RESUMO
PIP: In 1999, the Ministry of Health in Chile designed a strategy in order to prevent the occurrence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) cases. This strategy has three components: 1) a mass vaccination campaign aimed at women aged 10-29 years; 2) strengthening Chile's laboratory diagnostic capabilities for rubella; and 3) the establishment of a surveillance system for CRS. The national mass vaccination campaign, carried out between August and September 1999, utilized the monovalent rubella vaccine (vaccine strain Wistar AR 27/3M). Prior to the campaign, an intensive communication campaign through radio, television, and the press was conducted. The vaccination coverage was successful which can be attributed in part to the high-level consciousness of women about their own health and that of their families. Moreover, the success can also be attributed to the efficiency, effectiveness, and commitment of the health teams involved in the campaign, and the clear and precise messages disseminated by the mass media.^ieng
Assuntos
Comunicação , Bem-Estar Materno , Pesquisa , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão) , Vacinação , América , Chile , Atenção à Saúde , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , Imunização , América Latina , Organização e Administração , Atenção Primária à Saúde , América do Sul , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The Peruvian Institute for Responsible Parenthood (INPPARES) has incorporated the Internet into its national sexuality information and counseling service. The idea for an Internet site devoted exclusively to the sharing of sexuality information originated in 1995 with the Institute's youth services staff. More than half the requests for information and advice come from adolescents and young adults. The Internet service is publicized through its Web site, listservs and bulletin boards, and word of mouth. Questions most frequently pertain to sexuality, contraceptive methods, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/AIDS, sexual problems, and pregnancy. When INPPARES staff reply to the e-mail, they include a brief questionnaire to enable the organization to keep track of the age, gender, educational level, and geographic location of those who use the service. This strategy offers an opportunity to reach groups (e.g., students and workers) who are often not available during regular clinic hours and, because of its anonymity, those who might be uncomfortable assessing reproductive health services directly.^ieng
Assuntos
Comunicação , Computadores , Planejamento em Saúde , Medicina Reprodutiva , Sexualidade , América , Comportamento , Países em Desenvolvimento , Processamento Eletrônico de Dados , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Saúde , América Latina , Organização e Administração , Personalidade , Peru , Psicologia , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: To strengthen awareness of the National Reproductive Health Program, the Bolivian Government launched a mass media campaign aimed at low- and middle-income males and females 18-35 years of age. Specific objectives of the campaign were to increase positive attitudes toward reproductive health, knowledge of at least one benefit of reproductive health and where to obtain these services, knowledge of where to obtain family planning services, partner communication about reproductive health, and use of reproductive health services at health centers. To facilitate understanding of family planning decision making in Bolivia, 16 focus groups were conducted and all campaign materials were pretested. The campaign included 11 television spots, 44 radio spots, leaflets and posters, videos for clinic waiting rooms, and audiotapes for use on city buses. A survey conducted immediately after the communication campaign of 2354 men and women from seven urban areas indicated 85% had been exposed to the campaign; family planning was the most frequently remembered message. A positive attitude toward reproductive health increased from 86% at baseline to 91% after the campaign. The percentage of women 18-35 years old who reported speaking to someone other than their partner about reproductive health in the past 6 months increased from 71% to 82%, while the percentage of male respondents who stated they definitely intended to use or continue to use contraception in the future rose from 25% to 60%. Family planning use among those most exposed to the campaign increased from 5.4% to 8.7%. Given the success of this campaign, the challenge is to meet the increased demand for quality services.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Comunicação , Planejamento em Saúde , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Medicina Reprodutiva , Educação Sexual , Fatores Etários , América , Bolívia , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Educação , Saúde , América Latina , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: The "Together We Can" Peer Education Project, organized by the Jamaica Red Cross, seeks to prepare youth leaders 14-19 years of age to teach their peers the skills and knowledge they need to avoid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Since the program's creation in 1993, 425 peer educators have undergone the 14-part training and, in turn, educated more than 4500 young people and reached over 100,000 youth and adults with awareness activities. The project was developed in response to a dramatic increase in STDs among Jamaican youth and a steady lowering of the age at first intercourse. Members of the Girl Guides, Boy Scouts, church groups, and police youth clubs were asked to nominate young leaders from their ranks to receive the training. HIV-positive individuals address each group of peer educators to dispel prejudices. To help them reach their audiences, peer educators are given a workbook containing interactional exercises (e.g., a board game that tests knowledge of how HIV is transmitted, a fictional newspaper column offering advice about sex and HIV, condom use demonstrations, assertiveness training role plays).