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Introduction and purpose: Basilar artery occlusion (BAO) is still one of the most devastating neurological conditions associated with high morbidity and mortality. In the present study, we aimed to assess the role of posterior circulation collaterals as predictors of outcome in the BASICS trial and to compare two grading systems (BATMAN score and PC-CS) in terms of prognostic value. Methods: We performed a sub-analysis of the BASICS trial. Baseline clinical and imaging variables were analyzed. For the imaging analysis, baseline CT and CTA were analyzed by a central core lab. Only those patients with good or moderate quality of baseline CTA and with confirmed BAO were included. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to test the independent association of clinical and imaging characteristics with a favorable outcome at 3 months (defined as a modified Rankin Score of ≤3). ROC curve analysis was used to assess and compare accuracy between the two collateral grading systems. Results: The mean age was 67.0 (±12.5) years, 196 (65.3%) patients were males and the median NIHSS was 21.5 (IQR 11-35). Median NCCT pc-ASPECTS was 10 (IQR10-10) and median collateral scores for BATMAN and PC-CS were 8 (IQR 7-9) and 7 (IQR 6-8) respectively. Collateral scores were associated with favorable outcome at 3 months for both BATMAN and PC-CS but only with a modest accuracy on ROC curve analysis (AUC 0.62, 95% CI [0.55-0.69] and 0.67, 95% CI [0.60-0.74] respectively). Age (OR 0.97, 95% CI [0.95-1.00]), NIHSS (OR 0.91, 95% CI [0.89-0.94]) and collateral score (PC-CS - OR 1.2495% CI [1.02-1.51]) were independently associated with clinical outcome. Conclusion: The two collateral grading systems presented modest prognostic accuracy. Only the PC-CS was independently associated with a favorable outcome at 3 months.

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Objective: To assess the association between coronary collateral circulation and ventricular contractile function in patients with non-reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Method: A retrospective and descriptive clinical study was conducted on patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) at a reference cardiovascular center, from January 2006 to December 2022. Coronary angiographies and echocardiograms were reviewed to evaluate coronary collateral circulation and ventricular function, respectively. Patients were divided into groups based on the presence of collateral circulation. Both groups were compared and mortality during the index hospitalization was analyzed. Results: Out of a total of 14,985 patients with acute coronary syndrome, 8134 (54.3%) had the diagnosis of STEMI. We excluded 12,880, leaving a total of 2105 non-reperfused STEMI patients who underwent coronary angiography, revealing lesions. There were more patients without collateral circulation: 1547 (73.5%) vs. 558 (26.5%) (p = 0.025). Patients without collateral circulation had a higher left ventricular ejection fraction (median of 47% vs. 42%; p < 0.001). Mortality in patients with collateral circulation was higher compared to those without it (11.6% vs. 9.8%; p = 0.225), but statistical significance was not reached. Conclusions: Non-reperfused STEMI patients did not show protection from collateral circulation when assessing left ventricular systolic function. We did not find a difference in mortality compared to the population without development of collateral circulation.

Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre la circulación coronaria colateral y la función contráctil ventricular en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio no reperfundido. Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo y retrospectivo en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST) en un centro cardiovascular de referencia, de enero de 2006 a diciembre de 2022. Se analizaron las coronariografías y los ecocardiogramas para evaluar la circulación coronaria colateral y la función ventricular, respectivamente. Se dividieron en grupos de acuerdo con la presencia de circulación colateral. Se compararon ambos grupos y se analizó la mortalidad durante la hospitalización del evento índice. Resultados: De 14,985 pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo, 8134 (54.3%) presentaron IAMCEST. Se excluyeron 12,880, quedando así 2105 pacientes con IAMCEST no reperfundidos y sometidos a coronariografía, revelando lesiones. Hubo más pacientes sin circulación colateral: 1547 (73.5%) vs. 558 (26.5%) (p = 0.025). Los pacientes sin circulación colateral presentaron una mayor fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (mediana del 47% vs. 42%; p < 0.001). La mortalidad en los pacientes con circulación colateral fue mayor que en los pacientes sin ella (11.6% vs. 9.8%; p = 0.225), pero no se alcanzó significancia estadística. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con IAMCEST no reperfundidos no presentaron protección por la circulación colateral al evaluar la función sistólica ventricular izquierda. No se encontró diferencia en la mortalidad en comparación con la población sin desarrollo de circulación colateral.

