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BACKGROUND: Soybean is the third-greatest global commodity crop with respect to grain production, Brazil is the largest soybean producer in the world. We performed the first extensive survey including all the five main soybean cultivation regions in Brazil over three seasons (2018/2019, 2019/2020, and 2020/2021). A total of 2386 localities were sampled, corresponding to 145 municipalities in 11 states. Sampling was carried out between the R1 and R8 soybean growth stages, using a beating sheet. RESULTS: Fifteen species were recorded, with five species accounting for more than 99% of the sampled insects. The Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (F.), was the most abundant species (82.4% of the adults and 84.1% of the nymphs overall), with differences in the mean abundance between soybean macroregions. The melacanthus green belly stink bug, Diceraeus melacanthus Dallas was the second most abundant species overall, followed by the brown winged stink bug, Edessa meditabunda (F.), the furcatus green belly stink bug, Diceraeus furcatus (F.) and the red-banded green stink bug, Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood). The relative abundance of each species differed between soybean macroregions. The mean abundance of nymphs and adults of Euschistus heros at different soybean reproductive stages showed an increase from early reproductive stages to the beginning of the late reproductive stages (R5 or R6). CONCLUSION: This large-scale assessment of stink bugs provides a basis for outlining integrated pest management programs and drives the development of monitoring and control strategies, as well as future studies investigating population dynamics over time and space in soybean fields. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

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The transition to a low-carbon economy is imperative to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate pollution emissions. This preposition also aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs-13), which highlight the climate change action. In this vein, Brazil has implemented the Decarbonization Credit (CBIOS) program to incentivize biofuel production and promote environmental sustainability through carbon credit emissions. To this end, the present study evaluates the effectiveness of the CBIO contract as a hedging tool for investors in the face of energy price fluctuations and decarbonization efforts. Specifically, we employ conditional dynamic correlation (DCC-GARCH) and optimal hedge ratio (HR) techniques to assess the relationship between CBIO and the futures and spot prices of sugar, oil, and ethanol. Our findings suggest that the current CBIO contract is not an effective hedge against energy spot and future prices. However, our analysis identifies a strengthening correlation between ethanol traded in Chicago and CBIO over time, highlighting the potential for an underlying contract to serve as an effective hedging tool in the future. Our study adds to the existing literature on carbon pricing mechanisms and their impact on financial markets, emphasizing the importance of sustainable energy policies and their potential to mitigate the risks associated with energy price volatility and decarbonization efforts.

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Pollination is a key ecosystem service of critical importance for food production. However, globally, several regions are already experiencing pollinator shortage as pollinators are declining. Here, we investigate the origin, pollinator dependence and economic value of 199 food crops cultivated in Brazil to understand to which extent (1) Brazilian agriculture is vulnerable to pollinator shortage, and (2) Brazilian society has already achieved a comprehensive perspective about crop dependence. We used Brazil as a case study as it is a megadiverse tropical country and the 3rd largest world crop producer and exporter, with most of the crops depending on pollinators. Our findings revealed that over half (53.7%) of the food crops in Brazil are native, with the North region of Brazil housing the higher diversity of native crops, in contrast with the South and Southeast regions. Additionally, considering the reproductive systems, among native food crops, 65.6% exhibit self-incompatibility or dioecy (i.e., requiring obligatory cross-pollination), whereas 30.6% of exotic food crops display this trait. Overall, Brazilian municipalities produce more exotic crops than native ones, with almost 4/5 of the total agricultural area of the country dedicated to the cultivation of exotic crops, which are generally self-compatible commodities that rely low to modestly on pollinators. Regarding the biomes, we observe that this pattern is followed by most of them, but for the Caatinga dry forest, where native crops dependent on pollinators predominate. However, when soybean is removed from the analysis, the areas devoted to exotic crops always decreased, even being equal to native crops in the Atlantic forest. Our results also indicate that considering the pollinator shortage, some Brazilian biomes may be at risk of losing >20% of their yields, mainly in the Caatinga dry forest and the Atlantic forest. Therefore, in this paper, we are discussing that the expansion of monocultures in Brazil's agricultural lands may have several impacts on the provision of pollination services, food production and, then, on food security not only for the Brazilian population, as Brazil is the 3rd largest world agricultural producer and exporter.

