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Introducción: Este estudio evalúa la dimensionalidad de la versión para padres de la Escala de Competencia Parental Percibida (ECPP-p). La muestra considera a padres (n = 227; M = 35.34, DE = 7.22) de Lima metropolitana. Método: El análisis estructural se realizó con el análisis factorial confirmatorio mediante el uso del estimador WLSMV acorde a la naturaleza ordinal de los ítems de la escala. Se confirmó la estructura original evaluada de cinco dimensiones correlacionadas: implicación escolar, dedicación personal, ocio compartido, asesoramiento y orientación y asunción rol de padre o madre. Resultados: Se obtuvo un ajuste adecuado al modelo de cinco factores, X 2 = 406.47, CFI =0.96, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.068. Los coeficientes de consistencia interna fueron adecuados para cada una de las dimensiones (( >0.80) ((α >0.70). Conclusión: Se concluye que la ECPP-p es un instrumento que presenta evidencias de estructura interna y confiabilidad en la muestra de estudio.

Background: This study examines the dimensionality of the parent version of the Scale of Sensed Parental Competencies (ECPP-p). The sample was composed of 227 parents (n = 227; M = 35.34, DE = 7.22) from Lima Metropolitan. Method: The structural analysis was conducted with confirmatory factor analysis using the estimator WLSMV according to the ordinal nature of the items on the scale. The original structure evaluated of five correlated dimensions: school involvement, personal dedication, shared leisure, counseling and guidance and assumption of the role of father or mother was confirmed. Results: An adequate fit was obtained to the model of five factors, X 2 = 406.47, CFI = .96, TLI =0.95, RMSEA =0.068. The internal consistency coefficients were adequate for each of the dimensions ((( >0.80) ((α >0.70). Conclusion: The ECPP-p is an instrument that presents evidence of internal structure and reliability in the study sample.

RESUMO

Se relaciona estrés laboral y percepción de competencias parentales en padres que trabajan, es un estudio transversal, asociativo con diseño predictivo correlacional (Ato, López & Benavente, 2013), participaron 177 padres (55.7% mujeres), quienese trabajan como mínimo 30 horas semanales y que tienen hijos entre 3 y 12 años. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Inventario del modelo demandas-control-apoyo (Rosario-Hernández & Rovira, 2016) y la Escala de Competencia Parental Percibida (Vera-Vásquez, Zaragoza-Tafur & Musayón-Oblitas, 2014). Los resultados hallados evidencian correlaciones significativas y positivas entre la dimensión de apoyo con asunción del rol y ocio compartido (.27). De la misma forma, la dimensión de apoyo se relaciona positivamente con la implicación escolar (.28); al igual que la dimensión de control con asunción del rol y ocio compartido (.22). Se halló también, correlación positiva y moderada entre demandas laborales y horas trabajadas (.34). Se ha podido comparar los resultados con estudios anteriores que reafirman la idea que debido a la cantidad de compromisos laborales, la estadía de los padres en casa es más difícil. En conclusión, las personas que perciban estrés en su trabajo tendrán menor percepción de competencias parentales, ya que no encuentran un equilibrio entre las funciones de ambos roles.(au)

Work stress is related to the perception of parental skills in working parents, it is a cross-sectional, associative study with correlational predictive design (Ato, López & Benavente, 2013), 177 parents participated (55.7% women), who worked at least 30 hours per week and who have children between 3 and 12 years old. The instruments used were the Inventory of the demands-control-support model (Rosario-Hernández & Rovira, 2016) and the Perceived Parental Competence Scale (Vera-Vásquez, Zaragoza-Tafur & Musayón-Oblitas, 2014). The results found show significant and positive correlations between the dimension of support with assumption of the role and shared leisure (.27). In the same way, the support dimension is positively related to school involvement (.28); as well as the dimension of control with assumption of the role and shared leisure (.22). A positive and moderate correlation was also found between work demands and hours worked (.34). It has been possible to compare the results with previous studies that reaffirm the idea that due to the amount of work commitments, the parents' stay at home is more difficult. In conclusion, people who perceive stress in their work will have a lower perception of parental competences, since they do not find a balance between the functions of both roles.(AU)

