RESUMO

We report here for the first time, the predation of coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) by a green lacewing species, Chrysoperla externa (Hagen). We showed in laboratory the predator ability to access CBB galleries, remove pest immature stages, and prey on them. We also observed predation by third instar larvae on CBB adults. With this note, we add a new predator to the reported list of species still little explored of CBB control.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The coffee crop hosts pests such as mites, mealybugs, and aphids which serve as food for the predator Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The preservation of this chrysopid in coffee agroecosystem is very important to achieve sustainability of this agricultural sector, and can be obtained by applying low toxicity insecticides. The present study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of C. externa to azadiracthin, chlorpyrifos, ethiprole and teflubenzuron. Predator eggs, third instar larvae, pupae and adults were exposed to insecticides by Potter tower spraying. When evaluating exposure of C. externa eggs we observed that chlorpyrifos, ethiprole and teflubenzuron reduced larvae hatching, while azadiracthin prolonged first instar duration. Meanwhile, the exposure of third instar larvae to chlorpyrifos and ethiprole caused mortality of all insects after 72 h, while azadiracthin prolonged the larval development time; we also observed that no compound allowed the formation of adults. After pupae were exposed to chlorpyrifos and teflubenzuron, it was observed a reduction on the emergence of adults, while the longevity of adults from these pupae and the evaluated reproductive parameters were reduced by all insecticides. For the bioassay with adults, chlorpyrifos, ethiprole and teflubenzuron reduced the longevity of insects, while the reproductive parameters evaluated were negatively affected after exposure to azadiracthin and teflubenzuron. It was concluded that all insecticides negatively affected at least one biological characteristic of the predator in at least one of the insect's developmental stages, requiring further research in semi-field and field conditions to prove its toxicity.

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The development of Coffea canephora cultivars is based on the characterization of genotype × environment interaction, which is interpreted to quantify the differential behavior of clones at different cultivation sites. The objective of this research was to study the genotype x environment interaction aiming to select clones of broad and specific adaptation to different environments of the Western Amazon. Twelve clones with hybrid characteristics of the botanical varieties Conilon and Robusta and four open pollinated clones, had their performance evaluated in comparison with four controls. The genotype × environment interaction was interpreted based on the environmental quality index, the non-parametric estimator of Lin and Binns, 1988 and on the dispersion of the centroid method. Effects of the genotypes, environment, and genotype × environment interaction were all significant (p<0.01). The environmental quality index (Ij) classified three environments as favorable for coffee production. In terms of the Lin and Binns estimator (Pi), hybrid genotypes 16, 10, 13, 09 and 14 presented lower Pi indices than others, and were classified as being more stable. Five clones of low adaptability, seven clones of specific adaptability to favorable or unfavorable environments and two clones of broad adaptability to all environments were identified interpreting the dispersion of the centroid method.(AU)

O desenvolvimento de novas cultivares de Coffea canephora fundamenta-se na caracterização do comportamento diferenciado dos clones em diferentes locais de cultivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a interação genótipo x ambientes visando selecionar clones de adaptação ampla e específica à diferentes ambientes da Amazônia Ocidental. Doze clones com características híbridas das variedades botânicas Conilon e Robusta e quatro clones provenientes de polinização aberta tiveram seu desempenho avaliado em comparação com quatro testemunhas. Os métodos utilizados para quantificar a interação genótipo x ambientes foram o estimador não paramétrico de Lin & Binns e a dispersão do método centroide. A análise de variância indicou que os efeitos de genótipos, de ambiente e da interação G x A foram significativos (p<0,01). O índice de qualidade ambiental (Ij) permitiu classificar três ambientes favoráveis em relação a sua contribuição para o desempenho das plantas. Os genótipos híbridos 16, 10, 13, 9 e 14 apresentaram menores índices de Pi, tendo sido ranqueados como mais estáveis, apresentando produtividade média superior ao desempenho das testemunhas. Cinco clones de baixa adaptabilidade, sete clones de adaptabilidade específica a ambientes favoráveis ou desfavoráveis e dois clones de ampla adaptabilidade foram identificados interpretando a dispersão no plano do método centroide.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: The development of Coffea canephora cultivars is based on the characterization of genotype × environment interaction, which is interpreted to quantify the differential behavior of clones at different cultivation sites. The objective of this research was to study the genotype x environment interaction aiming to select clones of broad and specific adaptation to different environments of the Western Amazon. Twelve clones with hybrid characteristics of the botanical varieties Conilon and Robusta and four open pollinated clones, had their performance evaluated in comparison with four controls. The genotype × environment interaction was interpreted based on the environmental quality index, the non-parametric estimator of Lin and Binns, 1988 and on the dispersion of the centroid method. Effects of the genotypes, environment, and genotype × environment interaction were all significant (p<0.01). The environmental quality index (Ij) classified three environments as favorable for coffee production. In terms of the Lin and Binn's estimator (Pi), hybrid genotypes 16, 10, 13, 09 and 14 presented lower Pi indices than others, and were classified as being more stable. Five clones of low adaptability, seven clones of specific adaptability to favorable or unfavorable environments and two clones of broad adaptability to all environments were identified interpreting the dispersion of the centroid method.