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This paper shows that some commodity currencies (from Chile, Iceland, Norway, South Africa, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand) predict the synchronization of metals and energy commodities. This relationship links the present-value theory for exchange rates and its connection with commodity export economies' fundamentals, where prospective commodity price fluctuations affect exchange rates. Predicting commodity market return synchronization is critical for dealing with systemic risk, market efficiency, and financial stability since synchronization reduces the benefits of diversification and increases the probability of contagion in financial markets during economic and financial crises. Using network methods coupled with in-sample and out-of-sample econometrics models, we find evidence that a fall in the return of commodity-currencies (dollar appreciation) predicts an increase in commodity market synchronization and, consequently, in commodity market systemic risk. This discovery is consistent with a transitive capacity phenomenon, suggesting that commodity currencies have a predictive ability over commodities that extend beyond the commodity bundle that a country produces. The latter behavior would be exacerbated by the high financialization of commodities and strong co-movement of commodity markets. Our paper is part of a vigorously growing literature that has recently measured and predicted systemic risk caused by synchronization, combining a complex systems perspective and financial network analysis.

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The surging demand for commodity crops has led to rapid and severe agricultural frontier expansion globally and has put producing regions increasingly under pressure. However, knowledge about spatial patterns of agricultural frontier dynamics, their leading spatial determinants, and socio-ecological trade-offs is often lacking, hindering contextualized decision making towards more sustainable food systems. Here, we used inventory data to map frontier dynamics of avocado production, a cash crop of increasing importance in global diets, for Michoacán, Mexico, before and after the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). We compiled a set of environmental, accessibility and social variables and identified the leading determinants of avocado frontier expansion and their interactions using extreme gradient boosting. We predicted potential expansion patterns and assessed their impacts on areas important for biodiversity conservation. Avocado frontiers expanded more than tenfold from 12,909 ha (1974) to 152,493 ha (2011), particularly after NAFTA. Annual precipitation, distance to settlements, and land tenure were key factors explaining avocado expansion. Under favorable climatic and accessibility conditions, most avocado expansion occurred on private lands. Contrary, under suboptimal conditions, most avocado expansion occurred on communal lands. Large areas suitable for further avocado expansion overlapped with priority sites for restoration, highlighting an imminent conflict between conservation and economic revenues. This is the first analysis of avocado frontier dynamics and their spatial determinants across a major production region and our results provide entry points to implement government-based strategies to support small-scale farmers, mostly those on communal lands, while trying to minimize the socio-environmental impacts of avocado production. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10113-022-01883-6.

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This paper compares the development of the tourism industry in two different Latin American locations: a municipality of Chile's Araucanía and Venezuela's Gran Sabana. In both locations, part of the indigenous population shows interest in the development of this industry, which presents potential as a source of locally generated income. This comparison focuses on examining how property rights and relations shape and are reshaped by the expansion of tourist activities in these locations, shedding light on two additional questions: first, the socioeconomic conditions that help explain the increasing participation of the indigenous population in the expansion of tourism in these regions; second, a cultural phenomenon that this expansion stimulates: the circulation of discursive representations of local environments as permanently inscribed with a particular form of collective labor. This paper will conceptualize this labor as "cultural labor" and, drawing from theorizations of the fetishism of commodities, will argue that the widespread appeals to this labor constitute a (paradoxical) form of discursive defetishization that is fostered by the logic of the tourist industry. This form of defetishization discursively subverts the principle of concealment that pervades commodity fetishism as theorized by Marx, but it is nonetheless a functional part of a social process that reinscribes and rearticulates capital as a social relation among the populations of these regions.

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Avocados have become a global commodity, and environmental and socioeconomic impacts in the regions where avocados are grown have increased in tandem with production. In this article, we synthesize the current state of knowledge about the impacts of avocado production in Michoacán, México, the global center of avocado production. Environmental impacts on biodiversity, soil, and hydrological systems stem from deforestation and forest fragmentation that result from avocado expansion. The avocado industry has brought some economic benefits, namely increased employment and reductions in poverty and out-migration, but inequity in the region limits the positive socioeconomic impacts. We draw comparisons to other commodity studies and propose that lessons learned from such research could be utilized to make the avocado supply chain more sustainable. Ultimately, steps could be taken at all levels of the commodity chain to improve sustainability, including improved farming practices, policies protecting smallholders and local capital, and increased consumer awareness.

