhea, and death within 48 to 72 hours after the onset of clinical signs. Cattle experimentally poisoned presented similar clinical signs to those observed in spontaneous cases. Gross lesions consisted of dryness and impaction of the rumen, omasum and reticulum contents. Abomasal content was fluid, the mucosa was hyperemic, with swollen folds and multiple ulcers. Similar lesions were observed in duodenum mucosae. Histologically, lesions observed in the abomasum and duodenum mucosa consisted of necrosis, hemorrhage and inflammatory infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes. The wide distribution and palatability of this plant, associated with the high sensitivity of the bovine species verified in this experiment, highlight the importance of this plant in spontaneous cases of poisoning in cattle.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos da intoxicação espontânea por Merremia macrocalyx em bovinos de Pernambuco, nordeste do Brasil e reproduzir experimentalmente a intoxicação por esta planta. Para determinar a ocorrência das intoxicações, foram visitadas 30 propriedades em seis municípios na Zona da Mata de Pernambuco. A planta foi encontrada em nove fazendas onde também haviam históricos de intoxicações em bovinos e ocasionalmente em ovinos. Três surtos de intoxicações espontâneas em bovinos foram estudados e para reproduzir experimentalmente a doença, dois novilhos receberam doses únicas de 60g/kg e dois novilhos receberam 80g/kg de folhas frescas de M. Macrocalyx para consumo espontâneo no cocho. Dois novilhos foram utilizados como grupo controle. Os principais sinais clínicos observados na intoxicação espontânea consistiram em agitação, timpanismo, poliúria, diarreia e morte dentro de 48 a 72 horas após a observação dos primeiros sinais clínicos. Os bovinos intoxicados experimentalmente apresentaram sinais clínicos semelhantes aos observados nos casos espontâneos. À necropsia as lesões consistiam em compactação e ressecamento dos conteúdos do rúmen, omaso e retículo. O conteúdo do abomaso estava fluido, notava-se hiperemia das mucosas, as pregas estavam edemaciadas e continham múltiplas úlceras. Lesões semelhantes também foram observadas na mucosa do duodeno. Histologicamente, as lesões observadas na mucosa do abomaso e do duodeno consistiam em necrose, hemorragia e infiltrado inflamatório neutrofílico e linfocítico. A ampla distribuição de Merremia macrocalyx na região estudada e a boa palatabilidade associada à alta sensibilidade da espécie bovina verificada neste experimento, reforça a importância desta planta em casos espontâneos de intoxicação em bovinos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Intoxicação por Plantas/veterinária , Convolvulaceae/toxicidade , Orelha Média/patologia , Plantas Tóxicas , Brasil/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The aim of this work was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of spontaneous poisoning by Merremia macrocalyx in cattle in the Pernambuco state, northeastern Brazil, and to experimentally replicate the poisoning by this plant. To determine the occurrence of poisonings, 30 farms were visited in six municipalities at the Forest Zone of Pernambuco. The plant was found in nine farms, in which history of plant poisoning in cattle, and occasionally in sheep were also reported. Three outbreaks of spontaneous poisonings in cattle were studied. To replicate the disease experimentally, two steers received a single dose of 60g/kg and two steers received 80g/kg of the fresh leaves of M. macrocalyx in the trough for spontaneous ingestion. Two steers were also used as a control group. The main clinical signs observed in spontaneous cases consisted of restlessness, bloat, polyuria, diarrhea, and death within 48 to 72 hours after the onset of clinical signs. Cattle experimentally poisoned presented similar clinical signs to those observed in spontaneous cases. Gross lesions consisted of dryness and impaction of the rumen, omasum and reticulum contents. Abomasal content was fluid, the mucosa was hyperemic, with swollen folds and multiple ulcers. Similar lesions were observed in duodenum mucosae. Histologically, lesions observed in the abomasum and duodenum mucosa consisted of necrosis, hemorrhage and inflammatory infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes. The wide distribution and palatability of this plant, associated with the high sensitivity of the bovine species verified in this experiment, highlight the importance of this plant in spontaneous cases of poisoning in cattle.