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The tropical Andes are characterized by extreme topographic and climatic complexity, which has likely contributed to their outstanding current species diversity, composed of many range-restricted species. However, little is known about how the distribution and abundance of highly mobile organisms, like long-distance migratory birds, varies across different land covers, elevations, and climatic conditions within the Andes. We conducted 1,606 distance-sampling point counts across the Colombian Andes, spanning elevations from 253 to 3,708 m, a range of precipitation regimes and representative land covers. We then employed a novel application of a multispecies hierarchical modeling approach to evaluate how elevation, local land cover, aboveground woody biomass, cloud cover, precipitation, and seasonality in precipitation shape the abundance of the migratory land bird community in the Andes. We detected 1,824 individuals of 29 species of migratory land birds, six of which were considered incidental in our study region. We modeled the abundance of the remaining 23 species, while considering observer and time of day effects on detectability. We found that both elevation and land cover had an overriding influence on the abundance of migratory species across the Andes, with strong evidence for a mid-elevation peak in abundance, and species-specific responses to both variables. As a community, migratory birds had the highest mean abundance in shade coffee plantations, secondary forest, and mature forest. Aboveground woody biomass did not affect the abundance of all species as a group, but a few showed strong responses to this variable. Contrary to predictions of a positive correlation between abundance and precipitation, we found no evidence for community-level responses to precipitation, aside for a weak tendency for birds to select areas with intermediate levels of precipitation. This novel use of a multispecies model sheds new light on the mechanisms shaping the winter distribution of migratory birds and highlights the importance of elevation and land cover types over climatic variables in the context of the Colombian Andes.

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Marine sponges are known to harbor a diverse and complex microbiota; however, a vast majority of surveys have been investigating the prokaryotic communities in the north hemisphere and Australia. In addition, the mechanisms of microbial community assembly are poorly understood in this pivotal player of the ecosystem. Thus, this survey addressed the holobiome of the sponge species in the São Paulo region (Brazil) for the first time and investigated the contribution of neutral and niche processes of prokaryotic, fungal, and unicellular eukaryotic assemblage in three sympatric species Aplysina caissara, Aplysina fulva, and Tedania ignis along with environmental samples. The compositions of the holobiome associated with the sponges and detected in environmental samples were strikingly different. Remarkably, between 47 and 88% of the assigned operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were specifically associated with sponge species. Moreover, around 77, 69, and 53% of the unclassified OTUs from prokaryotic, fungal, and unicellular eukaryotic communities, respectively, showed less than 97% similarity with well-known databases, suggesting that sponges from the southwestern Atlantic coast are an important source of microbial novelty. These values are even higher, around 80 and 61% of the unclassified OTUs, when excluding low abundance samples from fungal and unicellular eukaryotic datasets, respectively. Host species were the major driver shaping the sponge-associated microbial community. Deterministic processes were primarily responsible for the assembly of microbial communities in all sponge species, while neutral processes of prokaryotic and fungal community assembly were also detected in the sympatric A. caissara and T. ignis replicates, respectively. Most of the species-rich sponge-associated lineages from this region are also found in the Northern seas and many of them might play essential roles in the symbioses, such as biosynthesis of secondary metabolites that exhibit antimicrobial and antiviral activities, as well as provide protection against host predation. Overall, in this study the microbiota was assembled by interactions with the host sponge in a deterministic-based manner; closely related sponge species shared a strong phylogenetic signal in their associated prokaryotic and fungal community traits and Brazilian sponges were a reservoir of novel microbial species.

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Resumen El presente trabajo analiza el gasto público en salud mental en el marco de la implementación del modelo comunitario en Chile. Para ello, examina el mecanismo de financiamiento y la asignación de recursos financieros en salud mental considerando los recursos ejecutados en prestaciones hospitalarias y extrahospitalarias en el sistema público de salud en el período 2014-2018. En general, se observa un aumento del número de prestaciones hospitalarias y extrahospitalarias, así como en el gasto derivado de las mismas. Los mayores incrementos de inversión monetaria refieren a la aplicación de electroshock, programas de rehabilitación tipo 2, día cama integral psiquiátrico diurno y día cama hospitalización integral corta estadía. Se concluye que la vigencia del modelo asilar, el predominio biomédico y la excesiva medicalización de la salud mental sustentan una inequidad en la valoración de las prestaciones, así como una desigual distribución de los recursos públicos, siendo necesario reorientar el gasto estatal hacia servicios comunitarios que garanticen derechos de ciudadanía y la promoción del bienestar.

Abstract The following study analyzes public spending on Mental Health within the framework of the implementation of the community model in Chile. It examines the financing mechanism and the allocation of financial resources in Mental Health, considering the resources executed in hospital and out-of-hospital services in the public health system during the period 2014-2018. In general, an increase in the number of hospital and out-of-hospital services is observed, as well as in the expense derived from them. The largest increases in monetary investment refer to the application of electroshock, rehabilitation programs type 2, full bed-day psychiatric/diurnal treatments and full bed-day hospitalization/short-stay. It is concluded that the validity of the asylum model, the biomedical predominance and the excessive medicalization in Mental Health support an inequity in the valuation of services as well as an unequal distribution of public resources. This situation requires a reorientation of state spending towards community services that guarantee citizenship rights and the promotion of well-being.

