RESUMO

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el comportamiento de las presiones intrapulmonares con la inversión del índice inspiración espiración durante la colecistectomía electiva videolaparoscópica. Material y métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado fase tres acerca de tales presiones intrapulmonares, durante operaciones de colecistectomía laparoscópica, en el Hospital Universitario «Manuel Ascunce Domenech¼, en el período de septiembre del 2016 a febrero del 2020. El universo estuvo constituido por los pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, y una muestra de 106 de ellos, los cuales se dividieron en dos conjuntos de 53 personas cada uno, por método aleatorio simple. La fuente primaria de obtención de datos la constituyeron las historias clínicas y el resultado de una encuesta. Los datos se recogieron en un modelo diseñado en correspondencia con la bibliografía. Resultados: Se presentó aumentos de la presión inspiratoria pico y presión meseta luego del neumoperitoneo, con descenso de ambas tras la transposición del índice I:E, además de hipertensión arterial, arritmias e hipotensión arterial, sin guardar relación con la aplicación del indicador I:E invertido. Conclusiones: La inversión de la inspiración espiración contribuyó a mejorar los efectos del neumoperitoneo sobre dichas presiones intrapulmonares, manteniendo una oxigenación adecuada y nulos efectos cardiovasculares.

Abstract: Objective: Evaluating the behavior of intrapulmonary pressures with the inversion of the inspiration expiration index, during elective videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy. Material and methods: A phase three controlled clinical trial was conducted on intrapulmonary pressures during laparoscopic cholecystectomies at the «Manuel Ascunce Domenech¼ University Hospital, from September 2016 to February 2020, the universe consisted of patients who met the inclusion criteria, from which a sample of 106 patients was selected, by a simple randomizing method. The primary source of data collection was the medical records and the result of a survey. These data were collected in a model designed in correspondence with the bibliography reviewed. Results: Measured by variation in peak inspiratory pressure and plateau pressure after pneumoperitoneum, with significant decrease of both after inversion of I:E index. More than half of the patients presented arterial hypertension, arrhythmias and arterial hypotension, without them being related to the application of the inverted I:E index. Conclusions: The inversion of inspiratory expiration contributed to improve the effects of pneumoperitoneum on intrapulmonary pressures, with adequate oxygenation and no cardiovascular effects.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed by residents of the first and second-year of a general surgery residency program. We studied the primary total cost of treatment and complication rates as primary outcomes, comparing the groups operated by senior and resident surgeons. Methods: this was a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed in a training hospital of large surgical volume in Brazil, in the period between June 1, 2018 and May 31, 2019. The study population comprised patients who underwent elective cholecystectomy due to uncomplicated chronic calculous cholecystitis or to the presence of gallbladder polyps with surgical indication. We divided the cases into three groups, based on the graduation of the main surgeon at the time of the procedure: first-year residents (R1), second-year residents (R2), and trained general surgeons (GS). Results: during the study period, 1,052 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed, of which 1,035 procedures met the inclusion criteria, with 78 (7.5%) patients operated on with the participation of first-year residents (R1), 500 (48.3%) patients with the participation of second-year residents (R2), and 457 (44.2%) with the participation of senior surgeons only. There was no difference in conversion rates, complications, and reporting of adverse events between groups. We observed a significant difference regarding hospitalization costs (p = 0.003), with a higher mean for the patients operated with the participation of R1, of US$ 2,671.13, versus US$ 2,414.60 and US$ 2,396.24 for the procedures performed by senior surgeons and R2, respectively. Conclusions: laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the participation of residents is safe, even in their first years of training. There is an additional cost of about 10% in the treatment of patient operated with the participation of first-year residents. There was no significant difference in the cost of the group operated by second-year residents.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade e segurança da realização de colecistectomias laparoscópicas por residentes do primeiro e segundo ano do programa de cirurgia geral. Foram estudados como desfechos primários o custo médio total de tratamento e os índices de complicações, comparando os grupos operados por cirurgiões seniores e residentes. Métodos: trata-se de estudo de coorte retrospectivo de pacientes submetidos a colecistectomias laparoscópicas realizadas em hospital escola de grande volume cirúrgico, no Brasil, no período entre 01 de junho de 2018 e 31 de maio de 2019. A população do estudo compreendeu pacientes que realizaram colecistectomias eletivas por colecistite calculosa crônica não complicada ou por presença de pólipos de vesícula biliar com indicação cirúrgica. Os casos foram divididos em 3 grupos, baseados na graduação do cirurgião principal no momento do procedimento: residentes do primeiro ano (R1), residentes do segundo ano (R2) e cirurgiões formados (CG). Resultados: no período do estudo, foram realizadas 1.052 colecistectomias videolaparoscópicas, sendo que, após aplicados os critérios de exclusão, foram incluídos no estudo 1.035 procedimentos, com 78 (7,5%) pacientes operados com a participação de residentes do primeiro ano (R1), 500 (48,3%) pacientes com a participação de residentes do segundo ano (R2) e 457 (44,2%) apenas com a participação somente de cirurgiões seniores. Não houve diferença nas taxas de conversão, de complicações e de notificações de eventos adversos entre os grupos. Foi evidenciada diferença com relação aos custos de internação (p= 0,003), sendo observado maior custo médio de internação para os pacientes operados com participação dos R1, com custo médio de US$ 2.671,13, versus US$ 2.414,60 e US$ 2.396,24 das operações realizadas pelos cirurgiões seniores e R2, respectivamente. Conclusões: é segura a realização de colecistectomia videolaparoscópica com a participação de residentes, mesmo em seus primeiros anos de formação. Existe custo adicional de cerca de 10% no tratamento de pacientes operados com a participação de residentes do primeiro ano. Não foi observada diferença significativa no custo do grupo operado por residentes do segundo ano.

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RESUMO

Antecedentes: actualmente un punto discutido de la colecistectomía laparoscópica (CL) es la realización sistemática de la colangiografía intraoperatoria (CIO); sin embargo, esta permite el diagnóstico de litiasis coledociana insospechada (LCI). Objetivo: establecer el porcentaje de CIO realizadas, el número de LCI diagnosticadas, describir qué terapéutica se utilizó para resolverlas y establecer si existe relación entre el tamaño de las litiasis diagnosticadas y su tratamiento transcístico. Resultados: de las 1077 CL electivas, la CIO pudo realizarse en el 89,14% de los pacientes. En 2014, el porcentaje de CIO fue el más alto de la serie (95,38%). Se encontraron 38 LCI. El tratamiento realizado incluyó el abordaje transcístico y la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) intraoperatoria. La morbilidad global fue del 7,9 % sin mortalidad. Discusión: nuestro porcentaje de CIO se encuentra por debajo del enunciado en otras publicaciones, pero el porcentaje aumentó con los años. La incidencia de LCI en nuestro caso fue del 3,96%. En nuestro servicio primeramente se intenta la resolución transcística (tasa de éxito del 77,42% sin complicaciones). Otra opción es la CPRE intraoperatoria, que se utilizó en 4 casos con una eficacia del 100% sin complicaciones. Conclusión: el tratamiento de la LCI continúa siendo un reto para los cirujanos, debido sobre todo a la imprevisibilidad del cuadro; resulta un factor muy importante para la resolución transcística el tamaño de la litiasis encontrada (más o menos de 6 mm). Consideramos la CPRE intraoperatoria como una herramienta importante en la resolución de esta patología.