RESUMO: O desenvolvimento de novas cultivares de Coffea canephora fundamenta-se na caracterização do comportamento diferenciado dos clones em diferentes locais de cultivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a interação genótipo x ambientes visando selecionar clones de adaptação ampla e específica à diferentes ambientes da Amazônia Ocidental. Doze clones com características híbridas das variedades botânicas Conilon e Robusta e quatro clones provenientes de polinização aberta tiveram seu desempenho avaliado em comparação com quatro testemunhas. Os métodos utilizados para quantificar a interação genótipo x ambientes foram o estimador não paramétrico de Lin & Binns e a dispersão do método centroide. A análise de variância indicou que os efeitos de genótipos, de ambiente e da interação G x A foram significativos (p<0,01). O índice de qualidade ambiental (Ij) permitiu classificar três ambientes favoráveis em relação a sua contribuição para o desempenho das plantas. Os genótipos híbridos 16, 10, 13, 9 e 14 apresentaram menores índices de Pi, tendo sido ranqueados como mais estáveis, apresentando produtividade média superior ao desempenho das testemunhas. Cinco clones de baixa adaptabilidade, sete clones de adaptabilidade específica a ambientes favoráveis ou desfavoráveis e dois clones de ampla adaptabilidade foram identificados interpretando a dispersão no plano do método centroide.

RESUMO

Information about population structure and genetic relationships within and among wild and brazilian Coffea arabica L. genotypes is highly relevant to optimize the use of genetic resources for breeding purposes. In this study, we evaluated genetic diversity, clustering analysis based on Jaccard's coefficient and population structure in 33 genotypes of C. arabica and of three diploid Coffea species (C. canephora, C. eugenioides and C. racemosa) using 30 SSR markers. A total of 206 alleles were identified, with a mean of 6.9 over all loci. The set of SSR markers was able to discriminate all genotypes and revealed that Ethiopian accessions presented higher genetic diversity than commercial varieties. Population structure analysis indicated two genetic groups, one corresponding to Ethiopian accessions and another corresponding predominantly to commercial cultivars. Thirty-four private alleles were detected in the group of accessions collected from West side of Great Rift Valley. We observed a lower average genetic distance of the C. arabica genotypes in relation to C. eugenioides than C. canephora. Interestingly, commercial cultivars were genetically closer to C. eugenioides than C. canephora and C. racemosa. The great allelic richness observed in Ethiopian Arabica coffee, especially in Western group showed that these accessions can be potential source of new alleles to be explored by coffee breeding programs.

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Coffee is one of the most important global crops and provides a livelihood to millions of people living in developing countries. Coffee species have been described as being highly sensitive to climate change, as largely deduced from modeling studies based on predictions of rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns. Here, we discuss the physiological responses of the coffee tree in the context of present and ongoing climate changes, including drought, heat, and light stresses, and interactions between these factors. We also summarize recent insights on the physiological and agronomic performance of coffee at elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations and highlight the key role of CO2 in mitigating the harmful effects of heat stress. Evidence is shown suggesting that warming, per se, may be less harmful to coffee suitability than previously estimated, at least under the conditions of an adequate water supply. Finally, we discuss several mitigation strategies to improve crop performance in a changing world.

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Neste trabalho, objetivou-se, avaliar as características anatômicas do caule de cafeeiros enxertados, auto-enxertados e pé-franco. Foram utilizadas as cultivares Catucaí Amarelo 2 SL e Topázio MG 1190 (Coffea arabica L.) e o porta-enxerto Apoatã IAC 2258 (C. canephora Pierre ex Froehn.). As seções anatômicas longitudinais e transversais foram realizadas aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após a enxertia. Os resultados não mostraram evidências de incompatibilidade de reconstituição e formação de tecidos entre as cultivares estudadas.

This work aimed at evaluating the anatomic features of grafted, self-grafted and ungrafted coffee tree stems. The longitudinal and transversal sections were performed at 30, 60, and 90 days after grafting in Catucaí Amarelo 2 SL and Topázio MG 1190 (Coffea arabica L.) cultivars, as well as in the Apoatã rootstock. The results did not show evident signs of incompatibility of tissue reconstruction and formation between the cultivars studied.

