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Various works of research into violence in relationships between young couples refer to a lack of perception of some behavior patterns such as abuse. This means that the relationship has the potential risk of developing into one of victimization should it last into adulthood. Although it has been shown that this phenomenon may occur in any sector of the population, the interest of our study rests upon determining the prevalence of the perception of violent behavior patterns in relationships between adolescent and young adult couples. We also aim to analyze the differences obtained with respect to the characteristics of the aggressors in the young Afro-Colombian population of Quibdó, Colombia. The participants in the study consisted of 540 young Afro-Colombians of both sexes between 15 and 27 years of age. The instrument used was the reduced version of the Dating Violence Questionnaire. The results show a high level of victimization through violent behavior on the part of the partner, in great measure exercised by generalist aggressors. However, a small proportion could be perceived as abuse. The implications and possible means of intervention are discussed.
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Vítimas de Crime , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Humanos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Violência , População NegraRESUMO
In this paper, we study whether leadership and community organisation can explain differences in the presence and expansion of coca crops in rural Afro-Colombian collective territories. Following a mixed-method approach that combines the analysis of satellite imagery, semi-structured interviews and household surveys, our results suggest that leadership and community organisation help explain differences in the presence of illegal coca crops by activating pre-existing 'stocks' of social capital that enable rural Afro-Colombian communities in the country's southern Pacific region to resist the penetration and/or expansion of illegal coca crops. Results also show that resistance is more effective when the interests and strategies of leadership and communities are aligned. We argue that the effectiveness and sustainability of resistance depend on: (a) the stock of social capital that determines organisational capabilities, (b) the specific normative content with which this capital is infused, (c) the legitimacy and influence of leadership on the community, and (d) synergies among different levels of grass-root community organisation. We conclude that investing in social capital and community capabilities is thus one way to reorient policy interventions, a goal to which the Colombian state can only partially contribute given its policy priorities and structural limitations.
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Coca , Cocaína , Colômbia , Produtos Agrícolas , Humanos , LiderançaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In Chile, the migrant population generally reports lower rates of cigarette and alcohol consumption. However, the migratory process and assimilation of behaviors after extended exposure to the host country could increase the consumption of these substances. The aim of this study was to compare cigarette and alcohol consumption among Colombian migrants and Chileans residing in Chile. METHODS: In 2019, data were collected from 963 Colombian migrants and 909 Chileans in three cities in Chile. The chi-squared test was used to analyze significant differences in cigarette and alcohol consumption between the groups. Subsequently, the relative risk (RR) and corresponding p-values were obtained. RESULTS: Colombian migrants had a significantly lower consumption of cigarettes than Chileans (16.6% and 25.1%, respectively). Regarding alcohol consumption, Colombian migrants reported lower consumption than Chileans (43.3% and 48.4 %, respectively ). CONCLUSIONS: The lower consumption of cigarettes and alcohol by Colombian migrants compared to Chileans is positive for the health of migrants. However, it is advisable to promote health interventions to avoid an increase in the consumption of these substances, especially considering that migrants could assimilate the consumption habits of Chileans.
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Diet plays an important role in shaping gut microbiota. However, much remains to be learned regarding this association. We analyzed dietary intake and gut microbiota in a community-dwelling cohort of 441 Colombians. Diet quality, intake of food groups and nutrient consumption were paired with microbial diversity and composition using linear regressions, Procrustes analyses and a random-forest machine-learning algorithm. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders, including the five cities from where the participants originated, sex (male, female), age group (18-40 and 41-62 years), BMI (lean, overweight, obese) and socioeconomic status. Microbial diversity was higher in individuals with increased intake of nutrients obtained from plant-food sources, whereas the intake of food groups and nutrients correlated with microbiota structure. Random-forest regressions identified microbial communities associated with different diet components. Two remarkable results confirmed previous expectations regarding the link between diet and microbiota: communities composed of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers were more prevalent in the microbiota of individuals consuming diets rich in fiber and plant-food sources, such as fruits, vegetables and beans. In contrast, an inflammatory microbiota composed of bile-tolerant and putrefactive microorganisms along with opportunistic pathogens thrived in individuals consuming diets enriched in animal-food sources and of low quality, i.e., enriched in ultraprocessed foods and depleted in dietary fiber. This study expands our understanding of the relationship between dietary intake and gut microbiota. We provide evidence that diet is strongly associated with the gut microbial community and highlight generalizable connections between them.