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos da intoxicação espontânea por Merremia macrocalyx em bovinos de Pernambuco, nordeste do Brasil e reproduzir experimentalmente a intoxicação por esta planta. Para determinar a ocorrência das intoxicações, foram visitadas 30 propriedades em seis municípios na Zona da Mata de Pernambuco. A planta foi encontrada em nove fazendas onde também haviam históricos de intoxicações em bovinos e ocasionalmente em ovinos. Três surtos de intoxicações espontâneas em bovinos foram estudados e para reproduzir experimentalmente a doença, dois novilhos receberam doses únicas de 60g/kg e dois novilhos receberam 80g/kg de folhas frescas de M. Macrocalyx para consumo espontâneo no cocho. Dois novilhos foram utilizados como grupo controle. Os principais sinais clínicos observados na intoxicação espontânea consistiram em agitação, timpanismo, poliúria, diarreia e morte dentro de 48 a 72 horas após a observação dos primeiros sinais clínicos. Os bovinos intoxicados experimentalmente apresentaram sinais clínicos semelhantes aos observados nos casos espontâneos. À necropsia as lesões consistiam em compactação e ressecamento dos conteúdos do rúmen, omaso e retículo. O conteúdo do abomaso estava fluido, notava-se hiperemia das mucosas, as pregas estavam edemaciadas e continham múltiplas úlceras. Lesões semelhantes também foram observadas na mucosa do duodeno. Histologicamente, as lesões observadas na mucosa do abomaso e do duodeno consistiam em necrose, hemorragia e infiltrado inflamatório neutrofílico e linfocítico. A ampla distribuição de Merremia macrocalyx na região estudada e a boa palatabilidade associada à alta sensibilidade da espécie bovina verificada neste experimento, reforça a importância desta planta em casos espontâneos de intoxicação em bovinos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Intoxicação por Plantas/veterinária , Convolvulaceae/toxicidade , Orelha Média/patologia , Plantas Tóxicas , Brasil/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Most sweet potato genotypes marketed in Brazil have white, yellow or cream pulp color with negligible carotenoid contents. The use of beta-carotene rich sweet potato materials may contribute to improve people welfare, especially those at critical nutritional conditions. The yield-related traits and marketable tuber quality of 10 beta-carotene biofortified (or not) sweet potato genotypes were assessed in a Brazilian Cerrado area. Differences for all traits were found, with some materials prevailing. However, four of them (CNPH 1190, CNPH 1206, CNPH 1210 and CNPH 1310) showed good adaptability. CNPH 1210 had the highest yield (52.21 ton ha-1), 4.28 times higher than the Brazilian sweet potato average yield. CNPH 1210 and CNPH 1310 had the highest tuber numbers and the most preferred mass class for consumers, and therefore, they furnished the best marketable genotypes. Nevertheless, the materials CNPH 1210 and CNPH 1310 (both orange-fleshed sweet potatoes) stood out for tuber market quality. Our results may stimulate organized civil society efforts to improve the production and consumption of beta-carotene-rich sweet potato materials in municipalities in the Brazilian Cerrado.
A maioria dos genótipos de batata-doce comercializados no Brasil tem cor de polpa branca, amarela ou creme, com conteúdo desprezível de carotenóides. O uso de materiais de batata-doce ricos em beta-caroteno pode contribuir para melhorar o bem-estar das pessoas, especialmente aquelas em condições nutricionais críticas. Características relacionadas ao rendimento e a qualidade comercial dos tubérculos de 10 genótipos de batata-doce biofortificada (ou não) com beta-caroteno foram avaliadas em uma área do Cerrado brasileiro. Diferenças para todas as características foram encontradas, com alguns materiais predominantes. No entanto, quatro deles (CNPH 1190, CNPH 1206, CNPH 1210 e CNPH 1310) mostraram boa adaptabilidade. O CNPH 1210 teve o maior rendimento (52,21 ton ha-1), 4,28 vezes maior que o rendimento nacional médio da batata-doce brasileira. CNPH 1210 e CNPH 1310 tiveram o maior número de tubérculos e a classe de massamais preferida para os consumidores e, portanto, forneceram os melhores genótipos comercializáveis. Noentanto, os materiais CNPH 1210 e CNPH 1310 (ambos batata-doce de polpa alaranjada) destacaram-se pelaqualidade dos tubérculos comerciais. Nossos resultados podem estimular esforços da sociedade civil organizada para melhorar a produção e consumo de materiais de batata-doce ricos em beta-caroteno em municípios contidos no Cerrado brasileiro.