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Forecast the price of agricultural goods is a beneficial action for farmers, marketing agents, consumers, and policymakers. Today, managing this product security requires price forecasting models that are both efficient and reliable for a country's import and export. In the last few decades, the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model has been widely used in economics time series forecasting. Recently, many of the time series observations presented in economics have been clearly shown to be nonlinear, Machine learning (ML) modelling, conversely, offers a potential price forecasting technique that is more flexible given the limited data available in most countries' economies. In this research, a hybrid price forecasting model has been used, through a novel clustering technique, a new cluster selection algorithm and a multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN), which had many advantages and using monthly time series of Thai rice FOB price form November 1987 to October 2017. The empirical results of this study showed that the value of root mean square error (RMSE) equals 14.37 and the Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) equals 4.09% for the hybrid model. The evaluation results of proposed method and comparison its performance with four benchmark models, by monthly time series of Thailand rice FOB price from November 1987 to October 2017 showed the outperform of proposed method.

Prever o preço dos produtos agrícolas é uma ação benéfica para agricultores, agentes de marketing, consumidores e legisladores. Hoje, o gerenciamento da segurança desse produto requer modelos de previsão de preços eficientes e confiáveis para a importação e exportação de um país. Nas últimas décadas, o modelo Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) tem sido amplamente utilizado na previsão de séries temporais da economia. Recentemente, muitas das observações de séries temporais apresentadas em economia têm se mostrado claramente não lineares. A modelagem de aprendizado de máquina (ML), por outro lado, oferece uma técnica de previsão de preços potencial que é mais flexível, apresentados os dados limitados disponíveis na maioria dos países. Nesta pesquisa, um modelo híbrido de previsão de preços foi usado, por meio de uma nova técnica de agrupamento, um novo algoritmo de seleção de agrupamento e uma rede neural perceptron multicamadas (MLPNN), que teve muitas vantagens, e usando séries temporais mensais de preços FOB do arroz tailandês de novembro 1987 a outubro de 2017. Os resultados empíricos deste estudo mostraram que o valor da raiz do erro quadrático médio (RMSE) é igual a 14,37 e o erro percentual absoluto médio (MAPE) é igual a 4,09% para o modelo híbrido. Os resultados da avaliação do método proposto e a comparação de seu desempenho com quatro modelos de benchmark, por séries temporais mensais de preço FOB do arroz tailandês de novembro de 1987 a outubro de 2017, mostram o desempenho superior do método proposto.

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The inherent resistance of synthetic plastics to degradation has led to an increasing challenge of waste accumulation problem and created a pollution issue that can only be addressed with novel complementary methods such as biodegradation. Since biocontrol is a promising eco-friendly option to address this challenge, the identification of suitable biological agents is a crucial requirement. Among the existing options, organisms of the Streptomyces genus have been reported to biodegrade several complex polymeric macromolecules such as chitin, lignin, and cellulose. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate the potential of Streptomyces strains for the biodegradation of synthetic plastics. The results showed that although Streptomyces strains are widely distributed in different ecosystems in nature, few studies have explored their capacity as degraders of synthetic polymers. Moreover, most of the research in this field has focused on Streptomyces strains with promising biotransforming potential against polyethylene-like polymers. Our findings suggest that this field of study is still in the early stages of development. Moreover, considering the diverse ecological niches associated with Streptomyces, these actinobacteria could serve as complementary agents for plastic waste management and thereby enhance carbon cycle dynamics.