O estresse no trabalho está relacionado à percepção das competências parentais em pais trabalhadores, trata-se de um estudo transversal associativo com desenho correlacional preditivo (Ato, López & Benavente, 2013), participaram 177 pais (55,7% mulheres), que trabalharam pelo menos 30 horas por semana e que tenham filhos entre 3 e 12 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Inventário do modelo demanda-controle-apoio (Rosario-Hernández & Rovira, 2016) e a Escala de Competência Parental Percebida (Vera-Vásquez, Zaragoza-Tafur & Musayón-Oblitas, 2014). Os resultados encontraram correlações significativas e positivas entre a dimensão apoio com o assumir do rol e o lazer compartilhado (.27). Do mesmo modo, a dimensão apoio está positivamente relacionada com a implicação escolar (.28), tal como a dimensão controle com o assumir do rol e o lazer compartilhado (.22). Também foi encontrada uma correlação positiva e moderada entre as exigências laborais e as horas trabalhadas (.34). Foi possível comparar os resultados com estudos anteriores que reforçam a ideia de que, devido ao número de compromissos laborais, é mais difícil para os pais ficarem em casa. Em conclusão, as pessoas que percebem estresse no trabalho terão uma menor percepção da competência parental, pois não encontram um equilíbrio entre as funções de ambos roles.(AU)

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Resumen Múltiples investigaciones han demostrado que los estilos de crianza influyen en el desarrollo socioemocional durante la infancia, en la cual se considera a la familia como el primer ente socializador. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la incidencia de las competencias parentales en el desarrollo de las habilidades sociales de hijos únicos, con edades entre tres y cinco años, teniendo en cuenta cuatro áreas: vinculares, formativas, protectoras y reflexivas. Con respecto a las habilidades sociales se analizaron seis actitudes comportamentales: habilidades sociales básicas; hacer amigos; conversacionales; sentimientos y emociones; capacidad de afrontar y resolver problemas, y la forma de relacionarse con los adultos. Es una investigación cuantitativa, realizada con un método correlacional donde la muestra correspondió a 36 niños y 61 padres de familia. Se utilizaron las siguientes pruebas: Escala de parentalidad positiva y Escala de habilidades sociales. Los hallazgos de esta investigación no coinciden con lo que teóricamente se podría esperar; resulta paradójico que los niños que tienen habilidades sociales medias posean padres con competencias parentales óptimas, mientras que niños con habilidades sociales altas, presentan padres de familia cuyas competencias parentales que se ubican en cualquiera de los tres rangos (en riesgo, en monitoreo y óptimas). Otro hallazgo se relaciona con los niños que presentaron habilidades sociales altas en las seis áreas; a su vez, sus padres registraron competencias parentales protectoras en zona de monitoreo, lo que conlleva a pensar, que existen otros factores diferentes de las competencias parentales que pueden incidir en el desarrollo de las habilidades sociales de los menores.

Abstract Multiple researches have shown that parenting styles influence socio-emotional development during childhood, in which the family is considered the first socializing entity. The objective of this research was to analyze the incidence of parental competencies in the development of the social skills of single children aged between three and five years, taking into account four areas: linkage, formative, protective and reflexive. Regarding social skills, six behavioral attitudes were analyzed: basic social skills; making new friends; conversational; feelings and emotions; ability to face and solve problems; and way of relating to adults. It is a quantitative research, correlational method where the sample corresponded to 36 children and 61 parents. Two tests were applied: Positive Parentally Scale and Social Skills Scale. Pearson Chi-square was used to analyze the information, using Statistica software. The Pearson Chi-square test is a non-parametric test, which aims to determine the existence or not of a significant relationship between two variables. The Parental Competence scale is a very simple questionnaire that applies to the parents or caregivers of a child or adolescent, whose objective is to determine the degree of development of parental competencies that adults use to establish a relationship with the child in care, either as a parent or as a caregiver. The scale groups these competences into four areas: Link, training, protection and reflection. This scale defines three zones to determine the level of competence of the parents: the risk zone, where the parents whose scores are below the reference sample are located; subsequently, the monitoring area is located, where the parents who present scores with percentiles between 30 and 40 are located according to the reference sample. Finally, the optimal zone is defined, where the parents with high scores are located. The social skills scale of Lacunza is a questionnaire that must be applied by parents or caregivers to children between 3 and 5 years old, which measure observable behaviors, which account for the child's social performance during the last three months. This questionnaire is based on other instruments that measure social skills, but makes an adaptation according to the developmental stages of development in preschool children, perfecting three questionnaires according to age: for 3 years the scale presents a composite questionnaire for 12 items; At the age of 4 years, the evaluation is carried out through the development of 12 questions, while for the age of 5 the questionnaire is made up of a total of 15 items. The findings of this research do not match what theoretically would be expected. It is paradoxical that children who have medium social skills have parents with optimal parental skills, while children with high social skills, have parents whose parental skills are located in any of the three ranges (at risk, monitoring and optimal). Another finding is related to children who presented high social skills in the six areas, in turn, their parents registered protective parental competencies in the monitoring area, which leads us to think that there are other factors that can affect in the development of the social skills of minors.