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Resumo Fundamento: A circulação colateral coronária (CCC) pode efetivamente melhorar o suprimento sanguíneo miocárdico para a área de OCT (oclusão coronariana total crônica) e pode, assim, melhorar o prognóstico de pacientes com síndrome coronariana estável (SCE). O grau de inflamação e alguns marcadores de inflamação foram associados ao desenvolvimento de colaterais. Objetivo: Investigar se o índice nutricional prognóstico (INP) tem associação com o desenvolvimento de CCC em pacientes com SCE. Métodos: Um total de 400 pacientes com SCE com presença de OTC em pelo menos uma importante artéria coronária epicárdica foi incluído neste estudo. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o escore Rentrop. Escores de 0 a 1 foram considerados CCC pouco desenvolvidas e escores de 2 a 3 foram aceitos como CCC bem desenvolvidas. A significância estatística foi definida como um valor p < 0,05 para todas as análises. Resultados: A média de idade da coorte do estudo foi de 63±10 anos; 273 (68,3%) eram do sexo masculino. O grupo CCC pouco desenvolvido apresentou um nível de INP significativamente mais baixo em comparação com o grupo CCC bem desenvolvido (38,29±5,58 vs 41,23±3,85, p<0,001). Na análise multivariada, o INP (odds ratio 0,870; intervalo de confiança de 95% 0,822-0,922; p<0,001) foi um preditor independente de CCC pouco desenvolvida. Conclusão: O INP pode ser utilizado como um dos preditores independentes da formação do CCC. Foi positivamente associado ao desenvolvimento de colaterais coronárias em pacientes com SCE com OTC.

Abstract Background: Coronary collateral circulation (CCC) can effectively improve myocardial blood supply to the area of CTO (chronic total coronary occlusion) and can, thus, improve the prognosis of patients with stable coronary syndrome (SCS). The degree of inflammation and some inflammation markers were associated with the development of collaterals. Objective: To investigate whether prognostic nutritional index (PNI) has an association with the development of CCC in patients with SCS. Methods: A total of 400 SCS patients with the presence of CTO in at least one major epicardial coronary artery were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the Rentrop score. Scores of 0 to 1 were considered poor developed CCC, and scores of 2 to 3 were accepted as good developed CCC. Statistical significance was set as a p-value < 0.05 for all analyses. Results: The mean age of the study cohort was 63±10 years; 273 (68.3%) were males. The poor-developed CCC group had a significantly lower PNI level compared with the good-developed CCC group (38.29±5.58 vs 41.23±3.85, p< 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, the PNI (odds ratio 0.870; 95% confidence interval 0.822-0.922; p< 0.001) was an independent predictor of poorly developed CCC. Conclusion: The PNI can be used as one of the independent predictors of CCC formation. It was positively associated with the development of coronary collaterals in SCS patients with CTO.

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Abstract Background The relationship between collateral circulation and prognosis after endovascular treatment in anterior circulation strokes has been reported in many studies. Objective In this study, we aimed to compare the predictive power of clinical outcome by comparing five different collateral scores that are frequently used. Methods Among the patients who underwent endovascular treatment in our clinic between November 2019 and December 2021, patients with premorbid mRS < 3, intracranial ICA and/or MCA M1 occlusion, and a pre-procedural multiphase CTA examination were included in the study. Demographic, technical, and duration information about the procedure, major events after the procedure, and clinical outcomes at 3 months were recorded. The mCTA, Tan, Maas, Miteff, and rLMC collateral scores of the patients were evaluated. Results Clinical outcome at 3 months were good in 37 of the 68 patients included in the study (mRS ≤ 2). Only the mCTA and rLMC collateral scores were statistically significantly higher in those with a good clinical outcome. Significant correlation with 3-month mRS was detected only in mCTA and rLMC scores. Although rLMC and mCTA collateral scores showed a statistically significant association with prognosis, they were not sufficient to be an independent predictor of prognosis. Conclusion mCTA and rLMC were found to have the highest predictive power of clinical outcome and the highest correlation with the 3-month clinical outcome. Our study suggests that it would be beneficial to develop a new scoring system over multiphase CTA, which combines regional and temporal evaluation, which are the strengths of both collateral scoring.