^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Adolescente , Comunicação , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Organizações , Grupo Associado , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Fatores Etários , América , Região do Caribe , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Infecções , Jamaica , América do Norte , População , Características da População , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: In Brazil, NEPAIDS developed an AIDS workshop for 5000 adolescents and young adults attending a night school in a poor urban neighborhood. The found that youth were hoping to thoroughly examine feelings of fear, prejudice, and powerlessness associated with AIDS; sexual pleasure as well as responsibility without linking sex to sickness and death; sexuality, including pregnancy, contraception, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); inequalities between men and women; and homosexual intercourse. The workshop uses participatory methods such as role playing. The workshop consists of 5 meetings of 3 hours each over several weeks. The first 4 meetings have males and females separated so they can talk freely and think about questions linked to gender. The 2 groups come together during the last meeting. The first meeting focuses on identifying and confronting fears and stereotypes. This allows the youth to realize that they could be exposed to HIV risks and to accept different life styles. The second meeting focuses on sexuality, contraception, and reproduction, since most youth know little about these issues even though many of them are sexually active. During this meeting, participants produce models of body parts associated with sex and reproduction so they can discuss how HIV is transmitted. Sexual practices that reduce the HIV risk and condom use comprise the third meeting. Participants use cucumbers to practice putting on condoms correctly. Communication is the theme of the fourth meeting. Participants practice negotiating skills to refuse unwanted sexual relations, to propose sex without penetration, or to use a condom. Both the young men and young women discuss their different experiences during the other meetings and how they are going to pursue this work without the intervention of adult facilitators.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Comunicação , Preservativos , Educação , Infecções por HIV , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Fatores Etários , América , Comportamento , Brasil , Anticoncepção , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , América Latina , População , Características da População , América do Sul , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: Haiti's multimedia AIDS education campaign Alerte SIDA has continued despite the economic sanctions and political upheaval that thwarted its original plans. In 1992, the campaign included an aggressive volunteer effort in 140 schools in Port-au-Prince, including a conference, theatrical performances, video presentations, and group discussions. Expansion of the campaign led to creation of a telephone hot line for adolescents, radio spots, peer education sessions, and a multimedia campaign highlighted by six televised roundtable discussions in which young people discussed sex, AIDS, and the involvement of parents in sex education. The next stage of the campaign was to target parents as well as adolescents with educational and discussion sessions and information packets suggesting ways parents could broach the subjects of sex and sexually transmitted diseases with their children. This stage has been preempted by the economic embargo and political discord (which also increased the value of sexual intercourse as solace). Haitians, however, have a history of adapting to situations and making do with what they have. Thus, the work continues, even if it is reduced to impromptu educational sessions held in decrepit school yards. When the classrooms reopen, Alerte SIDA will be on hand to continue its efforts to protect the health of Haiti's children.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Comunicação , Economia , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Serviços de Informação , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Política , América , Região do Caribe , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , Haiti , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , Pesquisa , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The success of the "El Condonazo" (big condom) campaign to promote condom use conducted by the Venezuelan family planning association PLAFAM exceeded all expectations. The basic objective was to offer information about condoms to the Venezuelan population. Over 500 volunteers aided the campaign, planning discussion meetings and distributing materials. On February 15, 1993, the day of the campaign, volunteers spread the message of the family planning and health protection offered by condoms throughout Caracas and surrounding areas. The impact on public opinion and the assistance provided by the mass media demonstrated receptivity to family planning and sexual and reproductive health messages. "El Condonazo" was more than just 1-day event; it demonstrated the possibilities of working together for common objectives. The most regrettable repercussion of the day was the heated opposition and criticism it attracted from a few influential persons. Family planning has been recognized as a basic human right. It allows couples to make decisions together, and recognizes conception as a marvelous and conscious act. The mythic-religious attitude that all children sent by God should be accepted implies servile and unconditional acceptance of any fate. The attitude that "food enough for 9 is food enough for 10" ignore the fact that many poor families have no food at all.^ieng