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Agricultural expansion into subtropical and tropical forests causes major environmental damage, but its wider social impacts often remain hidden. Forest-dependent smallholders are particularly strongly impacted, as they crucially rely on forest resources, are typically poor, and often lack institutional support. Our goal was to assess forest-smallholder dynamics in relation to expanding commodity agriculture. Using high-resolution satellite images across the entire South American Gran Chaco, a global deforestation hotspot, we digitize individual forest-smallholder homesteads (n = 23,954) and track their dynamics between 1985 and 2015. Using a Bayesian model, we estimate 28,125 homesteads in 1985 and show that forest smallholders occupy much larger forest areas (>45% of all Chaco forests) than commonly appreciated and increasingly come into conflict with expanding commodity agriculture (18% of homesteads disappeared; n = 5,053). Importantly, we demonstrate an increasing ecological marginalization of forest smallholders, including a substantial forest resource base loss in all Chaco countries and an increasing confinement to drier regions (Argentina and Bolivia) and less accessible regions (Bolivia). Our transferable and scalable methodology puts forest smallholders on the map and can help to uncover the land-use conflicts at play in many deforestation frontiers across the globe. Such knowledge is essential to inform policies aimed at sustainable land use and supply chains.

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Consumption of globally traded agricultural commodities like soy and palm oil is one of the primary causes of deforestation and biodiversity loss in some of the world's most species-rich ecosystems. However, the complexity of global supply chains has confounded efforts to reduce impacts. Companies and governments with sustainability commitments struggle to understand their own sourcing patterns, while the activities of more unscrupulous actors are conveniently masked by the opacity of global trade. We combine state-of-the-art material flow, economic trade, and biodiversity impact models to produce an innovative approach for understanding the impacts of trade on biodiversity loss and the roles of remote markets and actors. We do this for the production of soy in the Brazilian Cerrado, home to more than 5% of the world´s species. Distinct sourcing patterns of consumer countries and trading companies result in substantially different impacts on endemic species. Connections between individual buyers and specific hot spots explain the disproportionate impacts of some actors on endemic species and individual threatened species, such as the particular impact of European Union consumers on the recent habitat losses for the iconic giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). In making these linkages explicit, our approach enables commodity buyers and investors to target their efforts much more closely to improve the sustainability of their supply chains in their sourcing regions while also transforming our ability to monitor the impact of such commitments over time.

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Um dos princípios que regem o capitalismo e a sociedade de consumo é o de que as mercadorias devem ser rapidamente consumidas para que os consumidores acreditem estar sempre precisando de novas. Como bem percebeu Lacan, essa lógica é oposta à do desejo que tem como objeto o próprio desejar. Nesses termos, para que a escola não seja incorporada à lógica da sociedade de consumo, a partir das análises de Lajonquière sobre as relações entre a mestria e a tomada da palavra, este texto sugere a possibilidade de uma escola que abra uma perspectiva para o desejo de desejar.

Uno de los principios que rigen el capitalismo y la sociedad de consumo es el de que las mercancías deben ser rápidamente consumidas para que los consumidores crean estar siempre necesitando de nuevas mercancías. Como bien percibió Lacan, esa lógica es opuesta a la del deseo, cuyo objeto es el propio desear. En esos términos, para que la escuela no sea incorporada a la lógica de la sociedad de consumo, a partir de los análisis de Lajonquière sobre las relaciones entre la maestría y la toma de la palabra, este texto sugiere la posibilidad de una escuela que abra una perspectiva para el deseo de desear.

One of the principles governing capitalism and consumer society is that commodities must be consumed quickly so that consumers believe that they are always in need of new commodities. As Lacan understood, this logic is opposite to the logic of desire, whose object is desire itself. In these terms, to prevent the school from being incorporated into the logic of the consumer society, and drawing on Lajonquière's analyses of the relations between the mastery and the seizure of speech, this paper suggests the possibility of a school that opens a perspective to the desire to desire.

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The current global food production is enough to meet the caloric needs of the 7 billion individuals. On the other hand, 821 million people are currently malnourished. Living on a planet with this contradiction should lead to more effective actions in combating food insecurity. Food loss and waste contribute to this scenario, both in the economic sphere and in the use of inputs such as water, energy and work for the production process, and greenhouse gases emissions. The lack of data and a precise method of quantification should not prevent the producing countries and food suppliers, such as Brazil, from quantifying their food loss and waste. Through a methodology used by Oelofse and Nahman, we performed an exercise in quantifying FLW in the Brazilian food supply chain. Thus, an improved understanding of this topic can be initiated. An annual average of loss and waste of 82,200 tons was identified between the years 2007 and 2013. This represents 42% of the average national food supply for the period. The average amount of loss and waste were 427 kg/inhabitant/year. The edible portion corresponds to 327 kg/inhabitant/year. Specific studies that quantify and detail the loss and waste of food by the productive chain are necessary to assist in the resolution of this problem.