Background: currently a discussed point of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the systematic implementation of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC); however, it allows the diagnosis of unsuspected common bile duct stones (UBDS). Objective: to establish the percentage of IOC performed, the number of UBDS diagnosed, to describe what therapeutic was used to solve them and to establish if there is a relationship between the size of the diagnostic lithiasis and the transcystic treatment of the same. Results: of the 1077 elective LC, IOC could be performed in 89.14% of patients. In 2014 the percentage of IOC was the highest in the series (95.38%). 38 UBDS were found. The treatment included the transcritical approach and intraoperative ERCP. Overall morbidity was 7.9% without mortality. Discussion: our IOC percentage is below the utterance in other publications, but the percentage has increased over the years. The incidence of UBDS in our case was 3.96%. In our service we first try the transcritical resolution (success rate of 77.42% without complications). Another option is intraoperative ERCP that was used in 4 cases with 100% efficacy without complications. Conclusion: the treatment of the UBDS continues being a challenge for the surgeons, mainly due to the unpredictability of the picture; a very important factor for transcystic resolution is the size of the stone found (more or less than 6 mm). We consider intraoperative ERCP as an important tool in the resolution of this pathology.

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RESUMO

A infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é uma complicação que pode acometer o paciente, acarretando incremento da mortalidade e morbidade, bem como aumento dos custos em saúde. A videocirurgia surgiu como opção menos invasiva de acesso à cavidade abdominal, reduzindo as taxas de ISC, mas nem mesmo a modernização gerada pela cirurgia minimamente invasiva conseguiu extinguir esse tipo de infecção. O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral analisar a ocorrência e os fatores de risco de infecção de sítio cirúrgico, em pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica. Trata-se de estudo descritivo exploratório conduzido em hospital de pequeno porte, localizado no sudoeste de Minas Gerais. A amostra foi composta por 118 pacientes. Para a coleta de dados, elaborou-se instrumento, o qual foi submetido à validação de face e conteúdo por estudiosos da área de conhecimento de enfermagem perioperatória. A coleta dos dados foi realizada no período de março a novembro de 2016 e, em três momentos, a saber: perioperatório, retorno ambulatorial e busca ativa fonada. Os dados foram coletados pelo pesquisador e um auxiliar de pesquisa devidamente treinados. A ocorrência de ISC foi de 5,9% (n=7), sendo todos os casos diagnosticados como infecção incisional superficial. As variáveis investigadas relacionadas ao paciente foram sexo, faixa etária, Índice de Massa Corporal, presença de doença crônica e classificação ASA. As variáveis estudadas relacionadas ao procedimento anestésico-cirúrgico foram tempo total de internação, porte cirúrgico, tempo de anestesia e tempo de cirurgia. Os resultados não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente entre as variáveis de interesse e a presença de ISC. Todos os casos de ISC foram diagnosticados, após a alta hospitalar, desses, seis pacientes (86%) tiveram o diagnóstico no retorno ambulatorial, e um paciente (14%) foi diagnosticado durante a busca ativa fonada. A condução do estudo oferece subsídios para a compreensão da problemática, no âmbito nacional. Além disso, gerou evidências para a reflexão dos profissionais de saúde em relação à subnotificação desse tipo de infecção em cirurgia minimamente invasiva, reforçando a necessidade de implantação de programa de vigilância pós-alta, nos serviços de saúde

Surgical site infection (SSI) is a complication that can affect the patient, leading to an increase in mortality and morbidity, as well as an increase in health costs. Video surgery emerged as a less invasive option for access to the abdominal cavity, reducing SSI rates; however, not even the improvement generated by minimally invasive surgery was enough to eliminate this type of infection. This study aimed to analyze the occurrence and risk factors of surgical site infection in patients submitted to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It is an exploratory-descriptive study conducted in a small hospital, located in the southwest of Minas Gerais. The sample consisted of 118 patients. An instrument was developed for data collection, which was submitted to face and content validation by experts in perioperative nursing. Data collection was performed from March to November 2016 and, in three stages: perioperative, outpatient return and active phone search. Data were collected by the researcher and a properly trained research assistant. The occurrence of SSI was 5.9% (n=7), being all cases diagnosed as superficial incisional infection. The studied variables related to the patient were gender, age, Body Mass Index, presence of chronic disease and ASA classification. The studied variables related to the anesthetic surgical procedure were total length of hospitalization, surgical procedure size, time of anesthesia and time of surgery. The results did not show statistically difference between the variables of interest and the presence of SSI. All cases of SSI were diagnosed after patient discharge, and among them, six patients (86%) were diagnosed during outpatient return, and one patient (14%) was diagnosed during the active phone search. This study offers subsidies for understanding the problem at national level. In addition, it generated evidence for the reflection of health professionals regarding the underreporting of this type of infection in minimally invasive surgery, reinforcing the need to implement a post-discharge surveillance program in health services