Assuntos
Comunicação , Preservativos , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Educação em Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América , Atitude , Comportamento , Anticoncepção , Países em Desenvolvimento , Educação , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , América Latina , Psicologia , América do Sul , VenezuelaRESUMO
PIP: In 1990 in French Guiana, the nongovernmental organization, AIDES-Guyane interviewed Maroon refugees living in camps along the border with Suriname to obtain baseline data on HIV/AIDS. The Maroons consisted of at least the Aluka, Ndjuka, Paramaka, and Saramaka groups. In July 1991, it used findings of this preliminary research to implement an HIV/AIDS education project targeting adults and incorporating traditional healers. A project evaluation occurred in February 1992 consisting traditional healers. A project evaluation occurred in February 1992 consisting of interviews with 197 Maroons living in different areas of French Guiana. Almost 50% had attended at least 1 project session and considered the sessions to be very clear. They also appreciated that the sessions were in their own language. Even though many participants were aware that HIV is not transmitted via bodily contact, they still feared sharing food, clothing, and living space with HIV-positive persons. Nonetheless, they had significantly improved their attitudes toward people infected with HIV. Virtually all the maroons immediately referred to condoms as a means to protect against HIV/AIDS and officially praised condoms. In private, however, the Maroons claimed that condoms reduced pleasure. Some people claimed that condoms were difficult to obtain and embarrassing and difficult to use. Most men carried condoms, evidently because this was fashionable, but rarely used them. Some people doubted that condoms effectively prevented HIV transmission. Men tended to change their strategies of choosing sexual partners, but these strategies overlooked the fact that anyone may carry HIV (e.g., a village girl rather than a nonvillage girl). None of the women ever used condoms. Relationships between traditional healers and biomedical practitioners improved over time. Interviews with 8-10 year olds who listened to sessions through windows and crannies of walls showed that they understood and retained HIV/AIDS information well, sometimes better than did adults. The project aimed to include children in future sessions.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Publicidade , Atitude , Comunicação , Preservativos , Coleta de Dados , Etnicidade , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Entrevistas como Assunto , Conhecimento , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , América , Comportamento , Anticoncepção , Cultura , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Economia , Educação , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Guiana Francesa , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Psicologia , Pesquisa , Estudos de Amostragem , América do Sul , Suriname , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: Community-based groups are organized around particular aspects of early childhood development (ECD), such as literacy, parent education, and early childhood activities. In the Colombian national program, community households call upon women to devote a portion of their home to organized child care for minimal material reward. The Indian Child Development Service subsidizes the payment of organizers; and Kenyan parents construct basic preschool facilities, provide school lunches, and subsidize a teacher. In such cases the government plays a subordinate role, while the burden of program maintenance is carried by the community. These programs share the characteristics that children and adults learn side by side; adult learning ranges from women's literacy, to health, organizational issues, or small-scale economic development; a strong cultural component emphasizes mother tongue language learning, indigenous child-rearing practices, and local working models; physical structures are in homes; capacity-building for the adults is central which will be transferred to other spheres of community life. In the remote coastal villages of Colombia, an organization called Promesa works with mothers on designing their preschool children's educational activities. Promesa began to confront other priority needs in the villages, especially in environmental health and malaria control. A 1990 assessment related that participants' pride, self-confidence, and ability to solve problems regarding the healthy development of their children increased; groups learned to make use of the physical, human, and institutional resources from their environments; and participants' children remained in school and performed better. Conclusions from a decade of loose experimentation suggest that through communication community women can be organized to provide basic early education and early childhood activities can help rural children over the cultural barrier of school.^ieng