Resumo Antecedentes A relação entre circulação colateral e prognóstico após tratamento endovascular em acidentes vasculares cerebrais de circulação anterior tem sido relatada em muitos estudos. Objetivo Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi comparar o poder preditivo do desfecho clínico comparando cinco escores colaterais diferentes que são frequentemente utilizados. Métodos Entre os pacientes submetidos a tratamento endovascular em nossa clínica entre novembro de 2019 e dezembro de 2021, foram incluídos no estudo pacientes com mRS pré-mórbido < 3, oclusão intracraniana de ICA e/ou MCA M1 e exame de CTA multifásico pré-procedimento. Foram registradas informações demográficas, técnicas e de duração sobre o procedimento, eventos importantes após o procedimento e resultados clínicos em três meses. Foram avaliados os escores colaterais mCTA, Tan, Maas, Miteff e rLMC dos pacientes. Resultados Os resultados clínicos aos três meses foram bons em 37 dos 68 pacientes incluídos no estudo (mRS ≤ 2). Apenas os escores colaterais mCTA e rLMC foram estatisticamente significativamente maiores naqueles com boa evolução clínica. Correlação significativa com mRS de três meses foi detectada apenas nos escores mCTA e rLMC. Embora os escores colaterais de rLMC e mCTA tenham mostrado uma associação estatisticamente significativa com o prognóstico, eles não foram suficientes para serem um preditor independente de prognóstico. Conclusão Verificou-se que mCTA e rLMC têm o maior poder preditivo do resultado clínico e a maior correlação com o resultado clínico de três meses. Nosso estudo sugere que seria benéfico desenvolver um novo sistema de pontuação em vez de CTA multifásico, que combinasse avaliação regional e temporal, que são os pontos fortes de ambas as pontuações colaterais.

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The effectiveness of endovascular thrombectomy in patients presenting low National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores remains controversial, and the acquisition of additional evidence is required to refine the selection of candidates who may benefit the most from this therapeutic modality. In this study, we present the case of a 62-year-old individual, with left internal carotid occlusion stroke and low NIHSS, who had compensatory collateral flow from Willis polygon via the anterior communicating artery. The patient subsequently exhibited neurological deterioration and collateral flow failure from Willis polygon, indicating the need for urgent intervention. The study of collaterals in patients with large vessel occlusion stroke has garnered considerable attention, with research suggesting that individuals with low NIHSS scores and poor collateral profiles may be at a heightened risk of early neurological deterioration. We postulate that such patients may derive significant benefits from endovascular thrombectomy, and may posit that an intensive transcranial Doppler monitoring protocol could facilitate the identification of suitable candidates for such intervention.

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Distal aortic occlusion is rare; and because many cases are left undetected due to an asymptomatic early stage, its prevalence is currently unknown. In this report, we present a case of a 53-year-old man with history of hypertension and tobacco usage who was referred to our ambulatory imaging center for advanced computerized tomography (CT) urography evaluation after presenting abdominal pain consistent with renal calculi. The CT urography showed left kidney stones - confirming the initial clinical suspicion of the referring physician. As incidental findings, the CT also revealed occlusion of the distal aorta, the common iliac arteries, and the proximal external iliac arteries. Based on these findings, we performed an angiography procedure that confirmed the total occlusion of the infrarenal abdominal aorta at the level of the inferior mesenteric artery. At this level, multiple collaterals and anastomosis with pelvic vessels were found. The therapeutic intervention without the angiography results could have been not optimal based on the CT urography alone. Thus, this case highlights the value of the subtraction angiography for accurate diagnosis of distal aortic occlusion following a suspicious incidental finding in CT urography.