Assuntos
beta Caroteno , Convolvulaceae , Ipomoea batatas , Valor Nutritivo , Ciências da NutriçãoRESUMO
Merremia mosaic virus (MerMV), a bipartite begomovirus, was identified for the first time as a pathogen of commercial tomato plantings. Infection of tomato by MerMV caused mild leaf curling and yellow foliar mosaic symptoms. Herein, the MerMV was identified in symptomatic Merremia quinquefolia and M. aegyptia (Convolvulaceae) plants exhibiting bright yellow or yellow-green foliar mosaic symptoms, respectively. The full-length begomoviral components were amplified from total DNA isolated from two wild species of Merremia and commercial tomato plants during 1991-1998. The DNA was subjected to rolling circle amplification, restriction digestion, and DNA sequencing. The resultant 19 and 26 apparently full-length DNA-A and DNA-B components were ~ 2557 and ~ 2492 bases, respectively. The 140-base common region was 97.9% identical between DNA-A and -B components, a predictive evidence for cognate DNA-A and -B components. Although the DNA-A components were highly conserved at 96-100%, the DNA-B components diverged at ~ 89 to 100%, respectively. The overall clonal genomic features strongly suggested that MerMV lineage has been under host-selection for some time, and only recently, has undergone a host-shift, putatively, from wild convolvulaceous species to tomato (Solanaceae). Phylogenetically, MerMV grouped with other bipartite begomoviruses indigenous to the Caribbean region, with MerMV DNA-A components forming three clusters, and the DNA-B components grouped in one clade. Both clades contained only one closet relative, an isolate of MerMV from Venezuela, MerMV-VE. Biolistic inoculation of M. quinquefolia and tomato seedlings with the DNA-A and -B components of PR68 and PR80 resulted in development of symptoms like those observed in naturally-infected species, respectively.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT: The aim of this work was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of spontaneous poisoning by Merremia macrocalyx in cattle in the Pernambuco state, northeastern Brazil, and to experimentally replicate the poisoning by this plant. To determine the occurrence of poisonings, 30 farms were visited in six municipalities at the Forest Zone of Pernambuco. The plant was found in nine farms, in which history of plant poisoning in cattle, and occasionally in sheep were also reported. Three outbreaks of spontaneous poisonings in cattle were studied. To replicate the disease experimentally, two steers received a single dose of 60g/kg and two steers received 80g/kg of the fresh leaves of M. macrocalyx in the trough for spontaneous ingestion. Two steers were also used as a control group. The main clinical signs observed in spontaneous cases consisted of restlessness, bloat, polyuria, diarrhea, and death within 48 to 72 hours after the onset of clinical signs. Cattle experimentally poisoned presented similar clinical signs to those observed in spontaneous cases. Gross lesions consisted of dryness and impaction of the rumen, omasum and reticulum contents. Abomasal content was fluid, the mucosa was hyperemic, with swollen folds and multiple ulcers. Similar lesions were observed in duodenum mucosae. Histologically, lesions observed in the abomasum and duodenum mucosa consisted of necrosis, hemorrhage and inflammatory infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes. The wide distribution and palatability of this plant, associated with the high sensitivity of the bovine species verified in this experiment, highlight the importance of this plant in spontaneous cases of poisoning in cattle.
RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos da intoxicação espontânea por Merremia macrocalyx em bovinos de Pernambuco, nordeste do Brasil e reproduzir experimentalmente a intoxicação por esta planta. Para determinar a ocorrência das intoxicações, foram visitadas 30 propriedades em seis municípios na Zona da Mata de Pernambuco. A planta foi encontrada em nove fazendas onde também haviam históricos de intoxicações em bovinos e ocasionalmente em ovinos. Três surtos de intoxicações espontâneas em bovinos foram estudados e para reproduzir experimentalmente a doença, dois novilhos receberam doses únicas de 60g/kg e dois novilhos receberam 80g/kg de folhas frescas de M. Macrocalyx para consumo espontâneo no cocho. Dois novilhos foram utilizados como grupo controle. Os principais sinais clínicos observados na intoxicação espontânea consistiram em agitação, timpanismo, poliúria, diarreia e morte dentro de 48 a 72 horas após a observação dos primeiros sinais clínicos. Os bovinos intoxicados experimentalmente apresentaram sinais clínicos semelhantes aos observados nos casos espontâneos. À necropsia as lesões consistiam em compactação e ressecamento dos conteúdos do rúmen, omaso e retículo. O conteúdo do abomaso estava fluido, notava-se hiperemia das mucosas, as pregas estavam edemaciadas e continham múltiplas úlceras. Lesões semelhantes também foram observadas na mucosa do duodeno. Histologicamente, as lesões observadas na mucosa do abomaso e do duodeno consistiam em necrose, hemorragia e infiltrado inflamatório neutrofílico e linfocítico. A ampla distribuição de Merremia macrocalyx na região estudada e a boa palatabilidade associada à alta sensibilidade da espécie bovina verificada neste experimento, reforça a importância desta planta em casos espontâneos de intoxicação em bovinos.
