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Objective Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) requires further understanding. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze if pre- and intraoperative factors may be related to the development of CRPS in the postoperative period. Methods We reviewed 1,183 medical records of patients undergoing forearm and hand surgeries from 2015 to 2021. The data of interest, that is, diagnosis, incisions, synthesis material, and anesthesia, were collected, tabulated, and statistically analyzed, with subsequent calculation of the odds ratios. Results Most patients were female, aged between 30 and 59 years, and sought the service electively (67% of the cases). The diagnoses included soft tissue trauma (43%), bone trauma (31.6%), and compressive syndromes (25.5%). During this period, 45 (3.8%) subjects developed CRPS. The statistical analysis showed that the chance of developing CRPS is twice as high in patients with compressive syndrome, especially carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), which represented most surgeries performed in our service (24%). Two or more incisions occurred in 7.6% of the cases, which tripled the chance of developing postoperative CRPS. Gender, age, use pf synthetic material, type of anesthesia type did not statistically increase the risk of developing postoperative CRPS. Conclusion In short, the incidence of CRPS is low; however, it is critical to know and recognize the risk factors for prevention and active screening in the postoperative period.

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Abstract Objective Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) requires further understanding. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze if pre- and intraoperative factors may be related to the development of CRPS in the postoperative period. Methods We reviewed 1,183 medical records of patients undergoing forearm and hand surgeries from 2015 to 2021. The data of interest, that is, diagnosis, incisions, synthesis material, and anesthesia, were collected, tabulated, and statistically analyzed, with subsequent calculation of the odds ratios. Results Most patients were female, aged between 30 and 59 years, and sought the service electively (67% of the cases). The diagnoses included soft tissue trauma (43%), bone trauma (31.6%), and compressive syndromes (25.5%). During this period, 45 (3.8%) subjects developed CRPS. The statistical analysis showed that the chance of developing CRPS is twice as high in patients with compressive syndrome, especially carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), which represented most surgeries performed in our service (24%). Two or more incisions occurred in 7.6% of the cases, which tripled the chance of developing postoperative CRPS. Gender, age, use pf synthetic material, type of anesthesia type did not statistically increase the risk of developing postoperative CRPS. Conclusion In short, the incidence of CRPS is low; however, it is critical to know and recognize the risk factors for prevention and active screening in the postoperative period.

Resumo Objetivo A síndrome da dor regional complexa (SDRC) precisa ser mais bem compreendida. Assim, este estudo objetiva analisar se fatores pré e intraoperatórios poderiam estar relacionados ao desenvolvimento de SDRC no pós-operatório. Métodos Foram revisados 1.183 prontuários de pacientes submetidos a cirurgias no antebraço e na mão entre 2015 e 2021. Os dados de interesse, como diagnóstico, incisões, material de síntese e anestesia realizada, foram coletados, tabulados e submetidos a testes estatísticos com posterior cálculo da razão de chances. Resultados A maioria dos pacientes era do gênero feminino, com idade entre 30 e 59 anos, que buscaram o serviço de forma eletiva (67% dos casos). Os diagnósticos agrupados de forma geral foram: traumas de partes moles (43%), traumas ósseos (31,6%) e síndromes compressivas (25,5%). Durante esse período, 45 pacientes (3,8%) evoluíram com SDRC. A análise estatística mostrou que a chance de desenvolver SDRC é duas vezes maior em pacientes com síndrome compressiva, especialmente a síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC), que representou a maioria dos cirurgias realizadas em nosso serviço (24%). Em 7,6% dos casos, foram realizadas duas ou mais incisões, o que triplicou a possibilidade de SDRC pósoperatória. Gênero, idade, uso de material de síntese, ou tipo de anestesia não aumentaram estatisticamente o risco de SDRC no pós-operatório. Conclusão Em suma, a incidência de SDRC é baixa, mas é importante conhecer e reconhecer os fatores de risco para a prevenção e a busca ativa no pós-operatório.