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Resumo Fundamento A circulação colateral coronária (CCC) proporciona um fluxo sanguíneo alternativo a tecido miocárdico exposto a isquemia e ajuda a preservar as funções miocárdicas. A produção endotelial de óxido nítrico (NO) e o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) foram apontados como os fatores mais importantes no desenvolvimento da CCC. A adropina é um hormônio peptídeo responsável pela hemostasia energética, e é conhecida por seus efeitos positivos no endotélio por NO e VEGF. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a associação entre adropina e a presença de CCC em pacientes com síndrome coronariana crônica (SCC) Métodos Um total de 102 pacientes com SCC, que tinham oclusão total de pelo menos 1 artéria coronária epicárdica importante, foram incluídos no estudo e foram divididos em dois grupos: o grupo de pacientes (n: 50) com CCC ruim (Rentrop 0-1) e o grupo de pacientes (n: 52) com CCC boa (Rentrop 2-3). O nível de significância adotado para a análise estatística foi 5%. Resultados Os níveis médios de adropina identificados foram 210,83±17,76 pg/mL e 268,25±28,94 pg/mL nos grupos com CCC ruim e boa, respectivamente (p<0,001). Detectou-se que os níveis de adropina têm correlação com as razões neutrófilo-linfócito (r: 0,17, p: 0,04) e com os escores de Rentrop (r: 0,76, p<0,001), e correlação negativa com idade (r: -0,23, p: 0,01) e com os escores Gensini (r: -0,19, p: 0,02). O nível de adropina é um preditor independente da boa evolução da CCC (RC: 1.12, IC 95%: (1,06-1,18), p<0,001). Conclusão Este estudo sugere que os níveis de adropina podem ser um fator associado à de CCC em pacientes com SCC.

Abstract Background Coronary collateral circulation (CCC) provides an alternative blood flow to myocardial tissue exposed to ischemia and helps to preserve myocardial functions. Endothelial-derived nitric-oxide (NO) production and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been suggested as the most important factors in the development of CCC. Adropin is a peptide hormone responsible for energy hemostasis, and is known for its positive effects on the endothelium through NO and VEGF. Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the association between adropin and the presence of CCC in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). Methods A total of 102 patients with CCS, who had complete occlusion of at least one major epicardial coronary artery, were included in the study and were divided into two groups: the group of patients (n:50) with poor CCC (Rentrop 0-1) and the group of patients (n:52) with good CCC (Rentrop 2-3). The level of significance adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%. Results Mean adropine levels were found as 210.83±17.76 pg/mL and 268.25±28.94 pg/mL in the poor and good CCC groups, respectively (p<0.001). Adropin levels proved to be positively correlated with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (r:0.17, p:0.04) and the rentrop scores (r:0.76, p<0.001), and negatively correlated with age (r:-0.23, p:0.01) and Gensini scores (r:-0.19, p:0.02). Adropin level is a strong independent predictor of good CCC development (OR:1.12, 95% CI:(1.06-1.18), p<0.001). Conclusion This study suggests that adropin levels may be a possible factor associated with the presence of CCC in CCS patients.