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Primates occur in 90 countries, but four-Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)-harbor 65% of the world's primate species (439) and 60% of these primates are Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017-3). Considering their importance for global primate conservation, we examine the anthropogenic pressures each country is facing that place their primate populations at risk. Habitat loss and fragmentation are main threats to primates in Brazil, Madagascar, and Indonesia. However, in DRC hunting for the commercial bushmeat trade is the primary threat. Encroachment on primate habitats driven by local and global market demands for food and non-food commodities hunting, illegal trade, the proliferation of invasive species, and human and domestic-animal borne infectious diseases cause habitat loss, population declines, and extirpation. Modeling agricultural expansion in the 21st century for the four countries under a worst-case-scenario, showed a primate range contraction of 78% for Brazil, 72% for Indonesia, 62% for Madagascar, and 32% for DRC. These pressures unfold in the context of expanding human populations with low levels of development. Weak governance across these four countries may limit effective primate conservation planning. We examine landscape and local approaches to effective primate conservation policies and assess the distribution of protected areas and primates in each country. Primates in Brazil and Madagascar have 38% of their range inside protected areas, 17% in Indonesia and 14% in DRC, suggesting that the great majority of primate populations remain vulnerable. We list the key challenges faced by the four countries to avert primate extinctions now and in the future. In the short term, effective law enforcement to stop illegal hunting and illegal forest destruction is absolutely key. Long-term success can only be achieved by focusing local and global public awareness, and actively engaging with international organizations, multinational businesses and consumer nations to reduce unsustainable demands on the environment. Finally, the four primate range countries need to ensure that integrated, sustainable land-use planning for economic development includes the maintenance of biodiversity and intact, functional natural ecosystems.

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At the end of the 20th and early 21st century, agricultural systems incorporated definitively a new mission: to generate goods for a world population that continues to grow and whose way of life demand food with low environmental impact. Soybean is the main raw material for the production of biodiesel in Brazil, accountably responsible for 82.4% of the total produced between 2006 and 2013. The Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), which is formed by the Pampa and the Atlantic forest biomes, was responsible for 35.7% of the countrys biodiesel production in the referred period. The aim of this paper was to verify the impact of the increased area of soybean cultivation in land use in Rio Grande do Sul State, in the period between 1990 and 2015, considering separately its two biomes (Pampa and Atlantic Forest) original areas, using both census dataset and satellite images. We used the period from 1990 to 2000 as before commodity rising price (BCRP) and the period from 2000 to 2013 as commodity rising price (CRP). The 505,162 ha from Atlantic Forest biome and 1,192,115ha from Pampa biome were added to soybean production in the CRP period. In the Atlantic Forest, this enlargement occurred in the border of the main production area, while in Pampa biome conversion of natural grassland to crop land was the main reason for the large increment in the cultivated area.(AU)

No final do século XX e início do século XXI, os sistemas agrícolas incorporaram definitivamente uma nova missão: gerar energia para uma população mundial que continua a crescer e que demanda por seu modo de vida, não só alimentos, mas também, cada vez mais energia, principalmente, energia com baixo impacto ambiental. A soja permaneceu a principal matéria-prima para a produção de biodiesel no Brasil, no período de 2006 a 2013, em que foi responsável por 82,4%, sendo o estado do RS responsável por 35,7% do total da produção brasileira de biodiesel. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar o impacto do aumento da área de cultivo de soja no uso da terra no Rio Grande do Sul, no período entre 1990 e 2015. Considera-se, separadamente, as áreas originais de seus dois biomas (Pampa e Mata Atlântica), usando o conjunto de dados do IBGE e imagens de satélite. Utilizou-se o período de 1990 a 2000 como o período anterior ao da suba de preços de commodities (BCRP) e, o período de 2000 a 2013 como período de aumento do preço das commodities (CRP). Um total de 505.162ha do bioma Mata Atlântica e de 1.192.115ha do bioma Pampa foram incorporados à produção de soja no período CRP. No bioma Mata Atlântica, o aumento ocorreu nos limites da área cultivada, enquanto que no bioma Pampa através da conversão da área com pastagem nativa.(AU)