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Objective: This study aimed to compare results obtained with the DN4 (in-person interview) and DN4i (telephone interview) questionnaires in identifying neuropathic pain after fracture surgery. Methods: This study was methodological, using questionnaires administered in person (DN4) or via telephone (DN4i). The participants were at least 18 years old, underwent fracture surgery at a university hospital between January 2017 and July 2020, signed the Informed Consent Form (ICF), and could go to the Orthopedics and Traumatology Hospital. Pearson's correlation coefficient determined the agreement between the total score obtained during in-person and telephone interviews. The kappa coefficient evaluated the agreement between individual questionnaire items. Results: Of the 53 participants, 50 presented the same result for neuropathic pain screening in DN4 and DN4i, including 41 with a positive score for neuropathic pain and 12 with a negative score. The Pearson's correlation coefficient and kappa coefficient were r = 0.84. Conclusion: DN4 and DN4i presented a strong agreement between individual items of the questionnaires and the total scores obtained.

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Abstract Objective: This study aimed to compare results obtained with the DN4 (in-person interview) and DN4i (telephone interview) questionnaires in identifying neuropathic pain after fracture surgery. Methods: This study was methodological, using questionnaires administered in person (DN4) or via telephone (DN4i). The participants were at least 18 years old, underwent fracture surgery at a university hospital between January 2017 and July 2020, signed the Informed Consent Form (ICF), and could go to the Orthopedics and Traumatology Hospital. Pearson's correlation coefficient determined the agreement between the total score obtained during in-person and telephone interviews. The kappa coefficient evaluated the agreement between individual questionnaire items. Results: Of the 53 participants, 50 presented the same result for neuropathic pain screening in DN4 and DN4i, including 41 with a positive score for neuropathic pain and 12 with a negative score. The Pearson's correlation coefficient and kappa coefficient were r = 0.84. Conclusion: DN4 and DN4i presented a strong agreement between individual items of the questionnaires and the total scores obtained.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar os resultados obtidos através do questionário DN4 com os do DN4i com aplicação via telefônica na identificação de dor neuropática após cirurgia de fraturas. Métodos: Este foi um estudo metodológico com questionário aplicado presencialmente (DN4) e por telefone (DN4i). Foram elegíveis os participantes maiores de 18 anos de idade submetidos à cirurgia de fraturas em um hospital universitário no período de janeiro de 2017 a julho de 2020, que assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) e puderam comparecer ao departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do hospital. A concordância entre a pontuação total obtida na aplicação presencial e por telefone foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. O coeficiente de Kappa foi utilizado para avaliar a concordância entre os itens individuais dos questionários. Resultados: Dos 53 participantes, 50 apresentaram resultado igual para rastreio de dor neuropática em relação ao DN4 com o DN4i, sendo 41 com escore positivo para dor neuropática e 12 com escore negativo. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e o coeficiente Kappa apresentaram r = 0.84. Conclusão: O uso telefônico do DN4i comparado à aplicação presencial do DN4 apresenta forte concordância tanto entre os itens individuais dos questionários quanto entre a pontuação total obtida.

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Introduction Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a disease that causes intense pain mainly in the upper and lower limbs of the patients, impairing the quality of life of those affected by the syndrome. Its pathophysiology has not yet been fully discovered and described. Also, treatments need to advance in the search for pain relief in those affected by the disease. The present article aims to describe the pathophysiology of CRPS and, mainly, to quantitatively analyze the efficiency of new treatments against pain caused by the disease. Methods Several articles on clinical trials described in a table were included in the present study, and a systematic review of the effectiveness of current treatments was performed. Results A total of 29 articles from clinical trials were selected using the preselection criteria. Surgical treatments against CRPS had a 56.9% efficiency in reducing painful sensation, and conservative treatments against CRPS had a 40.82% efficiency in reducing pain sensation. Conclusion Complex regional pain syndrome is a disease that causes pain in patients and worsens the quality of life of those affected by it. The treatments are diverse, and their efficiencies vary from bad to excellent.