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Resumo Fundamento A inflamação desempenha um papel fundamental no início e na progressão da doença arterial coronariana (DAC). O Índice Imune-inflamação Sistêmico (SII) é um novo parâmetro inflamatório que demonstrou estar associado à DAC. Objetivos Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre o SII e a circulação colateral coronariana (CCC) em pacientes com DAC estável e oclusão crônica total (OTC). Métodos Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, com CCC deficiente e CCC boa, de acordo com a Classificação Rentrop. Noventa e quatro pacientes apresentavam CCC deficiente e 81 pacientes CCC boa. Os parâmetros de inflamação foram calculados a partir dos resultados laboratoriais. O nível de significância estatística aplicado foi de 0,05. Resultados Alto nível de SII (OR: 1,003, IC 95%: 1,001-1,004, p<0,001), ausência de OTC na ACD (artéria coronária direita) (OR: 0,204, IC 95%: 0,096-0,436, p<0,001) e baixo escore de Gensini (OR: 0,980, IC 95%: 0,962-0,998, p=0,028) foram significantemente associados com CCC deficiente. O valor de corte do SII foi de 679,96 para o maior poder preditivo de CCC deficiente, com sensibilidade de 74,5% e especificidade de 43,2%. As taxas de mortalidade foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos durante um seguimento médio de 21,5±10,8 meses (p=0,107). Conclusões Alto nível de SII, ausência de OTC na artéria coronária direita e baixo escore de Gensini foram significantemente relacionados à CCC deficiente. O uso rápido e custo-efetivo de novos marcadores inflamatórios na prática clínica orienta o prognóstico da DAC.

Abstract Background Inflammation plays a key role in the initiation and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is a novel inflammatory parameter that has been shown to be associated with CAD. Objective This study aimed to investigate the relationship between SII and coronary collateral circulation (CCC) in patients with stable CAD and chronic total occlusion (CTO). Methods The patients were divided into two groups, with poor CCC and good CCC, according to the Rentrop Classification. Ninety-four patients had poor CCC, and 81 patients had good CCC. Inflammation parameters were calculated from the laboratory results. The statistical significance level applied was 0.05. Results High SII level (OR: 1.003, 95% CI: 1.001-1.004, p<0,001), absence of CTO in RCA (OR: 0.204, 95% CI: 0.096-0.436, p<0,001) and low Gensini score (OR: 0.980, 95% CI: 0.962-0.998, p=0,028) were significantly associated with poor CCC. The cutoff value of SII was 679.96 for the highest predictive power of poor CCC, with a sensitivity of 74.5% and specificity of 43.2%. Mortality rates were similar between the two groups during a mean follow-up of 21.5±10.8 months (p=0.107). Conclusions High SII level, the absence of CTO in the right coronary artery, and low Gensini score were significantly related to poor CCC. The rapid and cost-effective use of new inflammatory markers in clinical practice guides the prognosis of CAD.

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SUMMARY BACKGROUND: The CHA2DS2-VASc score is used to determine thromboembolic risk in cases of atrial fibrillation. The predictive value of this score in predicting coronary collateral circulation in chronic total occlusion is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the CHA2DS2-VASc score and coronary collateral circulation in patients with chronic total occlusion. METHODS: A total of 189 patients, who underwent coronary angiography and had a chronic total occlusion in at least one coronary artery, were enrolled in this study. The Rentrop scoring system was used for grouping the patients, and patients were classified as having poorly developed coronary collateral circulation (Rentrop grade 0 or 1) or well-developed coronary collateral circulation (Rentrop grade 2 or 3). RESULTS: The CHA2DS2-VASc score of the good coronary collateral circulation group was significantly lower than the other group (3.1±1.7 vs. 3.7±1.7, p=0.021). During the follow-up period, 30 (32.2%) patients in the poorly developed coronary collateral circulation group and 16 (16.7%) patients in the well-developed coronary collateral circulation group died (p=0.028). According to the multivariable Cox regression model, the CHA2DS2-VASc score [hazard ratio (HR): 1.262, p=0.009], heart rate (HR: 1.049, p=0.003), LVEF (HR: 0.975, p=0.039), mean platelet volume (HR: 1.414, p=0.028), and not taking acetylsalicylic acid during admission (HR: 0.514, p=0.042) were independently associated with a higher risk of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The CHA2DS2-VASc score is closely related to coronary collateral development and predicts mortality in patients with chronic total occlusion.

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Vanishing bone metastasis (pseudopathological vertebral body enhancement) is a pitfall in the interpretation of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans of patients with thoracic vein obstruction, mainly in the superior vena cava and brachiocephalic veins, typically being related to thrombosis due to malignant tumors. On the basis of the CT findings, pseudopathological vertebral body enhancement can be misdiagnosed as sclerotic bone metastasis, leading to unnecessary treatment. Although not rare, pseudopathological vertebral body enhancement is usually underdiagnosed by radiologists. The aim of this study is to review the pathophysiology of this phenomenon, illustrating the most common collateral venous pathways in thoracic vein obstruction and making the correlation with the CT findings.