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RESUMO

A infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é uma complicação que pode acometer o paciente, acarretando incremento da mortalidade e morbidade, bem como aumento dos custos em saúde. A videocirurgia surgiu como opção menos invasiva de acesso à cavidade abdominal, reduzindo as taxas de ISC, mas nem mesmo a modernização gerada pela cirurgia minimamente invasiva conseguiu extinguir esse tipo de infecção. O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral analisar a ocorrência e os fatores de risco de infecção de sítio cirúrgico, em pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica. Trata-se de estudo descritivo exploratório conduzido em hospital de pequeno porte, localizado no sudoeste de Minas Gerais. A amostra foi composta por 118 pacientes. Para a coleta de dados, elaborou-se instrumento, o qual foi submetido à validação de face e conteúdo por estudiosos da área de conhecimento de enfermagem perioperatória. A coleta dos dados foi realizada no período de março a novembro de 2016 e, em três momentos, a saber: perioperatório, retorno ambulatorial e busca ativa fonada. Os dados foram coletados pelo pesquisador e um auxiliar de pesquisa devidamente treinados. A ocorrência de ISC foi de 5,9% (n=7), sendo todos os casos diagnosticados como infecção incisional superficial. As variáveis investigadas relacionadas ao paciente foram sexo, faixa etária, Índice de Massa Corporal, presença de doença crônica e classificação ASA. As variáveis estudadas relacionadas ao procedimento anestésico-cirúrgico foram tempo total de internação, porte cirúrgico, tempo de anestesia e tempo de cirurgia. Os resultados não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente entre as variáveis de interesse e a presença de ISC. Todos os casos de ISC foram diagnosticados, após a alta hospitalar, desses, seis pacientes (86%) tiveram o diagnóstico no retorno ambulatorial, e um paciente (14%) foi diagnosticado durante a busca ativa fonada. A condução do estudo oferece subsídios para a compreensão da problemática, no âmbito nacional. Além disso, gerou evidências para a reflexão dos profissionais de saúde em relação à subnotificação desse tipo de infecção em cirurgia minimamente invasiva, reforçando a necessidade de implantação de programa de vigilância pós-alta, nos serviços de saúde

Surgical site infection (SSI) is a complication that can affect the patient, leading to an increase in mortality and morbidity, as well as an increase in health costs. Video surgery emerged as a less invasive option for access to the abdominal cavity, reducing SSI rates; however, not even the improvement generated by minimally invasive surgery was enough to eliminate this type of infection. This study aimed to analyze the occurrence and risk factors of surgical site infection in patients submitted to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It is an exploratory-descriptive study conducted in a small hospital, located in the southwest of Minas Gerais. The sample consisted of 118 patients. An instrument was developed for data collection, which was submitted to face and content validation by experts in perioperative nursing. Data collection was performed from March to November 2016 and, in three stages: perioperative, outpatient return and active phone search. Data were collected by the researcher and a properly trained research assistant. The occurrence of SSI was 5.9% (n=7), being all cases diagnosed as superficial incisional infection. The studied variables related to the patient were gender, age, Body Mass Index, presence of chronic disease and ASA classification. The studied variables related to the anesthetic surgical procedure were total length of hospitalization, surgical procedure size, time of anesthesia and time of surgery. The results did not show statistically difference between the variables of interest and the presence of SSI. All cases of SSI were diagnosed after patient discharge, and among them, six patients (86%) were diagnosed during outpatient return, and one patient (14%) was diagnosed during the active phone search. This study offers subsidies for understanding the problem at national level. In addition, it generated evidence for the reflection of health professionals regarding the underreporting of this type of infection in minimally invasive surgery, reinforcing the need to implement a post-discharge surveillance program in health services

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introducción: el desarrollo de la cirugía y la anestesiología, requiere de avances en la tecnología de la ventilación mecánica para su ejecución. La cirugía laparoscópica utiliza la insuflación de bióxido de carbono en la cavidad peritoneal, lo cual origina repercusión en el sistema respiratorio y, necesita de ventilación mecánica efectiva para control de dicho gas y del incremento de las presiones pulmonares impuestas por el neumoperitoneo; Para lograrlo se pudiera emplear modalidades ventilatorias de empleo no habituales, resultando una mejoría en las alteraciones fisiopatológicas del aparato respiratorio y así garantizar una óptima ventilación. Objetivos: revisar la actualización de la temática relacionada con la ventilación mecánica, con modificación de la relación inspiración-espiración, y explicar sus beneficios en la anestesia para la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Desarrollo: se examinaron los aspectos conceptuales y técnicos de la relación inspiración-espiración, y la historia de su aplicación en el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria del adulto, particularmente sus efectos en los parámetros ventilatorios y de oxigenación. Se vincularon sus beneficios con las afectaciones originadas durante la ventilación mecánica, para la colecistectomía video-laparoscópica. Conclusiones: la ventilación con modificación de la relación inspiración-espiración es factible durante el tiempo anestésico para la colecistectomía video-laparoscopia(AU)

Introduction: advances in mechanical ventilation are crucial to the implementation of developments in surgery and anesthesiology. Insufflation of carbon dioxide into the peritoneal cavity during laparoscopic surgery has an impact on the respiratory system. Effective mechanical ventilation is required to control the gas and the increase in pulmonary pressure created by the pneumoperitoneum. Non-habitual ventilation modes could be used to achieve this end, ameliorating the physiological alterations of the breathing apparatus and achieving optimal ventilation. Objectives: review updates on mechanical ventilation and modified inspiration/expiration ratio, and explain its benefits regarding anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Content: an examination was conducted of the conceptual and technical aspects of the inspiration/expiration ratio and the history of its application in the adult respiratory distress syndrome, particularly its effects on ventilatory and oxygenation parameters. Benefits were associated with disorders appearing during mechanical ventilation for videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy. Conclusions: ventilation with a modified inspiration/expiration ratio is feasible during the anesthesia time required for videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy(AU)

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Introducción: el tratamiento quirúrgico de la litiasis en la vesícula biliar por cirugía video-laparoscópica, minimiza la estadía hospitalaria y permite incluir muchos de estos pacientes en regímenes ambulatorios.Objetivo: presentar la evolución clínica de un paciente con una enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) severa, propuesto para trasplante pulmonar.Caso clínico: paciente masculino de 55 años, con diagnóstico de litiasis vesicular, fumador inveterado, con EPOC severa y linfoma de Hodgkin. Al examen físico presentaba murmullo vesicular disminuido, sibilantes, taquipnea y uso activo de los músculos accesorios del cuello para la respiración. Tiempo quirúrgico de 1 hora y 20 minutos. Recuperación satisfactoria. Al tercer día de posoperatoria se le constató íctero. En ultrasonido abdominal (US) se observó dilatación de la vía biliar principal y se realizó colédoco pancreatografía retrograda endoscópica de urgencia con anestesia general endovenosa, por medio de esta se constató lesión de la vía biliar principal. Se decidió realizar hepato-yeyunostomía por cirugía convencional con anestesia combinada (epidural continua-general orotraqueal). Luego de su traslado a la sala de Cuidados Posquirúrgicos, se mantuvo intubado para su recuperación y su seguimiento posterior, egresó del centro a los 21 días de su primera intervención con evolución satisfactoria.Conclusiones: en los pacientes portadores de EPOC grave, se puede utilizar cirugía mínimamente invasiva y se vigile de cerca, se realice anestesia con estabilidad de todos sistemas, vigilancia perioperatoria adecuada, control del dolor, prescindiendo de recuperarlos en salas de cuidados posquirúrgicos especializados(AU)