Introdução A síndrome dolorosa regional complexa (SDRC) é uma doença que causa dor intensa principalmente nos membros superiores e inferiores dos pacientes, prejudicando a qualidade de vida dos afetados pela síndrome. Sua fisiopatologia ainda não foi completamente descoberta e descrita. Ademais, tratamentos precisam avançar na busca do alívio da dor naqueles afetados pela doença. O objetivo do presente artigo é descrever a fisiopatologia da SDRC e, principalmente, analisar quantitativamente a eficiência dos novos tratamentos contra a dor causada pela doença. Métodos Foram incluídos no presente estudo diversos artigos sobre ensaios clínicos descritos em uma tabela e foi feita uma revisão sistemática sobre a eficiência dos tratamentos atuais. Resultados Foram selecionados 29 artigos de ensaios clínicos por meio do critério de pré-seleção. Tratamentos cirúrgicos contra a SDRC tiveram uma eficiência de 56,9% na redução da sensação dolorosa e os tratamentos conservadores contra a SDRC tiveram uma eficiência de 40,82% na redução da sensação dolorosa. Conclusão A SDRC é uma doença que causa dor nos pacientes e piora da qualidade de vida dos afetados por ela. Os tratamentos são diversos e suas eficiências variam de ruim a excelente.

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BACKGROUND: Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I) consists of disorders caused by spontaneous pain or induced by some stimulus. The objective was to verify the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) using 830 nm wavelength light at the affected paw and involved spinal cord segments during the warm or acute phase. METHODS: Fifty-six mice were randomized into seven groups. Group (G) 1 was the placebo group; G2 and G3 were treated with PBM on the paw in the warm and acute phase, respectively; G4 and G5 treated with PBM on involved spinal cord segments in the warm and acute phase, respectively; G6 and G7 treated with PBM on paw and involved spinal cord segments in the warm and acute phase, respectively. Edema degree, thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, skin temperature, and functional quality of gait (Sciatic Static Index [SSI] and Sciatic Functional Index [SFI]) were evaluated. RESULTS: Edema was lower in G3 and G7, and these were the only groups to return to baseline values at the end of treatment. For thermal hyperalgesia only G3 and G5 returned to baseline values. Regarding mechanical hyperalgesia, the groups did not show significant differences. Thermography showed increased temperature in all groups on the seventh day. In SSI and SFI assessment, G3 and G7 showed lower values when compared to G1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PBM irradiation in the acute phase and in the affected paw showed better results in reducing edema, thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, and in improving gait quality, demonstrating efficacy in treatment of CRPS-I symptoms.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: The complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare condition characterized by inflammatory, vasomotor and central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Its clinical presentation can be subacute, acute or chronic, and may have severe effects on the patient's quality of life. Case description: 21-year-old female patient with trauma in the lumbosacral region associated with pain and functional limitation. Diagnostic imaging showed sacrococcygeal dislocation with subsequent inflammatory and acute and chronic autonomic symptoms that were treated medically and surgically. The patient responded to treatment with long-term improvement of the symptoms. Discussion: In this case, CRPS occurred after trauma and caused subacute symptoms that became even more acute until reaching a chronic presentation. Inflammation, vasomotor dysfunction and CNS involvement made this case a multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Conclusion: CRPS is a rare disease that is difficult to diagnose. However, diagnosis should be timely in order to initiate personalized treatment, since this disease considerably affects the patient's quality of life.

RESUMEN Introducción. El síndrome doloroso regional complejo (SDRC) es una patología poco frecuente que se caracteriza por causar compromiso a nivel inflamatorio, vasomotor y del sistema nervioso central (SNC). Su presentación clínica puede ser subaguda, aguda o crónica y puede afectar considerablemente la calidad de vida del paciente. Presentación del caso. Paciente femenina de 21 años con trauma en región lumbosacra asociado a dolor y limitación funcional, a quien se le practicaron imágenes diagnosticas que evidenciaron luxofractura sacrococcígea con posterior presencia de síntomas inflamatorios y autonómicos (agudos y crónicos) que se trataron con medicamentos y cirugía. La paciente respondió al tratamiento con mejoría de la sintomatología a largo plazo. Discusión. El SDRC se presentó posterior a un traumatismo y ocasionó sintomatología subaguda que se agudizó hasta llegar a la presentación crónica de la enfermedad. La inflamación, la disfunción vasomotora y el compromiso del SNC hacen de este caso un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico multidisciplinario. Conclusión. El SDRC es una patología poco frecuente y de difícil diagnóstico; sin embrago, es necesario diagnosticarlo de forma oportuna para poder iniciar un tratamiento personalizado, ya que es una enfermedad que compromete considerablemente la calidad de vida del paciente.