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At the end of the 20th and early 21st century, agricultural systems incorporated definitively a new mission: to generate goods for a world population that continues to grow and whose way of life demand food with low environmental impact. Soybean is the main raw material for the production of biodiesel in Brazil, accountably responsible for 82.4% of the total produced between 2006 and 2013. The Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), which is formed by the Pampa and the Atlantic forest biomes, was responsible for 35.7% of the countrys biodiesel production in the referred period. The aim of this paper was to verify the impact of the increased area of soybean cultivation in land use in Rio Grande do Sul State, in the period between 1990 and 2015, considering separately its two biomes (Pampa and Atlantic Forest) original areas, using both census dataset and satellite images. We used the period from 1990 to 2000 as before commodity rising price (BCRP) and the period from 2000 to 2013 as commodity rising price (CRP). The 505,162 ha from Atlantic Forest biome and 1,192,115ha from Pampa biome were added to soybean production in the CRP period. In the Atlantic Forest, this enlargement occurred in the border of the main production area, while in Pampa biome conversion of natural grassland to crop land was the main reason for the large increment in the cultivated area.

No final do século XX e início do século XXI, os sistemas agrícolas incorporaram definitivamente uma nova missão: gerar energia para uma população mundial que continua a crescer e que demanda por seu modo de vida, não só alimentos, mas também, cada vez mais energia, principalmente, energia com baixo impacto ambiental. A soja permaneceu a principal matéria-prima para a produção de biodiesel no Brasil, no período de 2006 a 2013, em que foi responsável por 82,4%, sendo o estado do RS responsável por 35,7% do total da produção brasileira de biodiesel. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar o impacto do aumento da área de cultivo de soja no uso da terra no Rio Grande do Sul, no período entre 1990 e 2015. Considera-se, separadamente, as áreas originais de seus dois biomas (Pampa e Mata Atlântica), usando o conjunto de dados do IBGE e imagens de satélite. Utilizou-se o período de 1990 a 2000 como o período anterior ao da suba de preços de commodities (BCRP) e, o período de 2000 a 2013 como período de aumento do preço das commodities (CRP). Um total de 505.162ha do bioma Mata Atlântica e de 1.192.115ha do bioma Pampa foram incorporados à produção de soja no período CRP. No bioma Mata Atlântica, o aumento ocorreu nos limites da área cultivada, enquanto que no bioma Pampa através da conversão da área com pastagem nativa.

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ABSTRACT: At the end of the 20th and early 21st century, agricultural systems incorporated definitively a new mission: to generate goods for a world population that continues to grow and whose way of life demand food with low environmental impact. Soybean is the main raw material for the production of biodiesel in Brazil, accountably responsible for 82.4% of the total produced between 2006 and 2013. The Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), which is formed by the Pampa and the Atlantic forest biomes, was responsible for 35.7% of the country's biodiesel production in the referred period. The aim of this paper was to verify the impact of the increased area of soybean cultivation in land use in Rio Grande do Sul State, in the period between 1990 and 2015, considering separately its two biomes (Pampa and Atlantic Forest) original areas, using both census dataset and satellite images. We used the period from 1990 to 2000 as before commodity rising price (BCRP) and the period from 2000 to 2013 as commodity rising price (CRP). The 505,162 ha from Atlantic Forest biome and 1,192,115ha from Pampa biome were added to soybean production in the CRP period. In the Atlantic Forest, this enlargement occurred in the border of the main production area, while in Pampa biome conversion of natural grassland to crop land was the main reason for the large increment in the cultivated area.