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Habitat loss is the greatest threat to the persistence of forest-dependent amphibians, but it is not the only factor influencing species occurrences. The composition of the surrounding matrix, structure of stream networks, and topography are also important landscape characteristics influencing amphibian distributions. Tropical forests have high diversity and endemism of amphibians, but little is known about the specific responses of many of these species to landscape features. In this paper, we quantify the response of amphibian species and communities to landscape-scale characteristics in streams within the fragmented Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We surveyed amphibian communities during a rainy season in 50 independent stream segments using Standardized Acoustic and Visual Transect Sampling (active) and Automated Acoustic Recorders (passive) methods. We developed a hierarchical multi-species occupancy model to quantify the influence of landscape-scale characteristics (forest cover, agriculture, catchment area, stream density, and slope) on amphibian occurrence probabilities while accounting for imperfect detection of species using the two survey methods. At the community level, we estimated an overall mean positive relationship between amphibian occurrence probabilities and forest cover, and a negative relationship with agriculture. Catchment area and slope were negatively related with amphibian community structure (95% credible interval [CI] did not overlap zero). The species-level relationships with landscape covariates were highly variable but showed similar patterns to those at the community level. Species detection probabilities varied widely and were influenced by the sampling method. For most species, the active method resulted in higher detection probabilities than the passive approach. Our findings suggest that small streams and flat topography lead to higher amphibian occurrence probabilities for many species in Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Our results combined with land use and topographic maps can be used to make predictions of amphibian occurrences and distributions beyond our study area. Such projections can be useful to determine where to conduct future research and prioritize conservation efforts in human-modified landscapes.

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The objective of the present study is to develop a socio-community wellbeing model incorporating material resources, sense of community and environment satisfaction, and to verify the relation between the overall life satisfaction and the socio-community well-being model. Participants are 1157 children with ages from 10 to 13 years old, being 54.9% girls and 45.1% boys of five cities of the Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil). The scales used were the Sense of Community Index (SCI), the Children's Environmental Attitudes Scale (CEAS), Material Resources and Overall Life Satisfaction (OLS) scale. Results show that all parameters in the model were statistically significant, that the well-being (OLS) has a significant and positive relationship with the proposed socio-community model indicating the validity of the measure and the construct have high factor weights for the socio-community well-being

El presente trabajo busca desarrollar un modelo de bienestar sociocomunitario incorporando recursos materiales, sentimiento de pertenencia a la comunidad y satisfacción con el ambiente, y verificar la relación entre la satisfacción global con la vida y el modelo de bienestar sociocomunitario. Participaron 1157 niños de 10 a 13 años, siendo 54.9% niñas y 45.1% niños, de escuelas públicas y particulares de cinco ciudades del Estado del Rio Grande del Sur (Brasil). Las escalas utilizadas fueron: Sense of Community Index (SCI), Children's Environmental Attitudes Scale (CEAS), recursos materiales y Overall Life Satisfaction (OLS). Los resultados evidencian que todos los parámetros del modelo fueron estadísticamente significativos, que el bienestar (OLS) tiene una relación significativa y positiva con el modelo sociocomunitario propuesto indicando validez de la medida y el constructo presenta altos pesos factoriales para el bienestar sociocomunitario

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El artículo analiza la situación de la reforma psiquiátrica después de tres décadas de desarrollo en España. Se pregunta por los logros y fracasos; por el grado de implantación del modelo comunitario y de salud pública que inspiraron en su origen el proceso. Trata de explicar el por qué de las insuficiencias asistenciales, normativas y formativas. Las fortalezas, el gran desarrollo de recursos alternativos, y la pérdida de hegemonía del Hospital psiquiátrico; y las amenazas: los cambios producidos en la gestión de los servicios sociales y sanitarios, la creciente privatización de los servicios, la precarización teórica y los cambios en la demanda de la población.

The paper analyzes the situation of psychiatric reform after three decades of development in Spain. The achievements and failures are reviewed and the degree of implementation of the community model and public health, that originally inspired the process, is examinated. It tries to explain the reasons for care, policies and training deficiencies. The strengths are: the great development of alternative resources, and the loss of hegemony of the Psychiatric Hospital; and the threats: the changes in the management of the social and health services, the increasing privatization of services, the theoretical impoverishment and the changes in the demand of the population.

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El artículo analiza la situación de la reforma psiquiátrica después de tres décadas de desarrollo en España. Se pregunta por los logros y fracasos; por el grado de implantación del modelo comunitario y de salud pública que inspiraron en su origen el proceso. Trata de explicar el por qué de las insuficiencias asistenciales, normativas y formativas. Las fortalezas, el gran desarrollo de recursos alternativos, y la pérdida de hegemonía del Hospital psiquiátrico; y las amenazas: los cambios producidos en la gestión de los servicios sociales y sanitarios, la creciente privatización de los servicios, la precarización teórica y los cambios en la demanda de la población.(AU)

The paper analyzes the situation of psychiatric reform after three decades of development in Spain. The achievements and failures are reviewed and the degree of implementation of the community model and public health, that originally inspired the process, is examinated. It tries to explain the reasons for care, policies and training deficiencies. The strengths are: the great development of alternative resources, and the loss of hegemony of the Psychiatric Hospital; and the threats: the changes in the management of the social and health services, the increasing privatization of services, the theoretical impoverishment and the changes in the demand of the population.(AU)

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