RESUMO
Inflammatory bowel disease is triggered by an uncontrolled immune response associated with genetic, environmental, and intestinal microbiota imbalance. Ipomoea asarifolia (IA), popularly known as "salsa" or "brave salsa", belongs to the Convolvulaceae family. The aim of this approach was to study the preventive effect of IA aqueous extract in 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis in rats. Rats pretreated with IA extract or sulfasalazine (SSZ) received intracolonic instillation of DNBS in 50% ethanol (v/v). IA extract presented a protective effect against intestinal inflammation, with improvement in the disease activity index and macroscopic damage. IA or SSZ significantly reduced myeloperoxidase activity, and also down-regulation of the gene expression of JNK1, NF-κß-p65, STAT3, and decreased levels of TNFα, IL-1ß, and increased IL-10, associated with a significant improvement of oxidative stress, in addition to a reduction in MDA and an increase of glutathione in colonic tissue. The protective effect of the extract was also confirmed in histological evaluation, showing preservation of the colonic cytoarchitecture. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed down-regulation of NF-κß-p65, iNOS, IL-17, and up-regulation of SOCs-1 and MUC-2. IA extract presents antioxidant and anti-inflammatory intestinal properties, and proved to be a potential application for preventing damage induced by DNBS.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Intestinos/patologia , Ipomoea/química , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Colite/patologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Dinitrofluorbenzeno/análogos & derivados , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Quinase 8 Ativada por Mitógeno/genética , Proteína Quinase 8 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Tamanho do Órgão , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ratos Wistar , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismoRESUMO
Numerous plant species worldwide including some Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) and Sida (Malvaceae) species in Brazil cause lysosomal storage disease in herbivores and are known to contain swainsonine and calystegines as the main toxic compounds. The aim of this work was to determine swainsonine and calystegines concentrations in species of Convolvulaceae from the semiarid region of Pernambuco. Seven municipalities in the Moxotó region were visited and nine species were collected and screened for the presence of swainsonine and calystegines using an HPLC-APCI-MS method. The presence and concentration of these alkaloids within the same and in different species were very variable. Seven species are newly reported here containing swainsonine and/or calystegines. Ipomoea subincana contained just swainsonine. Ipomoea megapotamica, I. rosea and Jacquemontia corymbulosa contained swainsonine and calystegines. Ipomoea sericosepala, I. brasiliana, I. nil, I. bahiensis and I. incarnata contained just calystegines. The discovery of six Ipomoea species and one Jacquemontia species containing toxic polyhydroxy alkaloids reinforces the importance of this group of poisonous plants to ruminants and horses in the semiarid region of Pernambuco. Epidemiological surveys should be conducted to investigate the occurrence of lysosomal storage disease associated to these new species.(AU)
Numerosas espécies de plantas em todo o mundo, incluindo algumas espécies de Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) e Sida (Malvaceae) no Brasil, causam doença de armazenamento lisossomal em herbívoros e são conhecidas por conterem swainsonina e calisteginas como princípios tóxicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a concentração de swainsonina e calisteginas em espécies de Convolvulaceae da região semiárida de Pernambuco. Sete municípios na região do Sertão do Moxotó foram visitados, onde foram coletadas amostras das folhas de nove espécies de Convolvulaceae para avaliação da presença de swainsonina e calisteginas utilizando-se cromatografia líquida com espectrometria de massa. A presença e concentração destes alcaloides nas folhas de plantas da mesma espécie e dentre as espécies foram muito variáveis. Seis novas espécies de Ipomoea e uma espécie de Jacquemontia contendo swainsonina e/ou calisteginas são relatadas neste estudo. Ipomoea subincana continha apenas swainsonina. Ipomoea megapotamica, I. rosea e Jacquemontia corymbulosa continham swainsonina e calisteginas. Ipomoea sericosepala, I. brasiliana, I. nil, I. bahiensis e I. incarnata continham apenas calisteginas. A descoberta de novas espécies de Ipomoea e Jacquemontia contendo alcaloides polihidroxílicos tóxicos reforçam a importância deste grupo de plantas tóxicas para ruminantes e equinos na região semiárida de Pernambuco. Pesquisas epidemiológicas devem ser realizadas para investigar a ocorrência de doença de depósito lisossomal associada a essas novas espécies.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Plantas Tóxicas/intoxicação , Swainsonina/intoxicação , Convolvulaceae/intoxicação , Ipomoea/toxicidade , Ruminantes , Doenças por Armazenamento dos Lisossomos/veterinária , CavalosRESUMO
Numerous plant species worldwide including some Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) and Sida (Malvaceae) species in Brazil cause lysosomal storage disease in herbivores and are known to contain swainsonine and calystegines as the main toxic compounds. The aim of this work was to determine swainsonine and calystegines concentrations in species of Convolvulaceae from the semiarid region of Pernambuco. Seven municipalities in the Moxotó region were visited and nine species were collected and screened for the presence of swainsonine and calystegines using an HPLC-APCI-MS method. The presence and concentration of these alkaloids within the same and in different species were very variable. Seven species are newly reported here containing swainsonine and/or calystegines. Ipomoea subincana contained just swainsonine. Ipomoea megapotamica, I. rosea and Jacquemontia corymbulosa contained swainsonine and calystegines. Ipomoea sericosepala, I. brasiliana, I. nil, I. bahiensis and I. incarnata contained just calystegines. The discovery of six Ipomoea species and one Jacquemontia species containing toxic polyhydroxy alkaloids reinforces the importance of this group of poisonous plants to ruminants and horses in the semiarid region of Pernambuco. Epidemiological surveys should be conducted to investigate the occurrence of lysosomal storage disease associated to these new species.(AU)