Introduction: videolaparoscopic surgical treatment of gallstone disease reduces hospital stay to a minimum and makes it possible to treat many of the cases on an outpatient basis. Objective: describe the clinical evolution of a patient with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) proposed for lung transplantation. Clinical case: 55-year-old male patient diagnosed with gallstone disease, inveterate smoker with severe COPD and Hodgkin lymphoma. The physical examination revealed diminished vesicular murmur, sibilants, tachypnea and active use of accessory neck muscles for breathing. Surgical time was 1 hour 20 minutes. Recovery was satisfactory. Jaundice was observed on the third day of the postoperative period. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed dilatation of the main bile duct, and emergency endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography performed under general intravenous anesthesia showed a lesion on the main bile duct. It was decided to perform an hepaticojejunostomy by conventional surgery under combined anesthesia (continuous epidural-general orotracheal). After transfer to the postoperative care unit, the patient remained intubated with a view to his recovery and eventual follow-up, and was discharged from hospital 21 days after his first surgery exhibiting a satisfactory evolution. Conclusions: minimally invasive surgery may be used in patients with severe COPD as long as it is closely watched and the following requirements are met: anesthesia with stability of all systems, adequate perioperative surveillance, pain control and recovery in specialized postoperative care units(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introducción: el desarrollo de la cirugía y la anestesiología, requiere de avances en la tecnología de la ventilación mecánica para su ejecución. La cirugía laparoscópica utiliza la insuflación de bióxido de carbono en la cavidad peritoneal, lo cual origina repercusión en el sistema respiratorio y, necesita de ventilación mecánica efectiva para control de dicho gas y del incremento de las presiones pulmonares impuestas por el neumoperitoneo; Para lograrlo se pudiera emplear modalidades ventilatorias de empleo no habituales, resultando una mejoría en las alteraciones fisiopatológicas del aparato respiratorio y así garantizar una óptima ventilación. Objetivos: revisar la actualización de la temática relacionada con la ventilación mecánica, con modificación de la relación inspiración-espiración, y explicar sus beneficios en la anestesia para la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Desarrollo: se examinaron los aspectos conceptuales y técnicos de la relación inspiración-espiración, y la historia de su aplicación en el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria del adulto, particularmente sus efectos en los parámetros ventilatorios y de oxigenación. Se vincularon sus beneficios con las afectaciones originadas durante la ventilación mecánica, para la colecistectomía video-laparoscópica. Conclusiones: la ventilación con modificación de la relación inspiración-espiración es factible durante el tiempo anestésico para la colecistectomía video-laparoscopia.

Introduction: advances in mechanical ventilation are crucial to the implementation of developments in surgery and anesthesiology. Insufflation of carbon dioxide into the peritoneal cavity during laparoscopic surgery has an impact on the respiratory system. Effective mechanical ventilation is required to control the gas and the increase in pulmonary pressure created by the pneumoperitoneum. Non-habitual ventilation modes could be used to achieve this end, ameliorating the physiological alterations of the breathing apparatus and achieving optimal ventilation. Objectives: review updates on mechanical ventilation and modified inspiration/expiration ratio, and explain its benefits regarding anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Content: an examination was conducted of the conceptual and technical aspects of the inspiration/expiration ratio and the history of its application in the adult respiratory distress syndrome, particularly its effects on ventilatory and oxygenation parameters. Benefits were associated with disorders appearing during mechanical ventilation for videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy. Conclusions: ventilation with a modified inspiration/expiration ratio is feasible during the anesthesia time required for videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy.

RESUMO

Introducción: el tratamiento quirúrgico de la litiasis en la vesícula biliar por cirugía video-laparoscópica, minimiza la estadía hospitalaria y permite incluir muchos de estos pacientes en regímenes ambulatorios. Objetivo: presentar la evolución clínica de un paciente con una enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) severa, propuesto para trasplante pulmonar. Caso clínico: paciente masculino de 55 años, con diagnóstico de litiasis vesicular, fumador inveterado, con EPOC severa y linfoma de Hodgkin. Al examen físico presentaba murmullo vesicular disminuido, sibilantes, taquipnea y uso activo de los músculos accesorios del cuello para la respiración. Tiempo quirúrgico de 1 hora y 20 minutos. Recuperación satisfactoria. Al tercer día de posoperatoria se le constató íctero. En ultrasonido abdominal (US) se observó dilatación de la vía biliar principal y se realizó colédoco pancreatografía retrograda endoscópica de urgencia con anestesia general endovenosa, por medio de esta se constató lesión de la vía biliar principal. Se decidió realizar hepato-yeyunostomía por cirugía convencional con anestesia combinada (epidural continua-general orotraqueal). Luego de su traslado a la sala de Cuidados Posquirúrgicos, se mantuvo intubado para su recuperación y su seguimiento posterior, egresó del centro a los 21 días de su primera intervención con evolución satisfactoria. Conclusiones: en los pacientes portadores de EPOC grave, se puede utilizar cirugía mínimamente invasiva y se vigile de cerca, se realice anestesia con estabilidad de todos sistemas, vigilancia perioperatoria adecuada, control del dolor, prescindiendo de recuperarlos en salas de cuidados posquirúrgicos especializados.

Introduction: videolaparoscopic surgical treatment of gallstone disease reduces hospital stay to a minimum and makes it possible to treat many of the cases on an outpatient basis. Objective: describe the clinical evolution of a patient with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) proposed for lung transplantation. Clinical case: 55-year-old male patient diagnosed with gallstone disease, inveterate smoker with severe COPD and Hodgkin lymphoma. The physical examination revealed diminished vesicular murmur, sibilants, tachypnea and active use of accessory neck muscles for breathing. Surgical time was 1 hour 20 minutes. Recovery was satisfactory. Jaundice was observed on the third day of the postoperative period. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed dilatation of the main bile duct, and emergency endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography performed under general intravenous anesthesia showed a lesion on the main bile duct. It was decided to perform an hepaticojejunostomy by conventional surgery under combined anesthesia (continuous epidural-general orotracheal). After transfer to the postoperative care unit, the patient remained intubated with a view to his recovery and eventual follow-up, and was discharged from hospital 21 days after his first surgery exhibiting a satisfactory evolution. Conclusions: minimally invasive surgery may be used in patients with severe COPD as long as it is closely watched and the following requirements are met: anesthesia with stability of all systems, adequate perioperative surveillance, pain control and recovery in specialized postoperative care units.