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Infantil , Comunicação , Países em Desenvolvimento , Educação , Programas Governamentais , Organizações , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Mudança Social , Nações Unidas , América , Biologia , Colômbia , Economia , Agências Internacionais , América Latina , Organização e Administração , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: The Gente Joven project of the Mexican Foundation for Family Planning (MEXFAM) trains young volunteers in 19 cities to spread messages about sexually transmitted diseases and population growth to their peers. They also distribute condoms and spermicides. It also uses films and materials to spread its messages. The project would like to influence young men's behavior, but the Latin image of machismo poses a big challenge. It would like to become more responsible toward pregnancy prevention. About 50% of adolescents have sexual intercourse, but few use contraceptives resulting in a high adolescent pregnancy rate. Many of these pregnant teenagers choose not to marry. Adolescent pregnancy leads to girls leaving school, few marketable skills, and rearing children alone. Besides women who began childbearing as a teenager have 1.5 times more children than other women. Male involvement in pregnancy prevention should improve these statistics. As late as 1973, the Health Code banned promotion and sales of contraceptives, but by 1992 about 50% of women of reproductive age use contraceptives. The Center for the Orientation of Adolescents has organized 8 Young Men's Clubs in Mexico City to involve male teenagers more in family planning and to develop self-confidence. It uses a holistic approach to their development through discussions with their peers. A MEXFAM study shows that young men are not close with their fathers who tend to exude a machismo attitude, thus the young men do not have a role model for responsible sexual behavior. MEXFAM's work is cut out for them, however, since the same study indicates that 50% of the young men believe it is fine to have 1 girlfriend and 33% think women should earn more than men. A teenager volunteer reports, however, that more boys have been coming to him for contraception and information than girls in 1992 while in other years girls outnumbered the boys.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Atitude , Coito , Comunicação , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Pai , Fertilidade , Planejamento em Saúde , Relações Interpessoais , Grupo Associado , População , Gravidez na Adolescência , Comportamento Sexual , Pessoa Solteira , Voluntários , Fatores Etários , América , Comportamento , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Características da Família , Relações Familiares , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , Estado Civil , Casamento , México , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , Pais , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , PsicologiaRESUMO
PIP: The UN Population Fund contends that it is the need for family planning (FP) information and services instead of lack of interest that prevents men from participating more in FP. 3 pilot projects in Pakistan, Zimbabwe, and Colombia have acted on this belief. In geographically isolated Mardan, Pakistan, the all male Urban Community Developing Council (UCDC) started a community education project to involve men in FP. 5 UCDC member form 1 community educator team of which there are 60. The teams visit families in Mardan. In 1988, 1 team reported that some men in the households wanted a women to inform their wives about FP. Eventually UCDC located enough women free to be members on 40 teams. In 4 years, contraceptive prevalence among married couples rose from 9% to 21%. Initially the methods tended to be temporary methods but are now longer lasting methods (IUDs, sterilization, injectables, and even a few vasectomies). Other community groups donate about US$541/month to the project. In 1988, the Zimbabwean National Family Planning Council (ZNFPC) began its national education/male motivation project which included sending messages via popular radio soap opera, discussions, and leaflet distribution. The program reached many rural men since they tend to have radios. In 1 year, more men were taking part in decisions about FP (25-35%). ZNFPC has learned it needs to design 2 campaigns to promote condom use: 1 for single and 1 for married men. PROFAMILIA in Colombia began its 1st male clinic in 1985 in Bogota. By 1992, it had 8 male clinics. The key to its success is attractive clinics, low cost vasectomy, individualized care, wide range of services such as condom distribution and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, and Saturday hours. Despite the 3 projects' successes, they face many obstacles that need to be addressed.^ieng
Assuntos
Comunicação , Anticoncepção , Tomada de Decisões , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Planejamento em Saúde , Motivação , Projetos Piloto , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , América , Ásia , Comportamento , Colômbia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , América Latina , Paquistão , Psicologia , Pesquisa , América do Sul , ZimbábueRESUMO