Numerosas espécies de plantas em todo o mundo, incluindo algumas espécies de Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) e Sida (Malvaceae) no Brasil, causam doença de armazenamento lisossomal em herbívoros e são conhecidas por conterem swainsonina e calisteginas como princípios tóxicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a concentração de swainsonina e calisteginas em espécies de Convolvulaceae da região semiárida de Pernambuco. Sete municípios na região do Sertão do Moxotó foram visitados, onde foram coletadas amostras das folhas de nove espécies de Convolvulaceae para avaliação da presença de swainsonina e calisteginas utilizando-se cromatografia líquida com espectrometria de massa. A presença e concentração destes alcaloides nas folhas de plantas da mesma espécie e dentre as espécies foram muito variáveis. Seis novas espécies de Ipomoea e uma espécie de Jacquemontia contendo swainsonina e/ou calisteginas são relatadas neste estudo. Ipomoea subincana continha apenas swainsonina. Ipomoea megapotamica, I. rosea e Jacquemontia corymbulosa continham swainsonina e calisteginas. Ipomoea sericosepala, I. brasiliana, I. nil, I. bahiensis e I. incarnata continham apenas calisteginas. A descoberta de novas espécies de Ipomoea e Jacquemontia contendo alcaloides polihidroxílicos tóxicos reforçam a importância deste grupo de plantas tóxicas para ruminantes e equinos na região semiárida de Pernambuco. Pesquisas epidemiológicas devem ser realizadas para investigar a ocorrência de doença de depósito lisossomal associada a essas novas espécies.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Plantas Tóxicas/intoxicação , Swainsonina/intoxicação , Convolvulaceae/intoxicação , Ipomoea/toxicidade , Ruminantes , Doenças por Armazenamento dos Lisossomos/veterinária , CavalosRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. and Schult.(Convolvulaceae), popularly known as salsa or salsa-brava, is a plant of which the decoction of leaves is used in folk medicine to treat various inflammatory disorders such of dermatitis, scabies, symptoms of syphilis, skin ulcers and external wounds. However, little is known about possible compounds and mechanisms of action of the plant to support the activities reported by popular use. AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aimed to identify bioactive molecules present in the crude extract of I. asarifolia leaves and investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of this extract in different experimental in vivo models to improve the understanding on that activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Aqueous extract of I. asarifolia leaves was prepared by decoction (1:10 m/v) and its chromatographic profile was obtained by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and liquid chromatography diode array detector coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS). The potential anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was assessed using the following in vivo models: xylene-induced ear edema (20, 30 and 40mg/kg), evaluating the degree of edema formation; carrageenan-induced peritonitis (10, 20 and 30mg/kg), evaluating leukocyte migration and cytokine levels (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α) at 4h; zymosan-induced air pouch inflammation (20, 30 and 40mg/kg), evaluating the kinetics of leukocyte migration by total and differential counts at 6, 24 and 48h. The same tests were conducted using pure compounds identified in the aqueous extract from I. asarifolia leaves in different doses for each experimental model. RESULTS: The compounds identified in the aqueous extract of I. asarifolia leaves by HPLC-DAD and LC-DAD-MS were rutin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. The extract significantly reduced ear edema induced by xylene (81%, 85% and 86% for doses of 20, 30 and 40mg/kg, respectively, p<0.001), as well as cell migration in experimental models of peritonitis (70%, 78% and 83% for doses of 10, 20 and 30mg/kg, respectively, p<0.001) and air pouch inflammation (58%, 67% and 53% for doses of 20, 30 and 40mg/kg, respectively, p<0.001). In addition, the extract demonstrated the ability to significantly inhibit the production of cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α (p<0.001). The secondary metabolites tested (rutin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid) also showed the ability to significantly (p<0.001) decrease the parameters analyzed above. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to identify and confirm these phenolic compounds in I. asarifolia leaves extract and to suggest that these compounds contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, as reported by ethnomedicinal use of this plant. Through the different experimental models performed, we can conclude that the results obtained with the aqueous extract from I. asarifolia leaves support its popular use for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Edema/prevenção & controle , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Ipomoea/química , Peritonite/prevenção & controle , Fenóis/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Carragenina , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Edema/metabolismo , Feminino , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/metabolismo , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Contagem de Leucócitos , Leucócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Espectrometria de Massas , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Peritonite/induzido quimicamente , Peritonite/metabolismo , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Plantas Medicinais , Fatores de Tempo , Xilenos , ZimosanRESUMO
Recycling liquid chromatography was used for the isolation and purification of resin glycosides from the CHCl3-soluble extracts prepared using flowers of Ipomoea wolcottiana Rose var. wolcottiana. Bioassay-guided fractionation, using modulation of both antibiotic activity against multidrug-resistant strains of Gram-negative bacteria and vinblastine susceptibility in breast carcinoma cells, was used to isolate the active glycolipids as modulators of the multidrug resistance phenotype. An ester-type dimer, wolcottine I, one tetra- and three pentasaccharides, wolcottinosides I-IV, in addition to the known intrapilosin VII, were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In vitro assays established that none of these metabolites displayed antibacterial activity (MIC>512 µg/mL) against multidrug-resistant strains of Escherichia coli, and two nosocomial pathogens: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Shigella flexneri; however, when tested (25 µg/mL) in combination with tetracycline, kanamycin or chloramphenicol, they exerted a potentiation effect of the antibiotic susceptibility up to eightfold (64 µg/mL from 512 µg/mL). It was also determined that these non-cytotoxic (CI50>8.68 µM) agents modulated vinblastine susceptibility at 25 µg/mL in MFC-7/Vin(+) cells with a reversal factor (RFMCF-7/Vin(+)) of 2-130 fold.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicosídeos/isolamento & purificação , Glicosídeos/farmacologia , Ipomoea/química , Resinas Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Resinas Vegetais/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Flores/química , Glicosídeos/química , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Resinas Vegetais/química , Salmonella/efeitos dos fármacos , Vimblastina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Ipomoea setifera é uma planta tropical pertencente à família Convolvulaceae. Os animais comem suas folhas e flores em períodos de estiagem pois a planta se mantêm verde durante todo o ano. Poucos são os relatos sobre a toxicidade da I. setifera. Análise química das folhas de I. setifera revelou a presença dos alcaloides nortropânicos calisteginas B1 e B2 que possuem atividade inibitória sobre as enzimas β-glicosidase, α e β-galactosidase e β-xilosidase, importantes para o adequado metabolismo de carboidratos. O objetivo desse estudo é realizar uma revisão sobre as propriedades químicas e toxicológicas das calisteginas presentes na I. setifera.