RESUMO

O senso de competência parental é definido como expectativas e crenças que o indivíduo tem acerca da sua capacidade para desempenhar o papel parental de forma competente e eficaz, englobando, portanto, características como percepção de autoeficácia e satisfação parental. Este estudo objetivou reunir evidências de validade e precisão da Escala de Senso de Competência Parental (PSOC). Para tanto, participaram da pesquisa 214 mães, com idades entre 18 e 49 anos (M=33,48, DP=5,81), a maioria heterossexual (96,2%) e casada (70,4%). Inicialmente, observou-se a adequação da matriz de dados, cujos resultados demostraram KMO = 0,80 e Teste de Esfericidade de Bartlett significativo [x

The sense of parental competence can be defined as the individual's expectations and beliefs about his / her ability to perform the parental role competently and effectively, thus encompassing characteristics such as perceived self-efficacy and parental satisfaction. This study aimed to gather evidence of validity and accuracy of the Sense of Parental Competence Scale (PSOC). A sample of 214 mothers aged 18-49 (M = 33.48, SD = 5.81), most heterosexual (96.2%) and married (70, 4%). Initially, the adequacy of the data matrix, whose results demonstrated KMO = 0.80 and the Bartlett's Sphericity Test was significant [x

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O Questionário de Autoavaliação da Competência Educativa Parental (QACEP) é um instrumento que tem por objetivo avaliar a percepção de competência dos pais em suas funções. No Brasil, sua utilização é escassa e o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as propriedades psicométricas do QACEP. Foi utilizada uma amostra de 151 mães e pais, a maioria com nível de escolaridade até o ensino médio e renda até dois salários mínimos. A análise fatorial confirmatória do modelo proposto com dois fatores - a percepção de eficácia e de satisfação - revelou bom ajustamento global aos dados recolhidos. Análises posteriores revelam que a satisfação parental aumenta com a idade dos pais, com o nível de escolaridade e salário auferido. Tendo em conta os diversos processos de validação conduzidos, recomenda-se o uso dessa versão do QACEP na investigação e prática clínica com pessoas de baixa renda no Brasil. (AU)

The Self-Assessment Questionnaire for Parental Educational Competency (PEC-SAQ) is an instrument that aims to evaluate the perception of parental competence in its functions. In Brazil, it is scarcely used and the objective of this research is to analyze the psychometric properties of PEC-SAQ. A sample of 151 mothers and fathers was used, the majority with education level up to high school and income up to two minimum wages. Confirmatory factor analysis of a proposed two-factor model (perception of efficacy and satisfaction) revealed a good overall adjustment to the data collected. Later analyses revealed that parental satisfaction increases with the parents' age, with the level of schooling and salary earned. Taking into account the different validation processes conducted, it is recommended to use this version of PEC-SAQ in research and clinical practice with low-income people in Brazil. (AU)

El Cuestionario de Autoevaluación de Competencia Educativa Parental (QACEP) es un instrumento que tiene por objetivo evaluar la percepción de competencia de los padres en sus tareas. En Brasil, su utilización es escasa y el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las propiedades psicométricas del QACEP. Se utilizó una muestra de 151 madres y padres, la mayoría con nivel de escolaridad hasta Enseñanza Secundaria y una renta media familiar hasta dos salarios mínimos. El análisis factorial confirmatorio del modelo propuesto con dos factores - Eficacia y Satisfacción - mostró buen ajuste global a los datos recogidos. Análisis posteriores revelan que la satisfacción parental aumenta con la edad de los padres, con el nivel de escolaridad y con los ingresos familiares. Se recomienda el uso de esta versión del QACEP en la investigación y práctica clínica con personas de bajos ingresos en Brasil. (AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Se relaciona estrés laboral y percepción de competencias parentales en padres que trabajan, es un estudio transversal, asociativo con diseño predictivo correlacional (Ato, López & Benavente, 2013), participaron 177 padres (55.7% mujeres), quienese trabajan como mínimo 30 horas semanales y que tienen hijos entre 3 y 12 años. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Inventario del modelo demandas-control-apoyo (Rosario-Hernández & Rovira, 2016) y la Escala de Competencia Parental Percibida (Vera-Vásquez, Zaragoza-Tafur & Musayón-Oblitas, 2014). Los resultados hallados evidencian correlaciones significativas y positivas entre la dimensión de apoyo con asunción del rol y ocio compartido (.27). De la misma forma, la dimensión de apoyo se relaciona positivamente con la implicación escolar (.28); al igual que la dimensión de control con asunción del rol y ocio compartido (.22). Se halló también, correlación positiva y moderada entre demandas laborales y horas trabajadas (.34). Se ha podido comparar los resultados con estudios anteriores que reafirman la idea que debido a la cantidad de compromisos laborales, la estadía de los padres en casa es más difícil. En conclusión, las personas que perciban estrés en su trabajo tendrán menor percepción de competencias parentales, ya que no encuentran un equilibrio entre las funciones de ambos roles.