PIP: The Center for Family Orientation (COF), a private family planning agency with clinics in 8 provinces of Bolivia, initiated a bold, scientifically planned, and successful mass media campaign in 1986. As late as 1978 the Bolivian government had been hostile to COF. The Johns Hopkins University/Population Communication Services helped COF determine that the Bolivian public and its leaders were open to more information about family planning. Bolivia, the poorest Latin American country, then had 7 million people, expected to double in 27 years. There are 2 distinct indigenous groups, the Aymara and the Quechua, and Spanish-speaking people, centered in the cities of La Paz, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz, respectively. Only 4% of couples use modern family planning methods. Initial surveys of 522 opinion leaders, 300 family planning users, focus groups of users, and a population survey of 1300 people in 8 provinces showed that 90% wanted modern family planning services. Radio was chosen to inform potential users about COF's services, to increase clinic attendance, and to involve men. To obtain support from public leaders, 10 conferences were held. The 1st series of radio messages focused on health benefits of family planning and responsible parenthood; the 2nd series gave specific benefits, information on child spacing, breast feeding, and optimal ages for childbearing. Besides 36,800 radio spots broadcast on 17 stations, booklets, posters, calendars, promotional items, and audiotapes to be played in public busses, were all designed, pretested, and revised. New acceptors increased 71% during the 11-month campaign. Success of the project influenced the start of the National Reproductive Health Project and new IEC efforts planned through cooperation of public and private institutions.^ieng
Assuntos
Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial , Comunicação , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Folhetos , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Cooperação do Paciente , Setor Privado , Opinião Pública , Rádio , Gravação em Fita , América , Atitude , Comportamento , Bolívia , Atenção à Saúde , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Saúde , Instalações de Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , América Latina , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Organização e Administração , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Psicologia , Pesquisa , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: The Nutrition Communication Project has overseen production of a training video interpersonal communication for health workers involved in growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) programs in Latin America entitled Comuniquemonos, Ya] Producers used the following questions as their guidelines: Who is the audience?, Why is the training needed?, and What are the objectives and advantages of using video? Communication specialists, anthropologists, educators, and nutritionists worked together to write the script. Then video camera specialists taped the video in Bolivia and Guatemala. A facilitator's guide complete with an outline of an entire workshop comes with the video. The guide encourages trainees to participate in various situations. Trainees are able to compare their interpersonal skills with those of the health workers on the video. Further they can determine cause and effect. The video has 2 scenes to demonstrate poor and good communication skills using the same health worker in both situations. Other scenes highlight 6 communication skills: developing a warm environment, asking questions, sharing results, listening, observing, and doing demonstration. All types of health workers ranging from physicians to community health workers as well as health workers from various countries (Guatemala, Honduras, Bolivia, and Ecuador) approve of the video. Some trainers have used the video without using the guide and comment that it began a debate on communication 's role in GMP efforts.^ieng
Assuntos
Publicidade , Pessoal Técnico de Saúde , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Proteção da Criança , Comunicação , Agentes Comunitários de Saúde , Objetivos , Crescimento , Relações Interpessoais , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Ensino , Gravação de Videoteipe , América , Comportamento , Biologia , Bolívia , América Central , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Atenção à Saúde , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Equador , Educação , Guatemala , Saúde , Pessoal de Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Honduras , América Latina , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , América do Norte , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Organização e Administração , América do Sul , Gravação em FitaRESUMO
PIP: In January 1990, the Health Secretary asked the Technologies for Primary Health Care (PRITECH) project to facilitate access to the many small villages with 500 people in Mexico since PRITECH had assisted the diarrhea disease control program. 1st PRITECH had Ministry of Health staff train trainers which would eventually spread the information to the rural areas. This strategy was effective only for those people who did not live in remote areas. The same reasons for remote people being at high risk of disease also limited this strategy: isolation, lack of education, limited diets, lack of access to services, and limited fluency in Spanish. PRITECH hired a local consulting organization, CICLOPE, to develop a new strategy. CICLOPE limited its activities to the states of Hidalgo and Vera Cruz for 8 months. 