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RESUMEN Fundamento: el síndrome doloroso regional complejo es una condición incapacitante y a menudo crónica, que se ha mantenido como una de las enfermedades más enigmáticas desde su descubrimiento hace 150 años y se presenta entre el dos y el cinco por ciento de la población adulta, y hasta el 20 % de la población pediátrica. Objetivo: profundizar y actualizar los aspectos más importantes del síndrome doloroso regional complejo. Métodos: se realizó una revisión de la literatura en idioma español e inglés disponible en PubMed Central, Hinari y SciELO. Para ello se utilizaron los siguientes descriptores: complex regional pain syndrome, sympathetic reflex dystrophy, Sudeck dystrophy, algodystrophy. A partir de la información obtenida se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 167 artículos publicados, de ellas se seleccionaron 40 citas para realizar la revisión, 38 de los últimos cinco años. Resultados: se insistió en aquellos tópicos importantes dentro del tema como son: reseña histórica, epidemiología, fisiopatología, presentación clínica, diagnóstico, estudios complementarios y tratamiento. Conclusiones: el síndrome doloroso regional complejo es un trastorno doloroso enigmático y visible. La comprensión de la compleja fisiopatología ha logrado avances significativos, que llevarán a la desmitificación y a la mejoría en las terapias. A pesar de los tratamientos disponibles y los que se encuentran en estudio, no existen protocolos estandarizados que permitan un abordaje multidisciplinario.

ABSTRACT Background: complex regional pain syndrome is a painful disabling and often chronic condition that remains as one of the most enigmatic diseases since its discovery 150 years ago and presents between the 2 % and the 5 % of adult population and up to the 20 % in children. Objective: to update and to deepen in the most important aspects of regional complex pain syndrome. Methods: a revision of the literature was made in English and Spanish, available in PubMed Central, Hinari and SciELO was carried out. The following descriptors were used: complex regional pain syndrome, sympathetic reflex dystrophy, Sudeck dystrophy, algodystrophy. Based on the obtained data, a bibliographic revision was made of 167 publishing articles, including 40 citations selected for the research, 38 of them of the last five years. Results: it was focus in those controversial topics like: history, epidemiology, physiopathology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, complementary studies and treatment. Conclusions: regional complex pain syndrome is a painful enigmatic and visible disorder. The understanding of the complex physiopathology has improved significant advances that will rule out the myth and will perform better therapies. Besides available treatments and which are in study, no standardized protocols are in hand which allows a multidisciplinary approach.

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OBJECTIVE: Spinal cord stimulation has been proven highly effective in the treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). The definitive implantation of a neurostimulator is usually preceded by a therapeutic test (trial), which has the purpose of identifying whether the patient would respond positively to neuromodulation or not. The present study aims to analyze the surgical results of spinal cord stimulation in type 1 CRPS patients who have not undergone trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 2011 to August 2017, 160 patients underwent implantation of spinal cord neurostimulator. Out of that total number of surgeries, 33 patients were unequivocally diagnosed with type 1 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and selected for this study. The efficacy of the surgical procedure concerning pain improvement was analyzed through the application of the Pain Disability Index and the Visual Analog Pain Scale. RESULTS: The mean sample age was 48.08 years. The majority of the study subjects were female (66.66%). In respect to the Pain Disability Index, a 65% improvement in disability was observed subsequently to the neurostimulator implantation; in addition, the means of the scores for preoperative and postoperative periods were, respectively, 55 ±â€¯8.69 (p < 0.0001) and 18.90 ±â€¯11.58 (p < 0.0001). Regarding the Visual Analogue Scale, the mean pain in the preoperative period was 9.43 ±â€¯0.77 (p < 0.0001), while the mean in postoperative period was 2.86 ±â€¯2.08 (p < 0.0001). Thus, an average reduction of 70% of painful symptoms was observed after the surgical procedure. CONCLUSION: Implantation of a spinal cord neurostimulator presented significant improvement in pain and disability of patients with type 1 CRPS in all cases. These results were obtained following the criteria: 1) patients presenting unequivocal diagnosis of type 1 CRPS; 2) submitted to constant current spinal cord neurostimulator implant; 3) underwent intraoperative tests for precise location of the spinal cord electrode implantation. Therefore, it is possible to suggest that a trial may be unnecessary in that subgroup of patients. Further studies would be required to confirm these findings.