Ipomoea setifera is a tropical plant belonging to the Convolvulaceae family found mainly next to streams and rivers throughout the year. Few are the reports about the toxicity of I. setifera. On the other hand phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed presence of nortropânicos alkaloids calystegines B1 and B2 in the leaves of I. setifera which promote inhibition of β-glycosidase, α and β-galactosidase, and β-xylosidase, important enzymes for an adequate metabolism of carbohydrates in the organism. So if objective of this study is to perform a literature on chemical and toxicological properties of calisteginas alkaloids of the I. setifera.
Assuntos
Alcaloides , Ipomoea/toxicidade , Plantas Tóxicas , ConvolvulaceaeRESUMO
Ipomoea setifera é uma planta tropical pertencente à família Convolvulaceae. Os animais comem suas folhas e flores em períodos de estiagem pois a planta se mantêm verde durante todo o ano. Poucos são os relatos sobre a toxicidade da I. setifera. Análise química das folhas de I. setifera revelou a presença dos alcaloides nortropânicos calisteginas B1 e B2 que possuem atividade inibitória sobre as enzimas β-glicosidase, α e β-galactosidase e β-xilosidase, importantes para o adequado metabolismo de carboidratos. O objetivo desse estudo é realizar uma revisão sobre as propriedades químicas e toxicológicas das calisteginas presentes na I. setifera. (AU)
Ipomoea setifera is a tropical plant belonging to the Convolvulaceae family found mainly next to streams and rivers throughout the year. Few are the reports about the toxicity of I. setifera. On the other hand phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed presence of nortropânicos alkaloids calystegines B1 and B2 in the leaves of I. setifera which promote inhibition of β-glycosidase, α and β-galactosidase, and β-xylosidase, important enzymes for an adequate metabolism of carbohydrates in the organism. So if objective of this study is to perform a literature on chemical and toxicological properties of calisteginas alkaloids of the I. setifera. (AU)
Assuntos
Alcaloides , Ipomoea/toxicidade , Plantas Tóxicas , ConvolvulaceaeRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Operculina macrocarpa is an ornamental climbing plant of the Northeastern Brazil extensively used in traditional medicine as depurative of the blood and for the treatment of thrombosis. To investigate the antiplatelet and anticoagulant potential of Operculina macrocarpa and to determine the possible mechanisms of action. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Operculina macrocarpa tincture (OMT) was characterized by the polyphenol content and chromatographic profile established by HPLC with detection and quantification of three phenol acids (caffeic, clorogenic and gallic acids). The human platelet aggregation was induced in vitro by the agonists ADP, collagen, thrombin, epinephrine or arachidonic acid, and the antiplatelet effect of OMT was evaluated in the presence or absence of aspirin (a nonselective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase), pentoxifylline (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor), ticlopidine (a P2Y12 purinoceptor antagonist) or ODQ (a selective inhibitor of guanilate cyclase). The effect of OMT on the partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time and bleeding time were investigated on human or rat plasma. RESULTS: The strongest antiplatelet effect of OMT (50-400 µg/mL) was observed on the ADP- induced aggregation with inhibitions up to 55%, while among others agonists (epinephrine, collagen, thrombin and arachidonic acid) maximal inhibitions reached by OMT (200 µg/mL) were on platelet aggregation induced by collagen (18%) or epinephrine (20%). The antiplatelet effect of OMT (400 µg/mL) was comparable to aspirin, a nonspecific inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. The ticlopidine and pentoxifylline increased 5.1 and 3.8 fold the inhibitory effect of OMT on ADP-induced platelet aggregation, respectively. On the other hand, l-arginine, ODQ and aspirin showed a slightly or no effect on antiplatelet effect of OMT. The bleeding time in rats was significantly increased by OMT, but the tincture did not interfere on the activated partial thromboplastin or prothrombin time in human plasma. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the tincture of Operculina macrocarpa has antiplatelet effect that cannot be attributed to a single biochemical mechanism and at least part of it cannot be related to the OMT inhibition of P2Y12 purinergic receptors.