RESUMO: No final do século XX e início do século XXI, os sistemas agrícolas incorporaram definitivamente uma nova missão: gerar energia para uma população mundial que continua a crescer e que demanda por seu modo de vida, não só alimentos, mas também, cada vez mais energia, principalmente, energia com baixo impacto ambiental. A soja permaneceu a principal matéria-prima para a produção de biodiesel no Brasil, no período de 2006 a 2013, em que foi responsável por 82,4%, sendo o estado do RS responsável por 35,7% do total da produção brasileira de biodiesel. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar o impacto do aumento da área de cultivo de soja no uso da terra no Rio Grande do Sul, no período entre 1990 e 2015. Considera-se, separadamente, as áreas originais de seus dois biomas (Pampa e Mata Atlântica), usando o conjunto de dados do IBGE e imagens de satélite. Utilizou-se o período de 1990 a 2000 como o período anterior ao da suba de preços de commodities (BCRP) e, o período de 2000 a 2013 como período de aumento do preço das commodities (CRP). Um total de 505.162ha do bioma Mata Atlântica e de 1.192.115ha do bioma Pampa foram incorporados à produção de soja no período CRP. No bioma Mata Atlântica, o aumento ocorreu nos limites da área cultivada, enquanto que no bioma Pampa através da conversão da área com pastagem nativa.

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ABSTRACT: At the end of the 20th and early 21st century, agricultural systems incorporated definitively a new mission: to generate goods for a world population that continues to grow and whose way of life demand food with low environmental impact. Soybean is the main raw material for the production of biodiesel in Brazil, accountably responsible for 82.4% of the total produced between 2006 and 2013. The Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), which is formed by the Pampa and the Atlantic forest biomes, was responsible for 35.7% of the country's biodiesel production in the referred period. The aim of this paper was to verify the impact of the increased area of soybean cultivation in land use in Rio Grande do Sul State, in the period between 1990 and 2015, considering separately its two biomes (Pampa and Atlantic Forest) original areas, using both census dataset and satellite images. We used the period from 1990 to 2000 as before commodity rising price (BCRP) and the period from 2000 to 2013 as commodity rising price (CRP). The 505,162 ha from Atlantic Forest biome and 1,192,115ha from Pampa biome were added to soybean production in the CRP period. In the Atlantic Forest, this enlargement occurred in the border of the main production area, while in Pampa biome conversion of natural grassland to crop land was the main reason for the large increment in the cultivated area.

RESUMO: No final do século XX e início do século XXI, os sistemas agrícolas incorporaram definitivamente uma nova missão: gerar energia para uma população mundial que continua a crescer e que demanda por seu modo de vida, não só alimentos, mas também, cada vez mais energia, principalmente, energia com baixo impacto ambiental. A soja permaneceu a principal matéria-prima para a produção de biodiesel no Brasil, no período de 2006 a 2013, em que foi responsável por 82,4%, sendo o estado do RS responsável por 35,7% do total da produção brasileira de biodiesel. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar o impacto do aumento da área de cultivo de soja no uso da terra no Rio Grande do Sul, no período entre 1990 e 2015. Considera-se, separadamente, as áreas originais de seus dois biomas (Pampa e Mata Atlântica), usando o conjunto de dados do IBGE e imagens de satélite. Utilizou-se o período de 1990 a 2000 como o período anterior ao da suba de preços de commodities (BCRP) e, o período de 2000 a 2013 como período de aumento do preço das commodities (CRP). Um total de 505.162ha do bioma Mata Atlântica e de 1.192.115ha do bioma Pampa foram incorporados à produção de soja no período CRP. No bioma Mata Atlântica, o aumento ocorreu nos limites da área cultivada, enquanto que no bioma Pampa através da conversão da área com pastagem nativa.