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The stellate ganglion block has multiple indications for pain management. The technique has evolved from using anatomical landmarks to image-guided puncture with fluoroscopy and ultrasound. Ultrasonography is a very useful tool that allows for real time visualization of the vascular structures (carotid, vertebral artery), the visceral structures (esophagus) and thus helps in preventing puncture injuries. This article offers a description of the indications, the ultrasound-guided technique and complications under the author's point of view.

El bloqueo del ganglio estrellado tiene múltiples indicaciones para el manejo del dolor, para este fin la técnica ha evolucionado desde la realización por medio de referencias anatómicas, hasta la punción guiada por imágenes como son el fluoroscopio y la ecografía. La ultrasonografia es una herramienta muy útil ya que se puede ver en tiempo real las estructuras vasculares (carótida, arteria vertebral), las estructuras viscerales (esófago) y así evitar puncionarlas. En el presente artículo se hará una descripción de las indicaciones, la técnica guiada por ultrasonografía y las complicaciones, bajo la perspectiva del autor.

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OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on the analgesic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in chronic pain according to different pain syndromes and stimulation parameters. DATA SOURCES: Publications on rTMS and chronic pain were searched in PubMed and Google Scholar using the following key words: chronic pain, analgesia, transcranial magnetic stimulation, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and complex regional pain syndrome. STUDY SELECTION: This review only included double-blind, controlled studies with >10 participants in each arm that were published from 1996 to 2014 and written in English. Studies with relevant information for the understanding of the effects of rTMS were also cited. DATA EXTRACTION: The following data were retained: type of pain syndrome, type of study, coil type, target, stimulation intensity, frequency, number of pulses, orientation of induced current, number of session, and a brief summary of intervention outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 33 randomized trials were found. Many studies reported significant pain relief by rTMS, especially high-frequency stimulation over the primary motor cortex performed in consecutive treatment sessions. Pain relief was frequently >30% compared with control treatment. Neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and complex regional pain syndrome were the pain syndromes more frequently studied. However, among all published studies, only a few performed repetitive sessions of rTMS. CONCLUSIONS: rTMS has potential utility in the management of chronic pain; however, studies using maintenance sessions of rTMS and assessing the effects of rTMS on the different aspects of chronic pain are needed to provide a more solid basis for its clinical application for pain relief.

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El Síndrome de Dolor Regional Complejo (SDRC) es una enfermedad crónica, que se caracteriza por dolor y alteraciones sensitivas, motoras y autonómicas, a menudo sigue a trauma de un miembro, su curso es variable y, tanto su fisiopatología como el tratamiento, no están claramente establecidos. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar una actualización de los aspectos generales de la enfermedad y mostrar parte de la evidencia existente en relación a las alternativas terapéuticas de la misma, tanto las conservadoras como las intervencionales. Es importante tener en consideración algunos puntos que limitan el objetivo de obtención de evidencia de buena calidad para el tratamiento de este síndrome. Lo primero es que el diagnóstico es clínico y los criterios para realizarlo han variado en el tiempo. Segundo, es la ausencia de criterios estandarizados para medir los resultados al tratamiento. Y, por último, ya que se trata de un síndrome crónico cuya manifestación principal es el dolor, existe respuesta a placebo...

The Regional Pain Syndrome Complex (CRPS ) is a chronic disease, which is characterized by pain and sensory, motor and autonomic disturbances, often follows trauma, the course and the pathophysiology are variable. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the general aspects of the disease and show the evidence in relation to therapeutic alternatives...