Vanishing bone metastasis é um pitfall na tomografia computadorizada (TC) com contraste em pacientes com obstrução das veias torácicas, principalmente das veias cava superior e braquiocefálica, geralmente ocasionada por tumores malignos. Na TC, aparece como um realce pseudopatológico do corpo vertebral e pode ser erroneamente interpretado como metástase óssea esclerótica, levando a tratamento desnecessário. Embora não seja raro, esse achado geralmente é subdiagnosticado pelos radiologistas. O objetivo deste estudo é revisar a fisiopatologia desse fenômeno, ilustrando as vias venosas colaterais mais comuns na obstrução da veia torácica e correlacionar com os achados da TC.

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Abstract Vanishing bone metastasis (pseudopathological vertebral body enhancement) is a pitfall in the interpretation of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans of patients with thoracic vein obstruction, mainly in the superior vena cava and brachiocephalic veins, typically being related to thrombosis due to malignant tumors. On the basis of the CT findings, pseudopathological vertebral body enhancement can be misdiagnosed as sclerotic bone metastasis, leading to unnecessary treatment. Although not rare, pseudopathological vertebral body enhancement is usually underdiagnosed by radiologists. The aim of this study is to review the pathophysiology of this phenomenon, illustrating the most common collateral venous pathways in thoracic vein obstruction and making the correlation with the CT findings.

Resumo Vanishing bone metastasis é um pitfall na tomografia computadorizada (TC) com contraste em pacientes com obstrução das veias torácicas, principalmente das veias cava superior e braquiocefálica, geralmente ocasionada por tumores malignos. Na TC, aparece como um realce pseudopatológico do corpo vertebral e pode ser erroneamente interpretado como metástase óssea esclerótica, levando a tratamento desnecessário. Embora não seja raro, esse achado geralmente é subdiagnosticado pelos radiologistas. O objetivo deste estudo é revisar a fisiopatologia desse fenômeno, ilustrando as vias venosas colaterais mais comuns na obstrução da veia torácica e correlacionar com os achados da TC.

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Abstract Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of coronary collateral circulation (CCC) in patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: A total of 127 patients who had undergone CABG (2011-2013) were enrolled into this study and follow-up was obtained by phone contact. Patients were categorized into two groups according to preoperative CCC using the Rentrop method. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), recurrent myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure (HF), and mortality rates were compared between groups. Clinical outcome was defined as combined end point including death, PCI, recurrent MI, stroke, and HF. Results: Sixty-two of 127 patients had poor CCC and 65 had good CCC. There were no differences in terms of PCI, recurrent MI, and HF between the groups. Stroke (seven of 62 [11.3%] and one of 65 [1.5%], P=0.026) and mortality (19 of 62 [30.6%] and 10 of 65 [15.4%], P=0.033) rates were significantly higher in poor CCC group than in good CCC group. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, survival time was not statistically different between the groups. Presence of poor CCC resulted in a significantly higher combined end point incidence (P=0.011). Conclusion: Stroke, mortality rates, and combined end point incidence were significantly higher in poor CCC patients than in the good CCC group.

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INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of coronary collateral circulation (CCC) in patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: A total of 127 patients who had undergone CABG (2011-2013) were enrolled into this study and follow-up was obtained by phone contact. Patients were categorized into two groups according to preoperative CCC using the Rentrop method. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), recurrent myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure (HF), and mortality rates were compared between groups. Clinical outcome was defined as combined end point including death, PCI, recurrent MI, stroke, and HF. RESULTS: Sixty-two of 127 patients had poor CCC and 65 had good CCC. There were no differences in terms of PCI, recurrent MI, and HF between the groups. Stroke (seven of 62 [11.3%] and one of 65 [1.5%], P=0.026) and mortality (19 of 62 [30.6%] and 10 of 65 [15.4%], P=0.033) rates were significantly higher in poor CCC group than in good CCC group. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, survival time was not statistically different between the groups. Presence of poor CCC resulted in a significantly higher combined end point incidence (P=0.011). CONCLUSION: Stroke, mortality rates, and combined end point incidence were significantly higher in poor CCC patients than in the good CCC group.