Assuntos
Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Convolvulaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/farmacologia , Agregação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/química , RatosRESUMO
Reinvestigation of the CHCl3-soluble extract from the flowers of Ipomoea murucoides, through preparative-scale recycling HPLC, yielded three pentasaccharides of 11-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, murucoidins XVII-XIX, in addition to the known murucoidin III and V, all of which were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. These compounds were found to be macrolactones of the known pentasaccharides simonic acid B and operculinic acid A. The acylating groups corresponded to acetic, (2S)-methyl-butyric, (E)-cinnamic and octanoic acids. The esterification sites were established at the C-2 of the second rhamnose and C-3 and C-4 of the third rhamnose. The aglycone lactonization was placed at C-2 or C-3 of the first rhamnose. Bioassays for modulation of antibiotic activity were performed against multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli Rosetta-gami, and two nosocomial pathogens: Salmonella enterica sv. Typhi and Shigella flexneri. The tested glycolipids did not act as cytotoxic (IC50>4 µg/mL) nor as antimicrobial (MIC>128 µg/mL) agents. However, they exerted a potentiation effect on clinically useful antibiotics against the tested bacteria by increasing their antibiotic susceptibility up to four-fold at concentrations of 25 µg/mL.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Ipomoea/química , Lactonas/farmacologia , Oligossacarídeos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Acilação , Caprilatos/química , Caprilatos/farmacologia , Cinamatos/química , Cinamatos/farmacologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Esterificação , Flores , Glicosídeos/química , Glicosídeos/farmacologia , Interações Ervas-Drogas , Lactonas/química , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Oligossacarídeos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Salmonella enterica/efeitos dos fármacos , Shigella flexneri/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Baccharis coridifolia is a plant that induces strong conditioned food aversion in ruminants. This research aimed to induce a conditioned food aversion to Ipomoea carnea var. fistulosa in goats, using B. coridifolia as an aversive agent, and to compare the aversion induced by this plant with the aversion induced by lithium chloride (LiCl). Thirteen goats were allotted into two groups: Group 1 with six goats was averted with 175mg/kg of body weight of LiCl and Group 2 with seven goats was averted with 0,25g/kg of bw of dried B. coridifolia. All goats were averted on day 1 after the ingestion of I. carnea. The aversion procedure with LiCl or B. coridifolia in goats from Groups 1 and 2, respectively, was repeated in those goats that again consumed the plant during tests on days 2, 3, and 7. The goats of both groups were challenged in pens on 23 and 38 days after the last day of aversion and challenged in the pasture on days 11, 15, 18, 20, 22, 25, 27 and 29 after the last day of aversion. After this period goats were challenged every 15 days on pasture until the 330º day after the last day of aversion (7th day). Two goats from Group 1 ingested I. carnea on the first day of the pasture challenge, 4 days after the last day of aversive conditioning in the pen. In addition, another goat in Group 1 started to consume the plant on day 18, and other two goats ate it on day 20. One goat in Group 1 that had never eaten I. carnea died on day 155. One goat from Group 2 started to ingest I. carnea on the first day of the pasture challenge, and a second goat started to consume this plant on day 182. At the end of the experiment, on day 330, the other five goats averted with B. coridifolia remained averted. These results suggest that B. coridifolia or an active compound from the plant could be used to induce aversion to toxic plants. Using B. coridifolia would be cheaper and, particularly in flocks with large number of animals, possibly easier than using LiCl, which requires the use of oral gavage and qualified personnel for its implementation.(AU)
Baccharis coridifolia é uma planta tóxica que possui forte poder aversivo em ruminantes. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram induzir aversão condicionada a Ipomoea carnea var. fistulosa em caprinos utilizando B. coridifolia como agente aversivo e comparar a eficiência desta aversão com a aversão induzida por cloreto de lítio (LiCl). Treze cabras foram divididas em dois grupos: o Grupo 1 com seis cabras foi avertido com 175mg/kg de peso corporal (pc) de LiCl e o Grupo 2, com sete cabras, foi avertido com 0,25g/kg de pc de B. coridifolia seco. Todas as cabras foram avertidas no dia 1 logo após a ingestão de I.carnea. A aversão foi repetida nos dias 2, 3 e 7 nos caprinos que ingeriram qualquer quantidade de I. carnea, utilizando-se o mesmo procedimento do dia 1. Os caprinos de ambos os grupos foram desafiados nas baias nos dias 23 e 38 após o último dia da aversão e desafiados na pastagem nos dias 11, 15, 18, 20, 22 , 25, 27 e 29 após o último dia da aversão. Posteriormente