RESUMO

Introduccion: con el aumento de la expectativa de vida, cada vez es mayor el número de ancianos que necesitan ser intervenidos quirúrgicamente por afecciones de la vesícula biliar. La cirugía de urgencia en esta entidad, con el alto índice de morbilidad y mortalidad que tiene, solo se previene si se les interviene de forma electiva. Objetivo: evaluar los resultados de la colecistectomía vieolaparoscopica en los pacientes de 60 años o más, para prevenir la urgencia. Metodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, de corte transversal a todos los pacientes de la tercera edad, a quienes se les realizaron colecistectomïas violaparoscóica en el perïódo de febrero 2005 a febrero 2010. Se analizaron variables preoperatorias, intraoperatorias y posoperatorias. Se utilizacion la clasificación de la American Society of Anestesiologist, para evaluación preoperatoria anestésica. Resultados: de un total de 919 ...(AU)

Introduction: with the increasing life expectancy, the figure of elderlies needing be operated on due to gall bladder affections es higher. In this entity, the emergency surgery with the high rate of morbility and mortality only is prevented if they are operated on in elective way. Objective: to assess the results of the videolaparoscopy cholecystectomy in patients aged 60 or more to prevent the emergency. Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive and prospective study was conducted in all third age patients who underwent videolaparoscopy cholecystectomy from February 2005 to February, 2010. The preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative variables were analyzed. The classification or the American Society of Anesthesiologist was used for the anesthetic preoperative assessment. Results: from a total of 919...(AU)

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Introduccion: con el aumento de la expectativa de vida, cada vez es mayor el número de ancianos que necesitan ser intervenidos quirúrgicamente por afecciones de la vesícula biliar. La cirugía de urgencia en esta entidad, con el alto índice de morbilidad y mortalidad que tiene, solo se previene si se les interviene de forma electiva. Objetivo: evaluar los resultados de la colecistectomía vieolaparoscopica en los pacientes de 60 años o más, para prevenir la urgencia. Metodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, de corte transversal a todos los pacientes de la tercera edad, a quienes se les realizaron colecistectomïas violaparoscóica en el perïódo de febrero 2005 a febrero 2010. Se analizaron variables preoperatorias, intraoperatorias y posoperatorias. Se utilizacion la clasificación de la American Society of Anestesiologist, para evaluación preoperatoria anestésica. Resultados: de un total de 919 ...

Introduction: with the increasing life expectancy, the figure of elderlies needing be operated on due to gall bladder affections es higher. In this entity, the emergency surgery with the high rate of morbility and mortality only is prevented if they are operated on in elective way. Objective: to assess the results of the videolaparoscopy cholecystectomy in patients aged 60 or more to prevent the emergency. Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive and prospective study was conducted in all third age patients who underwent videolaparoscopy cholecystectomy from February 2005 to February, 2010. The preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative variables were analyzed. The classification or the American Society of Anesthesiologist was used for the anesthetic preoperative assessment. Results: from a total of 919...

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Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de pacientes con 60 y más años de edad sometidos a colecistectomía videolaparoscópica de urgencia. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo de los 91 pacientes con 60 y más años de edad sometidos a dicho proceder, en el período comprendido desde enero de 2001 hasta diciembre de 2008, en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Lucía Íñiguez Landín de Holguín. Resultados: el paciente geriátrico constituyó el 26 por ciento de los enfermos sometidos a este procedimiento, y más del 70 por ciento correspondió al grupo de la tercera edad (60-75 años), con un predominio del sexo femenino. El 21,9 por ciento de los pacientes presentaba enfermedades asociadas, y fue la hipertensión arterial la más frecuente. La intervención requirió hasta 60 min en el 70,3 por ciento de los pacientes; el índice de conversión fue de 6,5 por ciento, la morbilidad de 3,2 por ciento y la mortalidad de 1 por ciento. Conclusiones: la colecistectomía videolaparoscópica de urgencia en el paciente geriátrico puede realizarse exitosamente(AU)

Objective: to describe the behavior of patients aged 60 and more underwent to videolaparoscopy emergency cholecystectomy. Methods: a retrospective, longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted in 91 patients aged 60 and more underwent to such procedure from January, 2001 to December, 2008 in the general service of Lucía Iñiguez Landín Hospital of Holguín province. Results: elderlies were the 26 percent of patients underwent to this procedure and more than 70 percent correspondent to the third age group (60-75 years) with predominance of female sex. The 21.9 percent of patients had associated diseases where the high blood pressure was the more frequent one. The intervention time was of 60 min in the 70,3 percent of patients; the conversion rate was of 6,5 percent, morbidity was of 3,2 percent and mortality was of 1 percent. Conclusions: emergency videolaparoscopy cholecystectomy in elderly may be successfully done(AU)

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Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de pacientes con 60 y más años de edad sometidos a colecistectomía videolaparoscópica de urgencia. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo de los 91 pacientes con 60 y más años de edad sometidos a dicho proceder, en el período comprendido desde enero de 2001 hasta diciembre de 2008, en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Lucía Íñiguez Landín de Holguín. Resultados: el paciente geriátrico constituyó el 26 por ciento de los enfermos sometidos a este procedimiento, y más del 70 por ciento correspondió al grupo de la tercera edad (60-75 años), con un predominio del sexo femenino. El 21,9 por ciento de los pacientes presentaba enfermedades asociadas, y fue la hipertensión arterial la más frecuente. La intervención requirió hasta 60 min en el 70,3 por ciento de los pacientes; el índice de conversión fue de 6,5 por ciento, la morbilidad de 3,2 por ciento y la mortalidad de 1 por ciento. Conclusiones: la colecistectomía videolaparoscópica de urgencia en el paciente geriátrico puede realizarse exitosamente(AU)

Objective: to describe the behavior of patients aged 60 and more underwent to videolaparoscopy emergency cholecystectomy. Methods: a retrospective, longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted in 91 patients aged 60 and more underwent to such procedure from January, 2001 to December, 2008 in the general service of Lucía Iñiguez Landín Hospital of Holguín province. Results: elderlies were the 26 percent of patients underwent to this procedure and more than 70 percent correspondent to the third age group (60-75 years) with predominance of female sex. The 21.9 percent of patients had associated diseases where the high blood pressure was the more frequent one. The intervention time was of 60 min in the 70,3 percent of patients; the conversion rate was of 6,5 percent, morbidity was of 3,2 percent and mortality was of 1 percent. Conclusions: emergency videolaparoscopy cholecystectomy in elderly may be successfully done(AU)