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Portal vein thrombosis refers to complete or partial obstruction of the portal venous system, in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic venous tract or even in the splenic or superior mesenteric veins. This common and potentially fatal condition can develop in various clinical contexts, especially those of liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and other solid tumors. Certain characteristics, such as the time since the onset of the thrombus (acute or chronic), its biology (hematic or tumoral), the presence of collateral vessels, and the magnetic resonance imaging aspects, are important components of a thorough, careful analysis, as well as informing decisions regarding the appropriate therapeutic strategy. Here, we present a brief review of the anatomy of the portal venous system and a systematic approach to analyzing the condition, using a mnemonic (ABCD, for age, biology, collaterals, and diffusion). We discuss the various imaging methods and illustrate our discussion with images selected from the case files archived at our facility.

Trombose da veia porta refere-se à obstrução completa ou parcial do sistema venoso portal, localizada nos tratos venosos intra-hepáticos ou extra-hepáticos e até mesmo nas veias esplênica ou mesentérica superior. Vários contextos clínicos podem ser responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento desta condição frequente e potencialmente fatal, especialmente a cirrose hepática, o carcinoma hepatocelular e outros tumores sólidos. Algumas características como o tempo de aparecimento do trombo (agudo ou crônico), sua biologia (hemático ou tumoral), a presença de vasos colaterais e o seu comportamento na ressonância magnética são importantes para uma análise completa e criteriosa, assim como para o gerenciamento adequado da estratégia terapêutica. No presente artigo apresentamos breve revisão da anatomia do trato venoso portal, seguida de uma abordagem sistemática usando um mnemônico (ABCD) para análise da trombose da veia porta por diferentes métodos de imagem, utilizando imagens de casos selecionados do arquivo de ensino do nosso serviço.

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Abstract Portal vein thrombosis refers to complete or partial obstruction of the portal venous system, in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic venous tract or even in the splenic or superior mesenteric veins. This common and potentially fatal condition can develop in various clinical contexts, especially those of liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and other solid tumors. Certain characteristics, such as the time since the onset of the thrombus (acute or chronic), its biology (hematic or tumoral), the presence of collateral vessels, and the magnetic resonance imaging aspects, are important components of a thorough, careful analysis, as well as informing decisions regarding the appropriate therapeutic strategy. Here, we present a brief review of the anatomy of the portal venous system and a systematic approach to analyzing the condition, using a mnemonic (ABCD, for age, biology, collaterals, and diffusion). We discuss the various imaging methods and illustrate our discussion with images selected from the case files archived at our facility.