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Dieta , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Nutrientes , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Fibras na Dieta , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis , Feminino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade , Sobrepeso , RNA Ribossômico 16S/análise , Verduras , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Inherited mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) confer high risks of breast and ovarian cancer. In Colombian Hispanic families, four common BRCA1/2 founder mutations have previously been identified. Because nothing is known about the contribution of BRCA1/2 germline mutations to early-onset and hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer in Afro-Colombians, we conducted the first study on 60 patients with early-onset and familial breast cancer in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Screening for the four Colombian founder mutations BRCA1/c.3331_3334delCAAG, BRCA1/c.5123C>A, BRCA2/c.2806_2809delAAAC, and BRCA2/c.1763_1766delATAA was performed using mismatch polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and qualitative real-time PCR. Mutations were confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. RESULTS: The BRCA1 founder mutation c.5123C>A was identified in one family with breast and ovarian cancer (1/60, 1.7%). Three women were diagnosed with breast cancer, including one with bilateral disease, at the ages of 30, 30/33, and 52 years, and one woman was diagnosed with ovarian cancer at the age of 60 years. CONCLUSION: Our data showed a low prevalence of the BRCA1/2 founder mutations in Colombians of African descent, implying that these mutations should not be recommended for genetic screening programs in the Afro-Colombian population. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Risk reduction intervention programs are needed for women who are found to carry a BRCA1/2 mutation, as is the implementation of prevention programs for patients with inherited breast cancer, to reduce the burden of inherited diseases. With the aim of reducing racial disparities in breast cancer prevention, this study focused on genetic testing and treatment for patients in a minority population with BRCA1/2 mutations.
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Proteína BRCA1/genética , Proteína BRCA2/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Adulto , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Programas de Rastreamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Resumen (analítico): Nuestro objetivo en la presente investigación fue analizar si las personas adolescentes de México y Colombia que nunca han intentado suicidarse, presentan más fortalezas internas y externas que quienes sí lo han intentado. Método: se trató de un diseño pre-experimental, de un estudio de caso con una medición. Participaron en el estudio 1987 estudiantes de bachillerato -hombres y mujeres de 15 a 18 años de edad-, seleccionados de manera no probabilística: 991 estudiantes de Colombia y 996 de México. Utilizamos la escala (FIE-A) para medir fortalezas, y cinco indicadores de intento de suicidio. Los resultados principales muestran que los individuos adolescentes que nunca han intentado suicidarse presentan puntajes significativamente más altos en las siguientes fortalezas: apoyo y supervisión de la madre y el padre, importancia de la salud y toma de decisiones. Concluimos que siguen siendo fortalezas protectoras las buenas relaciones parentales, específicamente la importancia que tiene para el individuo joven contar con el apoyo y comunicación del padre y de la madre.
Abstract (analytical): The objective of this research was to analyze whether Mexican and Colombian adolescents who have never attempted suicide present more internal and external strengths than those who have tried. Method: This study used a pre-experimental design and a methodology using case studies. 1,987 students from 15 to 18 years of age were selected in a non-probabilistic manner for participation in the study; 991 Colombian students and 996 Mexican students. A scale (FIE-A) was used to measure strengths and five indicators for attempted suicide. The main results showed that adolescents who have never attempted suicide had significantly higher scores in the following strengths: support and supervision of mother and father, importance of looking after their health and decision-making. The authors conclude that the key differences for young people that have never attempted suicide include good relationships with parents continue to be protective strengths, specifically the importance for a young person to have the support and communication of both parents.