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A síndrome dolorosa complexa regional (SDCR), anteriormente conhecida como distrofia simpático-reflexa, descreve um conjunto de sinais e sintomas que incluem dor, sudorese e instabilidade vasomotora. A dor geralmente é desencadeada por estímulo nocivo em um nervo periférico e se mostra desproporcional ao estímulo desencadeante. Seu aparecimento após cirurgia não é incomum, variando com a intervenção. Após descompressão do túnel do carpo (DTC), descreve-se incidência de 2,1 por cento a 5 por cento. O bloqueio simpático pode prevenir o aparecimento de SDCR, mas nenhum estudo validou essa técnica como prevenção da SCR após cirurgia para DTC. O objetivo do estudo foi definir a incidência de SDCR após cirurgia de DTC e sua relação com quatro técnicas de anestesia. MÉTODO: Os pacientes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente e receberam uma das técnicas: anestesia geral, anestesia venosa regional com lidocaína, anestesia venosa regional com lidocaína e clonidina ou bloqueio de plexo axilar. No pós-operatório, foram acompanhados por uma enfermeira que desconhecia a técnica utilizada, fazendo-se o seguimento pelo prontuário eletrônico até 6 meses depois da anestesia. Nesse período, foram pesquisados sinais e sintomas típicos de SDCR e, em caso positivo, instituiu-se o tratamento. Foi realizada avaliação descritiva, empregando-se o Qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 301 pacientes. Destes, 25 desenvolveram SDCR configurando uma incidência de 8,3 por cento. Não houve predominância entre as técnicas de anestesia. Foram pesquisados outros fatores como: tabagismo, profissão e outras doenças concomitantes e nenhum mostrou relação com o desenvolvimento de SDCR após DTC. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de SDCR após cirurgia para DTC é de 8,3 por cento sem relação com as técnicas anestésicas estudadas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) previously known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy refers to a set of signs and symptoms that include pain, increased sweating, and vasomotor instability. Pain is usually triggered by a noxious stimulus in a peripheral nerve, which is disproportionate to the triggering stimulus. Its development after surgery is not uncommon varying with the type of intervention. An incidence of 2.1 to 5 percent has been reported after carpal tunnel release (CTR). Sympathetic blockade may prevent the onset of CRPS. However, there is no study validating this technique to prevent CRPS after CTR. The objective of the present study was to define the incidence of CRPS after CTR and its relationship with four anesthetic techniques. METHODS: Patients were randomly distributed to undergo one of the following techniques: general anesthesia, regional intravenous anesthesia with lidocaine, regional intravenous anesthesia with lidocaine and clonidine, or axillary plexus block. Postoperatively, they were followed-up by a nurse who was unaware of the anesthetic technique used, and follow-up was done through electronic patient records for up to 6 months after the anesthesia. During this period signs and symptoms typical of CRPS were investigated and, if positive, treatment was instituted. A descriptive evaluation using the chi-square test was performed. RESULTS: Three-hundred and one patients were investigated. Twenty-five of them developed CRPS, an incidence of 8.3 percent. Predominance was not observed among the anesthetic techniques used. Other factors such as smoking, profession, and other concomitant diseases were also investigated, and none showed a relationship with the development of post-CTR CRPS. CONCLUSIONS: Complex regional pain syndrome has an incidence of 8.3 percent after CTR surgery without association with the anesthetic techniques investigated.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El síndrome doloroso complejo regional (SDCR), anteriormente conocido como distrofia simpático refleja, es un conjunto de señales y de síntomas que incluyen dolor, sudoresis e inestabilidad vasomotora. El dolor generalmente se desencadena por un estímulo nocivo en un nervio periférico, y no es proporcional al estímulo que lo desencadena. Su aparición después de la cirugía no es algo poco frecuente, variando con la intervención. Posteriormente a la descompresión del túnel del carpo (DTC), vemos una incidencia de 2,1-5 por ciento. El bloqueo simpático puede prevenir la aparición de SDCR. Pero ningún estudio ha refrendado esa técnica como prevención de la SCR después de una cirugía para DTC. El objetivo del estudio fue definir la incidencia de SDCR después de una cirugía de DTC y su relación con cuatro técnicas de anestesia. MÉTODO: Los pacientes se distribuyeron aleatoriamente y recibieron una de las siguientes técnicas: anestesia general, anestesia venosa regional con lidocaína, anestesia venosa regional con lidocaína y clonidina o bloqueo del plexo axilar. En el postoperatorio, estuvieron acompañados por una enfermera que no conocía la técnica utilizada, y se hizo el seguimiento por medio de los datos de la historia clínica electrónica hasta 6 meses después de la anestesia. En ese período, se investigaron las señales y los síntomas típicos de SDCR y en caso positivo, se inició el tratamiento. Fue realizada una evaluación descriptiva, usando el Xi-Cuadrado (Xi²). RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 301 pacientes. De ellos, 25 desarrollaron SDCR, configurando una incidencia de un 8,3 por ciento. No hubo una predominancia entre las técnicas de anestesia. Se investigaron otros factores, como el tabaquismo, la profesión y otras enfermedades concomitantes, y ningún caso se registró con relación al desarrollo de SDCR posterior a la DTC. CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia de SDCR después de la cirugía para DTC está en el umbral del 8,3 por ciento sin que exista una relación con las técnicas anestésicas estudiadas.