Resumo Trombose da veia porta refere-se à obstrução completa ou parcial do sistema venoso portal, localizada nos tratos venosos intra-hepáticos ou extra-hepáticos e até mesmo nas veias esplênica ou mesentérica superior. Vários contextos clínicos podem ser responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento desta condição frequente e potencialmente fatal, especialmente a cirrose hepática, o carcinoma hepatocelular e outros tumores sólidos. Algumas características como o tempo de aparecimento do trombo (agudo ou crônico), sua biologia (hemático ou tumoral), a presença de vasos colaterais e o seu comportamento na ressonância magnética são importantes para uma análise completa e criteriosa, assim como para o gerenciamento adequado da estratégia terapêutica. No presente artigo apresentamos breve revisão da anatomia do trato venoso portal, seguida de uma abordagem sistemática usando um mnemônico (ABCD) para análise da trombose da veia porta por diferentes métodos de imagem, utilizando imagens de casos selecionados do arquivo de ensino do nosso serviço.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate the morphology of the distal medial striated artery, taking into account biometric variables useful for clinical and surgical management. Methods: A descriptive transversal study was performed with a sample of brains, who underwent autopsy at the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of Bucaramanga-Colombia, which were evaluated using the perfusion technique of vascular structures with polyester resin. Results: The distal medial striated artery was presented in 1.4% and 4.2% duplicated in the right and left hemispheres respectively. Agenesis was presented in 2.8% in the left hemisphere. Its origin was 44.6% of the anterior cerebral artery junction site with the anterior communicating artery and was observed in 6 cases (4.2%) presented with a common trunk with the orbitofrontal artery. The main qualitative finding was the sinuous trajectory that was observed in 57.7% on the right side and 45.1% in the left hemisphere. Also, an important alteration found at the biometric analysis was hypoplasia that could be related to the decreased blood supply to the basal nuclei. The diameter was 0.5 ± 0.2 mm and its total length was 20.3 ± 4.1 mm. Conclusions: The topographical knowledge of this structure determines the vulnerability of its morphology because it can complicate surgical procedures performed in the anterior segment of the arterial circle of the brain. Besides, the observed collateral circulation contributes to the blood supply and the perfect functionality of the subcortical nervous structures.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la morfología de la arteria estriada medial distal, teniendo en cuenta variables biométricas útiles para el manejo clínico y quirúrgico. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal con una muestra de cerebros que fueron sometidos a autopsia en el Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses de Bucaramanga-Colombia, fueron evaluados mediante la técnica de perfusión de estructuras vasculares con resina de poliéster. Resultados: La arteria estriada medial distal se presentó en 1.4% y 4.2% duplicada en el hemisferio derecho e izquierdo respectivamente. Agenesia se presentó en 2.8% en el hemisferio izquierdo. Su origen fue 44.6% del sitio de unión de la arteria cerebral anterior con la arteria comunicante anterior y se observó en 6 casos (4.2%) que presentaban un tronco común con la arteria orbitofrontal. El hallazgo principal fue la trayectoria sinuosa que se observó en 57.7% en el lado derecho y 45.1% en el hemisferio izquierdo. También una alteración importante encontrada en el análisis biométrico fue la hipoplasia que podría estar relacionada con la disminución del suministro de sangre a los núcleos basales. El diámetro fue de 0.5 ±0.2 mm y su longitud total fue de 20.3 ±4.1 mm. Conclusiones: El conocimiento topográfico de esta estructura determina la vulnerabilidad de su morfología, porque puede complicar los procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados en el segmento anterior del círculo arterial del cerebro. Además, la circulación colateral observada contribuye al riego sanguíneo y al perfecto funcionamiento de las estructuras nerviosas subcorticales.

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ABSTRACT Objective This study was designed to investigate the role of visceral adiposity along with other clinical parameters in predicting poor coronary collateral circulation (CCC) among patients with severe obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Subjects and methods A total of 135 patients with severe obstructive CAD and good (n = 70) or poor (n = 65) CCC were included. Data on angiographically detected CCC, the quality criteria for CCC (Rentrop scores) and visceral fat index (VFI) obtained via bioelectrical impedance were compared between good and poor CCC groups. Independent predictors of poor CCC, the correlation between VFI and Rentrop score and the role of VFI in the identification of CCC were analyzed. Results A significant negative correlation was noted between VFI and Rentrop scores (r = -0.668, < 0.001). The presence of hypertension (OR 4.244, 95% CI 1.184 to 15.211, p = 0.026) and higher VFI (OR 1.955, 95% CI 1.342 to 2.848, p < 0.001) were shown to be independent predictors of an increased risk for poor CCC. ROC analysis revealed a VFI > 9 (AUC [area under the curve] (95% CI): 0.898 (0.834-0.943), p < 0.0001) to be a potential predictor of poor CCC with a sensitivity of 95.38% and specificity of 85.71%. Conclusion In conclusion, our findings revealed comorbid hypertension and higher VFI to significantly predict the risk of poor CCC in patients with severe obstructive CAD.

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