os caprinos foram desafiados a cada 15 dias na pastagem até o 330º dia após o último dia da aversão (7º dia). Duas cabras do Grupo 1 ingeriram I. carnea no primeiro dia do desafio na pastagem, quatro dias após o ultimo dia da aversão nas baias. Além disso, outra cabra do mesmo grupo reiniciou a ingestão da planta no 18º dia e outras duas no 20º dia. Uma cabra do Grupo 1 que nunca havia ingerido a planta após a aversão morreu no 55º dia. Uma cabra do Grupo 2 começou a ingerir I. carnea no primeiro dia de desafio na pastagem e uma segunda reiniciou o consumo da planta no 182º dia. No final do experimento no 330º as cinco cabras avertidas com B. coridifolia permaneciam sem ingerir a planta. Estes resultados sugerem que B. coridifolia ou algum princípio ativo dessa planta pode ser utilizado para induzir aversão condicionada a plantas tóxicas. A utilização de B. coridifolia como agente aversivo é aparentemente mais barato e mais fácil de ser utilizado do que o LiCl, o qual requer o uso de sonda oro-gástrica e pessoal qualificado para sua implementação.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Baccharis/toxicidade , Alimentos , Convolvulaceae/toxicidade , Cabras/classificação , Plantas Tóxicas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Baccharis coridifolia is a plant that induces strong conditioned food aversion in ruminants. This research aimed to induce a conditioned food aversion to Ipomoea carnea var. fistulosa in goats, using B. coridifolia as an aversive agent, and to compare the aversion induced by this plant with the aversion induced by lithium chloride (LiCl). Thirteen goats were allotted into two groups: Group 1 with six goats was averted with 175mg/kg of body weight of LiCl and Group 2 with seven goats was averted with 0,25g/kg of bw of dried B. coridifolia. All goats were averted on day 1 after the ingestion of I. carnea. The aversion procedure with LiCl or B. coridifolia in goats from Groups 1 and 2, respectively, was repeated in those goats that again consumed the plant during tests on days 2, 3, and 7. The goats of both groups were challenged in pens on 23 and 38 days after the last day of aversion and challenged in the pasture on days 11, 15, 18, 20, 22, 25, 27 and 29 after the last day of aversion. After this period goats were challenged every 15 days on pasture until the 330º day after the last day of aversion (7th day). Two goats from Group 1 ingested I. carnea on the first day of the pasture challenge, 4 days after the last day of aversive conditioning in the pen. In addition, another goat in Group 1 started to consume the plant on day 18, and other two goats ate it on day 20. One goat in Group 1 that had never eaten I. carnea died on day 155. One goat from Group 2 started to ingest I. carnea on the first day of the pasture challenge, and a second goat started to consume this plant on day 182. At the end of the experiment, on day 330, the other five goats averted with B. coridifolia remained averted. These results suggest that B. coridifolia or an active compound from the plant could be used to induce aversion to toxic plants. Using B. coridifolia would be cheaper and, particularly in flocks with large number of animals, possibly easier than using...
Baccharis coridifolia é uma planta tóxica que possui forte poder aversivo em ruminantes. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram induzir aversão condicionada a Ipomoea carnea var. fistulosa em caprinos utilizando B. coridifolia como agente aversivo e comparar a eficiência desta aversão com a aversão induzida por cloreto de lítio (LiCl). Treze cabras foram divididas em dois grupos: o Grupo 1 com seis cabras foi avertido com 175mg/kg de peso corporal (pc) de LiCl e o Grupo 2, com sete cabras, foi avertido com 0,25g/kg de pc de B. coridifolia seco. Todas as cabras foram avertidas no dia 1 logo após a ingestão de I.carnea. A aversão foi repetida nos dias 2, 3 e 7 nos caprinos que ingeriram qualquer quantidade de I. carnea, utilizando-se o mesmo procedimento do dia 1. Os caprinos de ambos os grupos foram desafiados nas baias nos dias 23 e 38 após o último dia da aversão e desafiados na pastagem nos dias 11, 15, 18, 20, 22 , 25, 27 e 29 após o último dia da aversão. Posteriormente os caprinos foram desafiados a cada 15 dias na pastagem até o 330º dia após o último dia da aversão (7º dia). Duas cabras do Grupo 1 ingeriram I. carnea no primeiro dia do desafio na pastagem, quatro dias após o ultimo dia da aversão nas baias. Além disso, outra cabra do mesmo grupo reiniciou a ingestão da planta no 18º dia e outras duas no 20º dia. Uma cabra do Grupo 1 que nunca havia ingerido a planta após a aversão morreu no 55º dia. Uma cabra do Grupo 2 começou a ingerir I. carnea no primeiro dia de desafio na pastagem e uma segunda reiniciou o consumo da planta no 182º dia. No final do experimento no 330º as cinco cabras avertidas com B. coridifolia permaneciam sem ingerir a planta. Estes resultados sugerem que B. coridifolia ou algum princípio ativo dessa planta pode ser utilizado para induzir aversão condicionada a plantas tóxicas. A utilização de B. coridifolia como agente aversivo é aparentemente mais barato e mais fácil de ser utilizado do que o LiCl, o qual requer o uso de ...