Resumo (analítico): O objetivo da presente investigação foi analisar se os adolescentes mexicanos e colombianos que nunca tentaram se suicidar apresentam mais forças internas e externas que aqueles que sim o tentaram. Método: tratou-se de um desenho preexperimental, de um estudo de caso com uma medida. Participaram no estudo 1987 estudantes de bachillerato homens e mulheres de 15 a 18 anos de idade, selecionados de maneira não probabilística; 991 estudantes colombianos e 996 mexicanos. Utilizou-se a escala (FIE-A) para medir forças e cinco indicadores de tentativa de suicídio. Os resultados principais mostraram que os adolescentes que nunca tentaram se suicidar apresentaram pontuações significativamente mais altas nas seguintes forças: apoio e supervisão dos pais, importância da saúde e tomada de decisões. Conclui-se que os bons relacionamentos parentais continuam a ser pontos fortes de proteção, especificamente a importância para o jovem de ter o apoio e a comunicação de ambos os país.
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Tentativa de Suicídio , AdolescenteRESUMO
Introduction/ProblemFor more than 60 years, Colombia experienced an armed conflict involving government forces, guerrillas, and other illegal armed groups. Violence, including torture and massacres, has caused displacement of entire rural communities to urban areas. Lack of information on the problems displaced communities face and on their perceptions on potential solutions to these problems may prevent programs from delivering appropriate services to these communities. This study explores the problems of Afro-Colombian survivors from two major cities in Colombia; the activities they do to take care of themselves, their families, and their community; and possible solutions to these problems. METHODS: This was a qualitative, interview-based study conducted in Quibdó and Buenaventura (Colombia). Free-list interviews and focus groups explored the problems of survivors and the activities they do to take care of themselves, their families, and their community. Key-informant interviews explored details of the identified mental health problems and possible solutions. RESULTS: In Buenaventura, 24 free-list interviews, one focus group, and 17 key-informant interviews were completed. In Quibdó, 29 free-list interviews, one focus group, and 15 key-informant interviews were completed. Mental health problems identified included: (1) problems related to exposure to torture/violent events; (2) problems with adaptation to the new social context; and (3) problems related to current poverty, lack of employment, and ongoing violence. These problems were similar to trauma symptoms and features of depression and anxiety, as described in other populations. Solutions included psychological help, talking to friends/family, relying on God's help, and getting trained in different task or jobs. CONCLUSION: Afro-Colombian survivors of torture and violence described mental health problems similar to those of other trauma-affected populations. These results suggest that existing interventions that address trauma-related symptoms and current ongoing stressors may be appropriate for improving the mental health of survivors in this population. Santaella-TenorioJ, Bonilla-EscobarFJ, Nieto-GilL, Fandiño-LosadaA, Gutiérrez-MartínezMI, BassJ, BoltonP. Mental health and psychosocial problems and needs of violence survivors in the Colombian Pacific Coast: a qualitative study in Buenaventura and Quibdó. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(6):567-574.
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Conflitos Armados , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Sobreviventes/psicologia , Violência , Colômbia , Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , MasculinoRESUMO
This study set out to explore the social-psychological aspects of living with HIV among a group of HIV-positive Colombian gay men in London, and the strategies that they deployed to manage ensuing threats to their identities. Focus group and individual interview data were collected from 14 Colombian gay men living with HIV, and were analysed using qualitative thematic analysis and identity process theory. The following themes are discussed: (1) identity struggles and conflicts in Colombia, (2), managing multiple layers of social stigma in England, and (3) changing interpersonal and intergroup dynamics, which highlight the inter-connections between sexual prejudice, sexual risk-taking and HIV stigma. Identity may be chronically threatened due to the multiple layers of stigma, which can limit the coping strategies available to individuals. Findings strongly support the need for action and programmes to highlight and tackle both racism and HIV stigma on the gay scene and to fund more specific resources for sub-communities of gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men, which employ appropriately trained and culturally competent staff.