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O trauma cirúrgico envolvido na colecistectomia videolaparoscópica é sabidamente menor que o do método convencional aberto, entretanto as queixas de dor pós-operatória têm sido relatadas por vários autores. Dentre as técnicas analgésicas a anestesia peridural é eficiente na redução da dor pós-operatória no método convencional, mas raramente é utilizada como método complementar nas colecistectomias por via laparoscópica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da anestesia peridural associada com anestesia geral para controle da dor pós-operatória em pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica. MÉTODO: Cinquenta e dois pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. Um grupo recebeu anestesia geral e o outro recebeu anestesia geral associada à anestesia peridural. A avaliação da intensidade da dor foi feita com a escala numérica de dor na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica, nas primeiras 24 horas e após as 48 horas que sucederam a cirurgia. RESULTADOS: Em ambos os grupos a qualidade da analgesia pós-operatória foi similar nos momentos avaliados. O grupo que recebeu anestesia peridural associada à anestesia geral apresentou a vantagem de consumir menos anestésico inalatório, mas com maior ocorrência de retenção urinária. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados do estudo não evidenciaram razão para a associação da anestesia geral com a peridural em colecistectomia videolaparoscópica, pois a analgesia pós-operatória foi semelhante, porém com mais riscos para o paciente.Descritores: Anestesia peridural, Anti-inflamatório não esteroide, Dor pós-operatória, Colecistectomia videolaparoscópica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Surgical trauma of videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy is knowingly lower as compared to the conventional open method, however postoperative pain complaints have been reported by several authors. Among analgesic techniques, epidural anesthesia is efficient to decrease postoperative pain of the conventional method, but is seldom used as additional method for laparoscopic cholecystectomies. This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of epidural anesthesia associated to general anesthesia to control postoperative pain in patients submitted to videolaparoscopic cholecystectomies. METHOD: Participated in this study 52 patients submitted to videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy, who were randomly distributed in two groups. One group received general anesthesia and the other received general anesthesia associated to epidural anesthesia. Pain intensity was evaluated with the pain numeric scale at the post-anesthetic care unit, in the first 24 and 48 hours after surgery completion. RESULTS: Postoperative analgesia quality was similar for both groups in evaluated moments. The group receiving epidural anesthesia associated to general anesthesia had the advantage of consuming less inhalational anesthetics, but there has been more urinary retention. CONCLUSION: Study results have not evidenced a reason to associate general and epidural anesthesia for videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy because postoperative analgesia was similar, however with higher risks for patients.

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OBJETIVO: Os autores apresentam sua experiência com 50 pacientes operados de colecistectomia videolaparoscópica em regime ambulatorial, no Hospital de Ensino da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC. MÉTODO: Quarenta e dois pacientes (84 por cento) eram do sexo feminino e oito (16 por cento) do masculino, a idade variou de 23 a 60 anos, com média de 41,5 anos. Foram submetidos ao procedimento pacientes com diagnóstico de colecistite crônica calculosa, que obedeciam aos seguintes critérios: inexistência de colecistite aguda, idade máxima de 60 anos, ausência de suspeita de coledocolitíase, avaliação clínica pré-operatória ASA I ou II, aprovação do paciente quanto ao método e período de internação empregados e presença de acompanhante. O posicionamento da equipe e a técnica utilizada foram os preconizados pela escola americana. RESULTADOS: O tempo cirúrgico variou de 50 minutos a 2 horas, com média de 1 hora e 25 minutos. A colangiografia intra-operatória foi realizada em 35 pacientes (70 por cento), demonstrando coledocolitíase em um caso (2 por cento), que necessitou conversão para cirurgia aberta. As complicações mais freqüentes no período pós-operatório imediato foram náuseas e vômitos em três casos (6 por cento), seguidas de dor abdominal intensa em dois casos (4 por cento). Foram tratados com antieméticos e analgésicos e tiveram a alta hospitalar adiada para o dia seguinte à operação. Quarenta e quatro pacientes (88 por cento) tiveram condições de alta no mesmo dia. O período de permanência hospitalar foi entre nove e 12 horas. O retorno ambulatorial era programado para o sétimo e trigésimo dias pós-operatório, não havendo necessidade de reinternação em nenhum caso. CONCLUSÕES: A colecistectomia videolaparoscópica ambulatorial é um procedimento seguro.

BACKGROUND: The authors present their experience with 50 patients undergoing videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy in an ambulatory care setting at University Hospital, ABC Medical School. METHODS:Forty-two patients (84 percent) were female and 8 (16 percent) male, age ranged from 23 and 60 years, mean age 41,5 years. Patients with diagnosis of calculous chronic cholecystitis were selected under the following criteria: no accute cholecystitis, maximum age of 60 years, no suspicion of choledocolithiasis, preoperative clinical evaluation ASA I or II, patient consent for the procedure and hospitalization period and presence of a companion. The team position and operative technique were the same as the american school. RESULTS: Surgical time ranged from 50 minutes to 2 hours, mean time of 1 hour and 25 minutes. Intraoperative cholangiography was carried out in 35 patients (70 percent), showing choledocolithiasis in one case (2 percent), requiring a shift toward an open surgery. The most frequent complications in the early postoperative period were nausea and vomit in 3 cases (6 percent), followed by intense abdominal pain in 2 cases (4 percent). These patients were treated with antiemetic drugs and analgesics and were discharged one day after the surgery. Forty-four patients (88 percent) were discharged after a mean hospitalization period of 12 hours. Follow-up visits were scheduled for postoperative day 7 and 13 and none of patients required readmission. CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy is a security surgery.

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Introduction: The growing list of patients awaiting cholecystectomy, together with the great demand for beds and operating rooms at University Hospitals have encouraged the adoption of different solutions. Objective: To evaluate the process of organization and the clinical results of intensive programs of cholecystectomy by videolaparoscopy on an ambulatory surgery basis. Methods: Among the 314 patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis who were waiting for surgery at HCFMRP-USP, 160 were selected for treatment on an ambulatory basis. A multiprofessional team consisting of surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses and social workers scheduled 4 intensive programs to be performed on weekends according to the availability of the surgical block and of the post-anesthesia recovery room. In a retrospective evaluation, the authors analyzed 79 medical records of patients operated upon in the intensive programs I and II (Group A) and 79 records of the 80 patients operated upon in the intensive programs III and IV (Group B). Statistical analysis was concluded using the Wilcoxon and Fisher's exact tests, with the level of significance of p=0.05. Results: Co-morbidities were recorded for 48 patients of Group A (60.8%) and for 31 of Group B (39.8%), p=0.007. Acute inflammation and scleroatrophy of the gallbladder were observed in 10 patients of group A (12.7%) and in 2 patients of group B (2.6%). The mean duration of surgery was 90 minutes (25-240) for group A and 68.2 minutes (20-180) for group B, p=0.002. There was one conversion in each group (1.3%). Prophylaxis for pain and vomiting was performed in 13 (16.4%) and 2 (2.5%) patients of group A, respectively. In group B, 63 patients (79.7%) received prophylaxis with analgesics and 73 (92.5%) with anti-emetics. Abdominal pain, vomiting and cardiorespiratory symptoms during post-anesthetic recovery involved 34 (43%), 18 (22.6%) and 10 (12.6%) of the patients in group A and 18 (22.8%), 14 (17.7%) and 3 (3.8%) of the patients in group B. The need for an overnight stay was greater in group A: 45 patients (50.7%) with a mean hospital stay of 18.3 hours (2.2-26), while in group B 5 patients stayed overnight and the mean permanence time was 7.8 hours (4-24), p=0.000. Five hospital admissions occurred in group A (6.3%) and 2 in group B (2.5%). Medical re-evaluation during the first week was necessary for 8 patients of group A (10.2%) and resulted in 3 readmissions (3.8%). In group B, 2 patients (2.6%) sought health services but did not require readmission. In group A, 2 patients presented coliperitoneum and 1 was re-operated upon. No death occurred in either group. Conclusion: As experience was gained in these programs, the process of patient selection and the offer of preoperative care were improved, demonstrating that intensive programs of videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy are a possible strategy for the reduction of waiting lists.