1st CICLOPE staff provided proper diarrhea management training including emphasis on oral rehydration therapy (ORT) to rural health auxiliaries. They used a gourd painted to look like an infant with holes and other modifications to depict the workings and results of diarrheal dehydration. The staff then sent the auxiliaries to their own communities to use the gourd dolls to teach mothers about ORT and correct diarrhea management. The staff conducted follow-up activities to monitor the auxiliaries' progress. This training approach allowed the auxiliaries to realize the abilities of the mothers and their active role in learning. The auxiliaries conducted the training at markets where women living in remote areas came weekly. The local radio announced market day events in which the auxiliaries participated and aired dramas about diarrhea management. CICLOPE staff and the auxiliaries sat up a booth at these markets to promote proper diarrhea management. They used a flip chart, comic books, a lottery game, and entertainment to impart education messages.^ieng
Assuntos
Recursos Audiovisuais , Comunicação , Diarreia , Educação em Saúde , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Rádio , População Rural , Ensino , América , Atenção à Saúde , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , América Latina , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , México , América do Norte , População , Características da PopulaçãoRESUMO
PIP: This article considers the epidemic proportion of AIDS in developing countries, and discusses the U.S. Agency for International Development's (USAID) reworked and intensified strategy for HIV infection and AIDS prevention and control over the next 5 years. Developing and launching over 650 HIV and AIDS activities in 74 developing countries since 1986, USAID is the world's largest supporter of anti-AIDS programs. Over $91 million in bilateral assistance for HIV and AIDS prevention and control have been committed. USAID has also been the largest supporter of the World Health Organization's Global Program on AIDS since 1986. Interventions have included training peer educators, working to change the norms of sex behavior, and condom promotion. Recognizing that the developing world will increasingly account for an ever larger share of the world's HIV-infected population, USAID announced an intensified program of estimated investment increasing to approximately $400 million over a 5-year period. Strategy include funding for long-term, intensive interventions in 10-15 priority countries, emphasizing the treatment of other sexually transmitted diseases which facilitate the spread of HIV, making AIDS-related policy dialogue an explicit component of the Agency's AIDS program, and augmenting funding to community-based programs aimed at reducing high-risk sexual behaviors. The effect of AIDS upon child survival, adult mortality, urban populations, and socioeconomic development in developing countries is discussed. Program examples are also presented.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Comunicação , Preservativos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Diagnóstico , Economia , Administração Financeira , Órgãos Governamentais , Publicações Governamentais como Assunto , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Hospitais , Mortalidade Infantil , Cooperação Internacional , Conhecimento , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Organizações , Grupo Associado , Política Pública , Pesquisa , Comportamento Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Ensino , Terapêutica , Tuberculose , População Urbana , Organização Mundial da Saúde , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Anticoncepção , Atenção à Saúde , Demografia , Doença , República Dominicana , Educação , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Saúde , Instalações de Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Infecções , Agências Internacionais , América Latina , Longevidade , Mortalidade , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Taxa de Sobrevida , Tanzânia , Tailândia , Uganda , Nações Unidas , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: An AIDS education project in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil has enabled male sex workers to discuss safe sex, sexual preference, and self-worth. The project, known as Pegacao ("Cruising"), is designed to establish personal contact with the male prostitutes. The educators most of whom are openly homosexual, and some of whom are former sex workers, operate out of 4 outposts in the city. In one such outpost, a popular restaurant, the educators wait for male sex workers (Miches, as they are called) to come and talk. The Miches come from several reasons. Some come to talk about life, other about sexuality, and others want to help in contacting a doctor or a psychologist. Pegacao now has contact with some 400-600 male prostitutes aged 14-23. Since most of the male prostitutes are illiterate, the education is based on discussion, not on printed materials. The discussions focus primarily on sexuality and sexual practices. Many of the Miches, who often come from the poor families, say that they are involved in prostitution as a temporary way of earning money. Most deny being homosexual, and many say that they have girlfriends and are thinking about getting married. The educators, however, suspect that many Miches hide their sexual preferenced and use prostitution as a way to express their repressed homosexuality. While the Miches admit penetrating their clients (identifying it with the "male" role), few acknowledge being penetrated (the "female" or "gay" role). But the high rate of sexually acquired infections in the rectum suggest that the Miches are engaging in receptive, unprotected anal intercourse more often that they care to admit. In addition to teaching them about safe sex, the educators try to help Miches develop a positive attitude towards their sexuality and develop a sense of self-worth.