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A Síndrome dolorosa regional complexa (SDRC) tipo I é um quadro de dor neuropática, que afeta, sobretudo as extremidades dos membros após evento traumático e/ou período de imobilização, na ausência de lesão nervosa. Para além da dor, as características clínicas incluem alterações vasomotoras regionais e freqüentemente limitação da mobilidade da extremidade envolvida. Não está totalmente esclarecida a sua causa e existem poucos consensos em relação ao tratamento ideal. A caixa de espelhos é uma modalidade terapêutica baseada no feedback visual, como forma de construção de uma nova imagem mental do membro afetado, promovendo a reorganização cortical. Esta técnica tem sido utilizada na recuperação motora ou no controlo da dor em situações como o acidente vascular cerebral e o SDRC tipo I.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I is a neuropathic pain condition, commonly affecting a limb extremity after a traumatic event and/or a period of immobilization, in the absence of nerve injury. Besides pain, the clinical features include regional vasomotor alterations and usually a decreased range of motion in the affected extremity. Its actual cause remains somewhat obscure and there are few agreements on optimal treatment. The mirror box is a therapeutic approach based on visual feedback as a way to achieve a new mental imagery of the affected limb by promoting cortical reorganization. This approach has been used for the motor recovery or pain relief in conditions such as stroke or type-I CRPS.

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RESUMO

A Síndrome Dolorosa Regional Complexa (SDRC) representa acometimento neurológico crônico, engloba várias patologias caracterizadas pela presença de dor espontânea em queimação, hiperalgesia, edema, instabilidade vasomotora, alteração da função motora e anormalidades autonômicas. Há piora evidente da dor com alguns estímulos, como mudanças de temperatura, toque e movimento. Sua incidência é em menos de 2% da população, sendo leve em 30 a 40% após as fraturas e traumas cirúrgicos. A idade média de acometimento é de 41 anos, com predomínio em mulheres (3:1). Associa-se em 65% dos casos ao trauma, 19% no pós-operatório, 2% após processos inflamatórios e 4% após outros fatores, como punção venosa. Não há evidências de que existam fatores de risco que predisponham ao seu desenvolvimento. O diagnóstico é clínico e por exclusão. O tratamento, apesar de difícil e pouco eficaz, deve ser realizado de forma multidisciplinar, instituído em fase precoce da doença, com o objetivo de impedir seu agravamento.

The Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic neurological syndrome, that encompasses several diseases characterized by the presence of spontaneous burning pain, hyperalgesia, edema, abnormal vasomotor activity, changes in motor function and autonomic abnormalities. There is clear worsening of pain with some stimuli, such as changes in temperature, touch and movement. United States data estimate the incidence of chronic CRPS in less than 2% of the population, and takes into SDRC 30-40% after fractures and surgical trauma. The average age of patients is 41 years, predominantly in females (3:1). About 65% of the cases are related to trauma, 19% in the postoperative period, 2% after inflammatory processes and 4% after other factors, such as venipuncture. There is no evidence that there are risk factors that predispose to its development. The diagnosis is purely clinical and by exclusion. The treatment, although difficult and inefficient, should be accomplished through a multidisciplinary approach and be established at an early stage of the disease in order to prevent its increase.

Assuntos