Introdução: As listas de espera para colecistectomia, associadas à elevada demanda dos leitos e salas cirúrgicas dos Hospitais Universitários, são incentivos para adoção de novos programas de assistência. Objetivo: Avaliar o processo de organização e os resultados clínicos dos Mutirões de Colecistectomia por Videolaparoscopia, em regime de Cirurgia Ambulatorial. Pacientes e Métodos: Dentre os 314 pacientes portadores de colelitíase sintomática que aguardavam cirurgia no HCFMRP-USP, 160 foram selecionados para tratamento em regime ambulatorial. Uma equipe multiprofissional, formada por cirurgiões, anestesistas, enfermeiros e assistentes sociais, programou 4 mutirões para serem realizados em fins de semana, em função da disponibilidade do bloco cirúrgico e da sala de recuperação pós-anestésica. Mediante avaliação retrospectiva, foram analisados 79 prontuários dos pacientes operados nos Mutirões I e II (Grupo A) e 79 dos 80 operados nos Mutirões III e IV (Grupo B). Análise estatística: teste de Wilcoxon e exato de Fisher (p 0,05). Resultados: As co-morbidades foram registradas em 48 pacientes do Grupo A - (60,8%) e em 31 do Grupo B (39,8%) (p=0,007). A inflamação aguda e a escleroatrofia da vesícula foram observadas em 10 pacientes do Grupo A (12,7%) e em 2 do Grupo B (2,6%). A duração média das operações, em minutos, foi de 90 (25-240) no Grupo A e de 68,2 (20-180) no Grupo B (p=0,002). Houve uma conversão em cada Grupo (1,3%). A profilaxia da dor e dos vômitos foi realizada, respectivamente, em 13 (16,4%) e em 2 (2,5%) pacientes do Grupo A. No Grupo B, 63 pacientes (79,7%) receberam analgésicos e 73 (92,5%) antieméticos de forma profilática. A dor abdominal, os vômitos e os sintomas cardiorespiratórios, na recuperação pós-anestésica, acometeram, respectivamente, 34 (43%), 18 (22,6%) e 10 (12,6%) dos pacientes do Grupo A e 18 (22,8%), 14 (17,7%) e 3 (3,8%) do Grupo B. A necessidade de pernoite foi maior no Grupo A: 45 pacientes (50,7%) com permanência hospitalar média de 18,3 horas (8,2-26), enquanto no Grupo B houve 5 pernoites e a média de permanência foi de 7,5 horas (4-24) (p=0,000). Ocorreram 5 internações no Grupo A (6,3%) e 2 no Grupo B (2,5%). A reavaliação médica, na primeira semana, foi necessária em 8 pacientes do Grupo A (10,2%) e redundou em 3 readmissões (3,8%). No Grupo B, 2 pacientes (2,6%) procuraram o serviço de saúde e a readmissão não foi necessária. No Grupo A, 2 pacientes apresentaram coleperitônio e 1 foi reoperado; não houve óbitos em nenhum Grupo. Conclusão: O aprimoramento no processo de seleção e nos cuidados perioperatórios para colecistectomia videolaparoscópica, em regime ambulatorial, assegura o tratamento, na forma de mutirões, como estratégia eventual de redução das listas de espera.

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Introduction: The growing list of patients awaiting cholecystectomy, together with the great demand for beds and operating rooms at University Hospitals have encouraged the adoption of different solutions. Objective: To evaluate the process of organization and the clinical results of intensive programs of cholecystectomy by videolaparoscopy on an ambulatory surgery basis. Methods: Among the 314 patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis who were waiting for surgery at HCFMRP-USP, 160 were selected for treatment on an ambulatory basis. A multiprofessional team consisting of surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses and social workers scheduled 4 intensive programs to be performed on weekends according to the availability of the surgical block and of the post-anesthesia recovery room. In a retrospective evaluation, the authors analyzed 79 medical records of patients operated upon in the intensive programs I and II (Group A) and 79 records of the 80 patients operated upon in the intensive programs III and IV (Group B). Statistical analysis was concluded using the Wilcoxon and Fisher's exact tests, with the level of significance of p=0.05. Results: Co-morbidities were recorded for 48 patients of Group A (60.8%) and for 31 of Group B (39.8%), p=0.007. Acute inflammation and scleroatrophy of the gallbladder were observed in 10 patients of group A (12.7%) and in 2 patients of group B (2.6%). The mean duration of surgery was 90 minutes (25-240) for group A and 68.2 minutes (20-180) for group B, p=0.002. There was one conversion in each group (1.3%). Prophylaxis for pain and vomiting was performed in 13 (16.4%) and 2 (2.5%) patients of group A, respectively. In group B, 63 patients (79.7%) received prophylaxis with analgesics and 73 (92.5%) with anti-emetics. Abdominal pain, vomiting and cardiorespiratory symptoms during post-anesthetic recovery involved 34 (43%), 18 (22.6%) and 10 (12.6%) of the patients in group A and 18 (22.8%), 14 (17.7%) and 3 (3.8%) of the patients in group B. The need for an overnight stay was greater in group A: 45 patients (50.7%) with a mean hospital stay of 18.3 hours (2.2-26), while in group B 5 patients stayed overnight and the mean permanence time was 7.8 hours (4-24), p=0.000. Five hospital admissions occurred in group A (6.3%) and 2 in group B (2.5%). Medical re-evaluation during the first week was necessary for 8 patients of group A (10.2%) and resulted in 3 readmissions (3.8%). In group B, 2 patients (2.6%) sought health services but did not require readmission. In group A, 2 patients presented coliperitoneum and 1 was re-operated upon. No death occurred in either group. Conclusion: As experience was gained in these programs, the process of patient selection and the offer of preoperative care were improved, demonstrating that intensive programs of videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy are a possible strategy for the reduction of waiting lists.