Work stress is related to the perception of parental skills in working parents, it is a cross-sectional, associative study with correlational predictive design (Ato, López & Benavente, 2013), 177 parents participated (55.7% women), who worked at least 30 hours per week and who have children between 3 and 12 years old. The instruments used were the Inventory of the demands-control-support model (Rosario-Hernández & Rovira, 2016) and the Perceived Parental Competence Scale (Vera-Vásquez, Zaragoza-Tafur & Musayón-Oblitas, 2014). The results found show significant and positive correlations between the dimension of support with assumption of the role and shared leisure (.27). In the same way, the support dimension is positively related to school involvement (.28); as well as the dimension of control with assumption of the role and shared leisure (.22). A positive and moderate correlation was also found between work demands and hours worked (.34). It has been possible to compare the results with previous studies that reaffirm the idea that due to the amount of work commitments, the parents' stay at home is more difficult. In conclusion, people who perceive stress in their work will have a lower perception of parental competences, since they do not find a balance between the functions of both roles.

O estresse no trabalho está relacionado à percepção das competências parentais em pais trabalhadores, trata-se de um estudo transversal associativo com desenho correlacional preditivo (Ato, López & Benavente, 2013), participaram 177 pais (55,7% mulheres), que trabalharam pelo menos 30 horas por semana e que tenham filhos entre 3 e 12 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Inventário do modelo demanda-controle-apoio (Rosario-Hernández & Rovira, 2016) e a Escala de Competência Parental Percebida (Vera-Vásquez, Zaragoza-Tafur & Musayón-Oblitas, 2014). Os resultados encontraram correlações significativas e positivas entre a dimensão apoio com o assumir do rol e o lazer compartilhado (.27). Do mesmo modo, a dimensão apoio está positivamente relacionada com a implicação escolar (.28), tal como a dimensão controle com o assumir do rol e o lazer compartilhado (.22). Também foi encontrada uma correlação positiva e moderada entre as exigências laborais e as horas trabalhadas (.34). Foi possível comparar os resultados com estudos anteriores que reforçam a ideia de que, devido ao número de compromissos laborais, é mais difícil para os pais ficarem em casa. Em conclusão, as pessoas que percebem estresse no trabalho terão uma menor percepção da competência parental, pois não encontram um equilíbrio entre as funções de ambos roles.

RESUMO

La competencia parental es la capacidad práctica que tienen los padres para cuidar, proteger y educar a sus hijos, y las habilidades que poseen para dar una respuesta adecuada y apropiada a sus necesidades para asi asegurarles un desarrollo suficientemente sano. Objetivo: determinar la validez del instrumento escala de competencia parental percibida versión padre para medir la competencia parental en el cuidado de sus hijos, en los padres de escolares de 1.° a 6.° grado de primaria. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, la escala fue aplicada a 420 padres de escolares de primaria en un colegio nacional de Chacas, Asunción-Ancash, Perú. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, análisis factorial, y pruebas para analizar la validez. Resultados: la escala presenta valores altos de confiabilidad y una buena adeacuación a los datos, lo cual indica que es confiable y válida. A partir del análisis factorial con el método de extracción se propone un nuevo modelo conformado por tres dimensiones, el que posee alta confiabilidad y validez. Conclusiones: la escala competencia parental percibida versión padres constituida por 22 ítems, posee propiedades psicométricas adecuada, por lo que se le considera un intrumento válido para evaluar el constructo "competencia parental".