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Comunicação , Educação em Saúde , Homossexualidade , Pesquisa , Autoimagem , População Urbana , América , Comportamento , Brasil , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , Infecções por HIV , América Latina , Percepção , População , Características da População , Psicologia , Comportamento Sexual , América do Sul , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: Chile's 1st case of AIDS was diagnosed in 1984. Some 250 AIDS cases and 1600 HIV positive persons have since been reported, although the actual number by some estimates may reach 5000. Chile, although in the initial stages of the epidemic, already has a serious problem which at present can only be combatted through education. It will be necessary to convince the population that significant modifications of sexual behavior are needed to control the spread of the disease. Education for AIDS prevention is a priority of the National Commission on AIDS (CONASIDA), which is basing its program on the premise that stable monogamy is the most natural form of expression of a couple. Manuals for prevention are under development, and the 1st, for health workers and the general population, is in process of publication. A series of pamphlets and educational videos for workers in sexually transmitted disease clinics are under development. Educational materials are also being created for specific groups such as university students and agricultural workers and for groups at high risk. A social communications campaign has been prepared and approved by the authorities, and is awaiting funding for dissemination. Education of the population is also a concern for the Catholic Church, which views reinforcement of the family and its mission of providing sex education as a primary means of preventing AIDS. CONASIDA is also responsible for epidemiological study of AIDS in Chile through surveillance of sentinel groups and in quality control of the blood supply. Condoms are to be distributed in sexually transmitted disease clinics for the purpose of AIDS prevention.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Comunicação , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Pesquisa , Educação Sexual , América , Chile , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , América Latina , Organização e Administração , América do Sul , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: In Brazil, alternative religious approaches are being used to spread the message of AIDs prevention. The concepts and practices of traditional Afro--Brazilian religion are being used in a newly released booklet for religious leaders of Candomble, a traditional spirit cult that traces its origins to the Yoruba of western Africa. There is a fusion of this spirit cult with Catholicism. The practice of all night dancing ceremonies where initiates appeal to orixas for guidance is coupled with private daily obligations. Orixas offer to cure the spirit and the body and are often used after Western medicine has failed to provide a cure. Candomble and Umbanda are the most widely observed religions in Brazil. There is a saying that everyone in Brazil is Catholic, but believers in Afro-Brazilian religion. Catholic parishes account for 19,000 places of worship throughout the country, but in 3 of the largest states, excluding the most "African" state Bahia, there are 55,000 Afro--Brazilian religious centers. 30,000 are in Rio de Janeiro, 16,00 in Sao Paulo, and 11,700 in Rio Grande do Sul. Although these religious centers are part of Brazilian identity and culture, government officials and the Catholic Church have repressed or looked unfavorably upon them. The group, Religious Support Against AIDS (ARCA), sponsored by the Institute for Religious Studies, provides education and consciousness raising through religious and social activities. ARCA hosted a meeting with Candomble religious leaders in May 1989 to explore options for dealing with AIDs, since their contact was with the poorer segments of the population and they possessed knowledge of traditional cures and medicinal plants. The meeting was successful, and ARCA was asked to provide educational materials. The problem was that ceremonial, rites were private and an AIDs stigma might emerge among the priests and priestesses, who were thought to be mainly homosexuals. With the expertise of anthropologist and a historian/religious leader well known tales were adapted to relay more information on health and AIDs in particular. 3 stories were presented in comic strip form and designed by a professional. The manual was titled ODO YA] and finished in August 1991. 50,000 copies will be distributed to religious leaders and 20,000 pamphlets to followers. Success is uncertain, but the project is exciting and hopeful in utilizing a rich symbolic tradition and informal groups far removed from the formal power structure and sacred traditions.