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A globalização da economia alterou o padrão produtivo na atualidade e a formação de cadeias de produção é um fenômeno central nessa nova conjuntura. Cadeias produtivas são processos de extração, produção, transporte, distribuição, consumo e descarte de bens e serviços. Para o seu desenvolvimento existem investimentos governamentais econômicos/financeiros, por vezes em confronto direto com os interesses da proteção da saúde dos trabalhadores e ambiental. Isso porque são gerados diversos danos, riscos e vulnerabilidades sociais, ambientais, sanitárias e ocupacionais ao longo das cadeias. A vigilância em saúde, trabalho e ambiente tem o desafio de enfrentar esses complexos problemas para garantir melhorias para as condições de vida. O objetivo deste ensaio teórico é discutir estratégias de vigilância em saúde, trabalho e ambiente, partindo da noção de cadeia produtiva enquanto redes interconectadas de produção-consumo. O artigo apresenta as principais abordagens teóricas sobre cadeias de produção, especialmente, Supply Chain, Global Commodity Chain, Análise de Filière e Agribussiness, destacando as áreas do conhecimento envolvidas. Discute ainda a fragilidade e incipiência da interseção dos saberes e práticas da vigilância em saúde, trabalho e ambiente com a temática das cadeias produtivas, evidenciando a necessidade de superação da vigilância dos produtos em direção à intervenção em toda a cadeia produtiva, mediante a articulação entre as vigilâncias do SUS. Destaca-se também o papel da academia, dos serviços de saúde e das populações para a implementação dessa vigilância.

The globalization of the economy has changed the current productive pattern and new commodity chains are a central phenomenon in this new scenario. Commodity chains are processes of extraction, production, transport, distribution, consumption and disposal of goods and services. For their development To develop it governments make economic/financial investments, sometimes in direct confrontation with the protection of workers' health and the environment. This is due to the various social, occupational and environmental hazards, risks and vulnerabilities produced throughout these y chains. Surveillance in health, work and the environment has the challenge of facing these complex problems to ensure improvements to the conditions of life. The aim of this theoretical essay is to discuss strategies for surveillance of health, work and the environment, starting from the commodity chain concept as interwoven neta network of production-consumption. The article presents the major theoretical approaches for commodity chains, specifically, Supply Chain, Global Commodity Chain, Filière Analyses and Agribusiness, highlighting the knowledge areas involved. The article also discusses the fragility and the incipient intersection of health, work and environment surveillance knowledge and practices with the commodity chain thematic, demonstrating the need to elevateovercome the surveillance of products toward interventions in the entire commodity chain, through joint actions of surveillance organizations of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). Finally, the article also highlights the role of academic circles, health services and populations in the implementation of these surveillances.

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“Mercedes Benz”, hit de Janis Joplin do início dos 70, traz a ironia da contra-cultura dos sixties ao consumismo e a competição da sociedade capitalista. Exatamente aquilo que o comercial “Impossible is nothing”, da Adidas, pode bem representar. Existe alguma articulação possível entre este slogan e as palavras de ordem “Sejamos realistas, exijamos o impossível”, das convulsões sociais do maio de 68? Partindo da teoria lacaniana dos discursos, este artigo aborda a impossibilidade e a barreira de gozo (impotência) no discurso capitalista e as suas implicações para o habitante da aletosfera. Retomam-se as formulações marxianas da forma mercadoria, do equivalente-geral e da forma dinheiro, para se analisar as transformações introduzidas a partir do momento histórico em que o mais-de-gozar se contabiliza. Considera-se a proposição da mais-valia como equivalente do mais-de-gozar, para se lançar alguma luz sobre a lógica e os fundamentos de gozo do cinismo contemporâneo, seja na versão do “Lobo de Wall Street”, dos doxósofos da universidade, ou ainda do passivo e resignado cidadão da sociedade capitalista. Lembra-se, porém, que a utopia permanece no horizonte...

‘Mercedes Benz”, Janis Joplin’s hit of the early 70’s, brings the counterculture’s irony of the sixties against to consumerism and the competition of capitalist society. Exactly what the commercial ®Impossible is nothing¼, Adidas, may well represent. Is there any possible link between this slogan and the slogan ®Be realistic, ask the impossible¼, the social upheavals of May 68? From the Lacanian theory of discourse, this article discusses the impossibility and the barrier against jouissance (impotence) in capitalist discourse and its implications for the inhabitant of the aletosfera. We return to the Marxian formulations of commodity form, universal equivalent and money form to analyze the changes introduced from the historical moment in which the surplus-jouissance (plus-de-jouir) is counted. It is considered the proposition of surplus-jouissance as the equivalent of surplus-value, to shed some light on the logic and enjoyment fundamentals of contemporary cynicism : whether that version of ®Wall Street Wolf¼, or that of doxósofos of the university, or that of the passive and resigned citizen of capitalist society. Remember, however, that utopia remains on the horizon...

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