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Bissexualidade/psicologia , Soropositividade para HIV/psicologia , Homossexualidade Masculina/psicologia , Parceiros Sexuais/psicologia , Estigma Social , Adulto , Colômbia/etnologia , Inglaterra , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Masculino , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Racismo , Comportamento SexualRESUMO
In recent years, northern Chile has received a large number of immigrants attracted mainly by mining and related services. The last population census revealed that 70.5 % of foreigners in Chile came from South America, and were mainly Peruvians (30.5 %), Argentines (16.8 %), and Colombians (8.1 %). The aim of this cross-sectional study is to describe the social well-being levels reported by Colombian and Peruvian immigrants in northern Chile, as well as their connection to socio-demographic and relational factors. The Spanish version of the Scale of Social Well-being (Keyes in Soc Psychol Q 61:121-140, 1998) was administered to 431 men and women over 18 years old, with a minimum residence of 6 months in the city of Antofagasta. The highest-rated aspect was Social Contribution, and the lowest-rated aspect was Social Acceptance. The relational variables that show statistically significant differences in both populations relate to who the subject lives with, the degree of contact that the subject has with people from Chile, and the subject's relationship status. There are no differences that indicate a higher level of social well-being in one population more than the other; however, it appears that the Peruvian population has a greater perception of Social Coherence, while Colombians show a greater perception of Social Contribution.
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Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Meio Social , Aculturação , Adulto , Chile/epidemiologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Saúde Mental , Peru/etnologia , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Immigrants are vulnerable to Intimate partner violence (IPV). This study aims at characterising IPV among Colombian immigrants, and to identify its associated factors. Cross-sectional study on 336 Colombian immigrants (46 % women), aged 15-70 years, living in Spain. Self-reported questionnaire information on IPV suffered throughout the last year was collected face-to-face. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with IPV. Almost 30 % of participants reported IPV, without differences by gender (p = 0.339). Partner's alcohol consumption was associated with a higher frequency of being victim of IPV in both sexes. In women, low educational level, and discrimination were further associated to IPV. Younger age, and poorer self-perceived health in Spain as compared to Colombia were factors associated in men. Results showed similarly high levels of IPV among immigrant men and women. Alcohol consumption, education, discrimination, age, and poor self-perceived health were factors associated to IPV.
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Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/etnologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Alcoolismo/etnologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Racismo , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Espanha/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Durante las últimas dos décadas se han desarrollado muchas iniciativas para el rescate y la valoración de la diversidad de plantas útiles subutilizadas en distintas regiones del mundo. En Colombia se han realizado varias investigaciones etnobotánicas, sin embargo, se requiere ampliar las investigaciones sobre el uso de plantas comestibles por comunidades afrodescendientes. El objetivo global de la investigación era contribuir a la identificación de los saberes de las comunidades afrodescendientes de la Costa Caribe colombiana con respecto a la utilización, sistemas de manejo y producción de las plantas comestibles tradicionales. Este artículo se enfoca en la pregunta de cómo se distribuyen los saberes y cambian las prácticas de uso por generación y género de las plantas en tres comunidades del departamento de Bolívar. A través de una actividad con familias sobre el reconocimiento de 91 plantas se evidenció una pérdida intergeneracional de saberes y tradiciones de uso. Los porcentajes altos de no consumo y/o de consumo no reciente en combinación con las explicaciones dadas en grupos focales sugieren un declive en el uso alimenticio de alrededor de 20 plantas, en su mayoría silvestres y semisilvestres. Las razones dadas variaban según las plantas e incluían percepciones de cambio en las costumbres de producción, preparación de alimentos y consumo, y desaparición de ciertas plantas a causa de cambios en las prácticas de gestión del territorio y de los recursos naturales. Los adultos mayores pueden reconocer más plantas de las que usan. Los hombres reportaron niveles de reconocimiento más altos en comparación a las mujeres para el caso de 28 especies, principalmente de estatus silvestre. Los resultados muestran que el diseño de estrategias exitosas de fomento de procesos de desarrollo rural sostenible que pongan en valor la gran diversidad de plantas comestibles de la región necesita un enfoque diferencial según usuarios y recursos.
