RESUMO
Speakers of many languages prefer allocentric frames of reference (FoRs) when talking about small-scale space, using words like "east" or "downhill." Ethnographic work has suggested that this preference is also reflected in how such speakers gesture. Here, we investigate this possibility with a field experiment in Juchitán, Mexico. In Juchitán, a preferentially allocentric language (Isthmus Zapotec) coexists with a preferentially egocentric one (Spanish). Using a novel task, we elicited spontaneous co-speech gestures about small-scale motion events (e.g., toppling blocks) in Zapotec-dominant speakers and in balanced Zapotec-Spanish bilinguals. Consistent with prior claims, speakers' spontaneous gestures reliably reflected either an egocentric or allocentric FoR. The use of the egocentric FoR was predicted-not by speakers' dominant language or the language they used in the task-but by mastery of words for "right" and "left," as well as by properties of the event they were describing. Additionally, use of the egocentric FoR in gesture predicted its use in a separate nonlinguistic memory task, suggesting a cohesive cognitive style. Our results show that the use of spatial FoRs in gesture is pervasive, systematic, and shaped by several factors. Spatial gestures, like other forms of spatial conceptualization, are thus best understood within broader ecologies of communication and cognition.
Assuntos
Gestos , Mãos , Multilinguismo , Fala , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMO
In various responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, we can observe insufficient sensitivity towards the needs and circumstances of poorer citizens. Particularly in a context of high inequality, policy makers need to engage with the wider public in debates and consultations to gain better insights in the realities of the worst-off within their jurisdiction. When consultations involve members of traditionally underrepresented groups, these are not only more inclusive, which is in itself an ethical aim, but pool ideas and observations from a much more diverse array of inhabitants. Inclusivity increases the odds to identify a larger range of weak spots for health security and to design health interventions that are less burdensome on those worst-off.
RESUMO
Organizations are increasingly looking for ways to reap the benefits of cognitive diversity for problem solving. A major unanswered question concerns the implications of cognitive diversity for longer-term outcomes such as team learning, with its broader effects on organizational learning and productivity. We study how cognitive style diversity in teams-or diversity in the way that team members encode, organize and process information-indirectly influences team learning through collective intelligence, or the general ability of a team to work together across a wide array of tasks. Synthesizing several perspectives, we predict and find that cognitive style diversity has a curvilinear-inverted U-shaped-relationship with collective intelligence. Collective intelligence is further positively related to the rate at which teams learn, and is a mechanism guiding the indirect relationship between cognitive style diversity and team learning. We test the predictions in 98 teams using ten rounds of the minimum-effort tacit coordination game. Overall, this research advances our understanding of the implications of cognitive diversity for organizations and why some teams demonstrate high levels of team learning in dynamic situations while others do not.
RESUMO
O Desenho Universal (DU) é passível de ser adotado no planejamento de espaços, instrumentos e tecnologias que permitam o seu uso por pessoas com um escopo variado de características físicas e psicológicas. No presente artigo são descritos os desdobramentos alcançados pelo DU, ressaltando o desenvolvimento de instrumentos em Psicologia Testagem Universal (TU). É delineado um roteiro para elaboração de testes segundo os princípios da TU. Uma das principais contribuições da Testagem Universal é a redução da necessidade de adaptações pós-elaboração do instrumental e consequente redução de custos com novos estudos. Ainda, alguns desdobramentos dos modelos de Desenho Universal são apresentados seguidos da perspectiva da diversidade cognitiva em Testagem Universal e a possibilidade de mediação destas demandas no processo de testagem. Finaliza com a proposta de um Modelo Integrativo de Testagem Universal....(AU)
The Universal Design (DU) can be adopted in the planning of spaces, instruments and technologies that allow its use by people with a varied scope of physical and psychological characteristics. In the present article the DU achievements are described, emphasizing the development of instruments in Psychology - Universal Testing (TU). A road map for the preparation of tests accordingto TU principles is outlined. One of the main contributions of the Universal Test is the reduction of the need for post-instrument adaptation and consequent reduction of costs with new studies. Still, some developments of the Universal Design models are presented followed by the perspective of cognitive diversity in Universal Testing and the possibility of mediating the interference of these demands in the testing process. It ends with the proposal of an Integrative Model of Universal Testing....(AU)
El Diseño Universal (DU) puede ser adoptado en la planificación de espacios, instrumentos y tecnologías que permitan su uso por personas con un variado alcance de características físicas y psicológicas. En el presente artículo se describen los logros de la DU, enfatizando el desarrollo de instrumentos en Psicología: evaluaciones diseñadas universalmente (EDU). Se describe una hoja de ruta para el desarrollo de pruebas de acuerdo con los principios de EDU. Una de las principales contribuciones de las Evaluaciones diseñadas universalmente es la reducción de la necesidad de adaptación posterior al instrumento y la consiguiente reducción de costos con nuevos estudios. Aún así, se presentan algunos desarrollos de los modelos de Diseño Universal seguidos por la perspectiva de la diversidad cognitiva en las Evaluaciones diseñadas universalmente y la posibilidad de mediación de estas demandas en el proceso de prueba. Termina con la propuesta de un Modelo Integrativo de Evaluaciones Diseñados Universalmente....(AU)