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Catolicismo , Comunicação , Infecções por HIV , Serviços de Informação , Liderança , Folhetos , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Religião , América , Brasil , Cristianismo , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , América Latina , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Organização e Administração , América do Sul , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: In the poor neighborhoods of the capital city of Port au Prince Haiti are 100s of brightly painted beauty parlors, displaying signs like "Femme Moderne, studio de beaute." They are popular and cheap; between 70 and 80% of the population use them. In the south of the city, a team of health promotion volunteers are turning some 64 beauty parlors into AIDS education and condom distribution centers with the help and cooperation of the owners. The majority of these beauty parlors are owned and run by women who cannot find work elsewhere, including many immigrants from the Dominican Republic. Some proprietors work as prostitutes in the evenings because they cannot survive on the earnings of the parlors. These proprietors are now becoming AIDS educators-- talking to customers, handing out leaflets and distributing free condoms. The team of young volunteers responsible for this education program belong to the Center for Haitian Social Services (CHASS); a nonprofit, voluntary organization set up in 1987 as a community response to the lack of government health and social services. A CHASS volunteer explains: "The beauty parlors were chosen as a focal point for reaching the population. To start with, 1 box of condoms was distributed every week, not the owners are distributing 3 or 4 boxes. We encourage them to keep a record of numbers taken, client's age, sex, marital status and so on." The majority of volunteer health promoters are ex-students who have given up their studies because of lack of funds. Many cannot find jobs, and they are encouraged to develop skills in their volunteer work which could help them find employment in the future. The team of volunteers meets every Saturday to discuss the program and training needs that arise. "At first the focus of our training was on AIDS, but now we need more information about other related issues." The most urgent need is to find out what local people's thoughts and understandings are about the disease. CHASS has designed a questionnaire in Creole and French for use in a knowledge, attitude, and practice survey. Volunteers are interviewing over 1000 local residents, and will randomly select 200 questionnaires to analyze. Information gathered will provide a basis for planning and orienting health education messages. "The problem with planning any educational program," explains Daniel Bernier, "is that Haitians work most of their waking hours--and so we are trying to organize mass education at traditional public gatherings, such as at Church and the gaga (a traditional religious ceremony).^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Comunicação , Preservativos , Coleta de Dados , Atenção à Saúde , Educação em Saúde , Pessoal de Saúde , Conhecimento , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Estudantes , Voluntários , América , Região do Caribe , Anticoncepção , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Infecções por HIV , Haiti , Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , Pesquisa , Estudos de Amostragem , VirosesRESUMO
There are approximately 50,000 workers employed in the light assembly industry in Haiti. About 70% are women, the majority of whom are aged between 25 and 34 years, and are either single or in a nonpermanent relationship with the father of their children. Many live and work in appalling conditions, surviving on very low wages to support several children and an extended family. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is now a visible problem in many factories. In October 1988, the Center for the Promotion of Women Workers (Centre de Promotion des Femmes Ouvriers/CPFO) launched a pilot AIDS education program for factory women. The Center, based in a large industrial zone near the airport, runs a health clinic and courses in literacy, communications skills, health promotion and family planning. The new AIDS program allowed CPFO staff to gain entry into factories for the 1st time. Other courses were held outside working hours and outside factory premises. Staff contacted manages by telephone to arrange a meeting to discuss AIDS and to ask permission to hold educational "round tables" with workers. Of 18 managers in the factories approached over a 12-month period, only 2 refused entry to CPFO staff. Almost all managers reported they had registered between 2 and 5 deaths from AIDS among their employees over the past couple of years. A total of 85 educational sessions, each lasting about 2 hours, were held within 28 different factories, community or labor organizations reaching 3063 workers (male and female). In each session, the presentation was carried out by 2 CPFO trained monitors and included a slide show, flip charts, and the video "Met ko," originally produced for Haitian immigrants in New York. The most important aspect of the program was the training of 38 volunteer factory-based health promoters. These promoters attended the round table sessions, where they facilitated discussion and distributed condoms and were subsequently available for counseling co-workers. Initially, the Center intended to recruit only literate women as promoters, but several nonliterate women were selected for training by labor organizations 18 hours of tuition and discussion of AIDS/human immunodeficiency virus were held over 2 1/2 weeks, including sessions on group dynamics and organizational skills. To improve communications skills, sessions included role play exercises which were videotaped and played back to trainees. Training in communication skills also helps promoters participate in activities aimed at supporting a broader range of workers' rights.