Introdução: As listas de espera para colecistectomia, associadas à elevada demanda dos leitos e salas cirúrgicas dos Hospitais Universitários, são incentivos para adoção de novos programas de assistência. Objetivo: Avaliar o processo de organização e os resultados clínicos dos Mutirões de Colecistectomia por Videolaparoscopia, em regime de Cirurgia Ambulatorial. Pacientes e Métodos: Dentre os 314 pacientes portadores de colelitíase sintomática que aguardavam cirurgia no HCFMRP-USP, 160 foram selecionados para tratamento em regime ambulatorial. Uma equipe multiprofissional, formada por cirurgiões, anestesistas, enfermeiros e assistentes sociais, programou 4 mutirões para serem realizados em fins de semana, em função da disponibilidade do bloco cirúrgico e da sala de recuperação pós-anestésica. Mediante avaliação retrospectiva, foram analisados 79 prontuários dos pacientes operados nos Mutirões I e II (Grupo A) e 79 dos 80 operados nos Mutirões III e IV (Grupo B). Análise estatística: teste de Wilcoxon e exato de Fisher (p 0,05). Resultados: As co-morbidades foram registradas em 48 pacientes do Grupo A - (60,8%) e em 31 do Grupo B (39,8%) (p=0,007). A inflamação aguda e a escleroatrofia da vesícula foram observadas em 10 pacientes do Grupo A (12,7%) e em 2 do Grupo B (2,6%). A duração média das operações, em minutos, foi de 90 (25-240) no Grupo A e de 68,2 (20-180) no Grupo B (p=0,002). Houve uma conversão em cada Grupo (1,3%). A profilaxia da dor e dos vômitos foi realizada, respectivamente, em 13 (16,4%) e em 2 (2,5%) pacientes do Grupo A. No Grupo B, 63 pacientes (79,7%) receberam analgésicos e 73 (92,5%) antieméticos de forma profilática. A dor abdominal, os vômitos e os sintomas cardiorespiratórios, na recuperação pós-anestésica, acometeram, respectivamente, 34 (43%), 18 (22,6%) e 10 (12,6%) dos pacientes do Grupo A e 18 (22,8%), 14 (17,7%) e 3 (3,8%) do Grupo B. A necessidade de pernoite foi maior no Grupo A: 45 pacientes (50,7%) com permanência hospitalar média de 18,3 horas (8,2-26), enquanto no Grupo B houve 5 pernoites e a média de permanência foi de 7,5 horas (4-24) (p=0,000). Ocorreram 5 internações no Grupo A (6,3%) e 2 no Grupo B (2,5%). A reavaliação médica, na primeira semana, foi necessária em 8 pacientes do Grupo A (10,2%) e redundou em 3 readmissões (3,8%). No Grupo B, 2 pacientes (2,6%) procuraram o serviço de saúde e a readmissão não foi necessária. No Grupo A, 2 pacientes apresentaram coleperitônio e 1 foi reoperado; não houve óbitos em nenhum Grupo. Conclusão: O aprimoramento no processo de seleção e nos cuidados perioperatórios para colecistectomia videolaparoscópica, em regime ambulatorial, assegura o tratamento, na forma de mutirões, como estratégia eventual de redução das listas de espera.

RESUMO

Se presenta la experiencia de los primeros 328 casos de colecistectomía laparoscópica en Medellín, realizados entre septiembre 18 de 1991 y mayo 18 de 1993, por el grupo CIGLA (Cirujanos laparoscopistas de Antioquia). El grupo de pacientes estuvo formado por 252 mujeres (76.8 por ciento) y 76 hombres (23.2 por ciento) con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 85 años. Se intervinieron 274 casos (83.5 por ciento) como cirugía programada y 54 de urgencia por colecistitis aguda (16.5 por ciento). Fue necesario convertir el procedimiento a cirugía abierta en 5 pacientes (1.5 por ciento); dos de ellos tenían adherencias firmes, anatomía confusa y fístulas colecistoduodenales; otros dos presentaban inflamación aguda y marcado edema y el último sufrió una lesión iatrogénica de las vías biliares; sólo se presentaron 6 casos de complicación mayor (1.8 por ciento): una colección subhepática infectada que requirió drenaje quirúrgico, una lesión del conducto hepático derecho, dos casos de litiasis residual y dos de pancreatitis postoperatoria. El tiempo quirúrgico fue en promedio 46.6 minutos en los casos electivos y 63.3 en los urgentes. La hospitalización duró menos de un día en 280 pacientes (85.3 por ciento). Se concluyó que, también en nuestro medio, la colecistectomía videolaparoscópica es el tratamiento de elección de la litiasis vesicular.

We report on our experience with 328 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed between September 18, 1991 and May 18, 1993 by a specialized surgical team in Medellín, Colombia. The patients were 252 women (76.8%) and 76 men (23.2%), with ages between 14 and 85 years. The surgical procedure was elective in 274 of them (83.5%) while 54 (16.5%) were emergencies due to acute cholecystitis. In 5 cases (1.5%) it became necessary to convert the procedure to open surgery: 2 of them had strong adherences, obscure anatomy and cholecystoduodenal fistula; in two there was acute inflammation and marked edema and the last one suffered an iatrogenic lesion of the biliary ducts. There were only six cases of major complications (1.8%): infected subhepatic collection that required surgical drainage and lesion of the right hepatic duct, (one case each); residuallithiasis and postoperative pancreatitis (2 cases each). Average surgical time was 46.6 minutes in the elective cases and 63.3 in the ur. gent ones. Hospital stay lasted less than one day in 280 patients (85.3%). We conclude that in our center, as in other places, videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice for gallbladder lithiasis

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El desarrollo de la colecistectomía videolaparoscópica constituye uno de los avances quirúrgicos más importantes de los últimos tiempos y abre nuevos horizontes en el tratamiento de las enfermedades torácicas y abdominales. Se presenta un breve recuento histórico del desarrollo de esta técnica, la forma de practicarla, sus indicaciones, complicaciones y beneficios.

The development of laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most important surgical advances of recent years; it opens new horizons for the treatment of thoracic and abdominal diseases. The technique and a historical account of its development are briefly described; its indications, complications and benefits are summarized

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