Parental competence is the practical ability of parents to care for, protect and educate their children, and the skills you possess to give an adequate and appropriate response to their needs and assure a sufficiently healthy development. Objetive: To determine the validity of the instrument scale version parents perceived parental competence to measure parental competence in caring for their children, parents of school from 1 st to 6th grade. Material and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed; the scale was administered to 420 parents of primary school children in a national association of Chacas, Asunción-Ancash, Peru. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and testing to analyze the validity was used. Results: The scale shows high values of reliability and a good fit to the data, indicating that it is reliable and valid. From the factor analysis extraction method with a new model consists of three dimensions, which has high reliability and validity is proposed. Conclusions: Perceived parental competence scale version consists of 22 items parents, has adequate psychometric properties, so it is considered a valid tool for assessing the construct "parental competence".

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En este estudio se han analizado las relaciones entre el estrés parental, las competencias parentales percibidas y la contribución de factores sociodemográficos y psicológicos para la explicación del estrés parental. Participaron 80 madres portuguesas usuarias de servicios de protección a menores en riesgo. Los resultados mostraron niveles muy elevados de estrés parental -especialmente en madres con hijos adolescentes y desempleadas- y relaciones significativas entre el estrés y las competencias percibidas como madre. La satisfacción con el rol maternal y el empleo fueron los factores más robustos a la hora de explicar el estrés parental, prediciendo un 37% de la varianza.

In this study we analyzed the associations between parenting stress, parental sense of competence and the contribution of socio-demographical and psychological factors to the explanation of parenting stress. Participants were 80 Portuguese mothers, recipients of the child protection services. Results showed high levels of parenting stress, especially in unemployed mothers with adolescent children, and significant associations between parenting stress and perceived parental competences. Maternal role satisfaction and employment were the most robust factors on the explanation of parenting stress, predicting 37% of the variance.

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En este artículo se presenta el concepto de Competencias Parentales y se revisan sus desarrollos actuales y posibles aplicaciones en situaciones de riesgo psicosocial, especialmente en la situación de desplazamiento forzado. Se basa en un enfoque de la resiliencia que explica cómo las capacidades de las personas se activan en condiciones de adversidad; así mismo, la parentalidad sana puede resurgir en circunstancias difíciles cuando de proteger a los más pequeños se trata. Se hace una revisión del término "parentalidad", sus cambios y transformaciones de acuerdo con los contextos donde esta se despliega. Es imprescindible incluir una línea temática de promoción de las competencias de los padres en los programas de desarrollo familiar en contextos de riesgo. La revisión sobre estrategias de evaluación en intervención de la competencia parental sirve de guía para la promoción de los buenos tratos a la infancia.

The concept of parental competence is presented in this article, revising its current development and possible applications in risky psychosocial situations, especially in forced displacement situation. It is based on the resilience approach that explains how people's capacities are activated on adverse conditions; so does sane parenting can come out in difficult times when it is about protecting the youngest. A revision of the term parenting is done, its changes and transformations according to the contexts it is spreaded. It is vital to include a promotion thematic line on parents' competences in the family development programs in risky contexts. The revision about evaluation and intervention strategies of parental competence serves as a guide for promoting a good treatment to children.

RESUMO

El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar dimensiones relativas al contexto familiar y laboral, y examinar su contribución al nivel de estrés asociado a la paternidad. Se analizó el papel desempeñado por la percepción de competencia, tanto del padre como de la madre, una vez controladas algunas características de ambos contextos. Se realizaron análisis con la información obtenida de 74 progenitores que, en el momento de la evaluación, disponían de un puesto laboral y cuidaban al menos a un menor en edad escolar. Los resultados indicaron que la dedicaciónlaboral, el número de hijos y la percepción de dificultad en el cuidado del menor, fueron las variables más robustas para explicar el estrés parental. Asimismo, los análisis mostraron que una evaluación positiva y optimista del papel que la persona desempeña en la educación y el cuidado de sus hijos, tendió a atenuar la aparición de estrés parental.

The aim of this study is to explore the role of some dimensions related with labor and family context, and examine their influence to the stress level associated with parenthood. Special attention was given to the perceived competence as a parent after controlling different characteristics from both contexts. Several analyses were performed with the information obtained from 74 active-working parents responsible for at least one school-aged child. The results indicated that the work time, the number of children at home and the perception of difficulty about child caring were the most important variables for explaining the parental stress. Furthermore,analysis showed that a positive and optimistic perception of the parental role and child care helped to mitigate the appearance of parental stress.

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