In the last two decades a significant number of initiatives have been undertaken to promote and revalue the diversity of useful under-utilized plants in various regions around the world. In Colombia there have been various ethnobotanical studies, however, there is still a need for further research, particularly on the use of food plants in Afro-descendant communities. The overall objective of this research project was to contribute to the documentation of the use of traditional food plants and knowledge of the management and production systems by Afro-descendant communities in the Colombian Caribbean coastal region. This article focuses specifically on the question of how knowledge is distributed and how use practices of the plants change by generation and gender in three communities in the department of Bolívar. Through a recognition exercise, undertaken with families on 91 plants, evidence was found of intergenerational loss of knowledge and traditions of use. High percentages of reported non-consumption and/or not recent consumption combined with explanations given in focus groups, suggest a decline in the food use of about 20 species, the majority of them having wild and semi-wild status. The reasons given varied depending on the plant species and included perceptions of change in production and food preparation and consumption practices and the disappearance of certain plants because of changes in land use and natural resource management. Older respondents recognized more plants than they actually used. Recognition rates by men were higher in comparison to women in the case of 28 plants, mainly wild resources. These results highlight that the design of successful strategies to promote sustainable rural development processes which revalue the significant diversity of food plants in the region requires a differential focus depending on the user and the type of resource.
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Humanos , Plantas Comestíveis , Etnobotânica , Conhecimento , AlimentosRESUMO
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease with high prevalence in people of African descent. There are five typical haplotypes associated with this disease and the haplotypes associated with the beta-globin gene cluster have been used to establish the origin of African-descendant people in America. In this work, we determined the frequency and the origin of haplotypes associated with hemoglobin S in a sample of individuals with sickle cell anemia (HbSS) and sickle cell hemoglobin trait (HbAS) in coastal regions of Colombia. Blood samples from 71 HbAS and 79 HbSS individuals were obtained. Haplotypes were determined based on the presence of variable restriction sites within the ß-globin gene cluster. On the Pacific coast of Colombia the most frequent haplotype was Benin, while on the Atlantic coast Bantu was marginally higher than Benin. Eight atypical haplotypes were observed on both coasts, being more diverse in the Atlantic than in the Pacific region. These results suggest a differential settlement of the coasts, dependent on where slaves were brought from, either from the Gulf of Guinea or from Angola, where the haplotype distributions are similar. Atypical haplotypes probably originated from point mutations that lost or gained a restriction site and/or by recombination events.
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El presente artículo hace parte de una investigación sobre prejuicios, estereotipos y discriminación entre estudiantes universitarios. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comprender las percepciones de los estudiantes de la Universidad de Nariño hacia sus compañeros afrocolombianos e indígenas. El estudio se desarrolló desde el paradigma cualitativo a través de grupos focales con estudiantes de la sede Pasto y la extensión de Ipiales. Se identificaron cuatro categorías que agrupan las percepciones: la personalidad, las relaciones interpersonales, el desempeño académico y la tradición cultural. Los resultados muestran que existen estereotipos positivos y negativos hacia las comunidades estudiadas, siendo más marcados los estereotipos negativos hacia la comunidad afrocolombiana. Entre las características más relevantes se encuentran: la percepción de bajo desempeño académico de los afrocolombianos y su personalidad extrovertida. En cuanto a los indígenas sobresale la valoración de su cultura y su introversión. Estos estereotipos afectan la convivencia universitaria entre estudiantes pertenecientes y no pertenecientes a las comunidades mencionadas.
This article is part of a research on prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination among college students. This study was aimed to understand students perceptions of the University of Nariño toward their AfroColombian and Indigenous peers. The study was developed from the qualitative paradigm through focus groups with students from Pasto and Ipiales headquarters. Four categories were taken into account: personality, interpersonal relationships, academic performance and cultural tradition. The results show that there are positive and negative stereotypes towards the analyzed communities, presenting higher negative stereotypes towards Afro-Colombian community. It was founded that the poor academic performance and the outgoing personality trait are relevant factors among Afro-Colombian students, and in regard to the indigenous students, it stands out their appreciation for their cultural values and their introversion. These stereotypes affect the coexistence between students from the mentioned communities as well as the ones who dont belong to them.