RESUMO

Suppression of plant diseases due to the action of endophytic microorganisms has been demonstrated in several pathosystems. Experiments under controlled conditions involving endophytic bacteria isolated from leaves and branches of Coffea arabica L and Coffea robusta L were conducted with the objective of evaluating the inhibition of germination of Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br., race II, urediniospores and the control of coffee leaf rust development in tests with leaf discs, detached leaves, and on potted seedling of cv. Mundo Novo. The endophytic bacterial isolates tested proved to be effective in inhibiting urediniospore germination and/or rust development, with values above 50%, although the results obtained in urediniospore germination tests were inferior to the treatment with fungicide propiconazole. Endophytic isolates TG4-Ia, TF2-IIc, TF9-Ia, TG11-IIa, and TF7-IIa, demonstrated better coffee leaf rust control in leaf discs, detached leaves, and coffee plant tests. The endophytic isolates TG4-Ia and TF9-Ia were identified as Bacillus lentimorbus Dutky and Bacillus cereus Frank. & Frank., respectively. Some endophytic bacterial isolates were effective in controlling the coffee leaf rust, although some increased the severity of the disease. Even though a relatively small number of endophytic bacteria were tested, promising results were obtained regarding the efficiency of coffee leaf rust biocontrol. These selected agents appears to be an alternative for future replacement of chemical fungicide.

Supressão de doenças de plantas por microrganismos endofíticos tem sido demonstrada em diversos patossistemas. Neste trabalho foram selecionados isolados de bactérias endofíticas de folhas e ramos de cafeeiro com potencial para o controle biológico da ferrugem do cafeeiro, pois é conhecido que esses microrganismos podem possuir essa característica. Bactérias endofíticas isoladas previamente de folhas e ramos de Coffea arabica L e Coffea robusta L foram avaliadas quanto ao seu potencial de biocontrole da ferrugem do café causada pelo fungo Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br., raça 2. As bactérias foram testadas para a inibição da germinação de urediniosporos do fungo e em bioensaios para o controle do desenvolvimento da ferrugem alaranjada do cafeeiro em discos de folhas, folhas destacadas e mudas da cv. Mundo Novo. Os isolados de bactérias endofíticas testados demonstraram eficácia na inibição da germinação de urediniosporos e/ou no desenvolvimento da ferrugem, com valores acima de 50%, embora os resultados obtidos nos testes de germinação de urediniosporos tenham sido inferiores ao tratamento com propiconazole (testemunha padrão). Nos testes em discos de folhas, folhas destacadas e em plantas de cafeeiro, os isolados endofíticos TG4-Ia, TF2-IIc, TF9-Ia, TG11-IIa e TF7-IIa demonstraram melhor controle da ferrugem do cafeeiro. Os isolados endofíticos TG4-Ia e TF9-Ia foram identificados como Bacillus lentimorbus Dutky e Bacillus cereus Frank. & Frank., respectivamente. De acordo com os resultados verifica-se que alguns isolados foram eficientes em controlar a ferrugem do cafeeiro, embora alguns tenham aumentado a severidade da doença. Apesar do número relativamente baixo de bactérias endofíticas testadas, resultados promissores foram obtidos em relação ao controle biológico da ferrugem, sendo que esses poderão no futuro apresentar uma alternativa aos fungicidas.

RESUMO

Suppression of plant diseases due to the action of endophytic microorganisms has been demonstrated in several pathosystems. Experiments under controlled conditions involving endophytic bacteria isolated from leaves and branches of Coffea arabica L and Coffea robusta L were conducted with the objective of evaluating the inhibition of germination of Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br., race II, urediniospores and the control of coffee leaf rust development in tests with leaf discs, detached leaves, and on potted seedling of cv. Mundo Novo. The endophytic bacterial isolates tested proved to be effective in inhibiting urediniospore germination and/or rust development, with values above 50%, although the results obtained in urediniospore germination tests were inferior to the treatment with fungicide propiconazole. Endophytic isolates TG4-Ia, TF2-IIc, TF9-Ia, TG11-IIa, and TF7-IIa, demonstrated better coffee leaf rust control in leaf discs, detached leaves, and coffee plant tests. The endophytic isolates TG4-Ia and TF9-Ia were identified as Bacillus lentimorbus Dutky and Bacillus cereus Frank. & Frank., respectively. Some endophytic bacterial isolates were effective in controlling the coffee leaf rust, although some increased the severity of the disease. Even though a relatively small number of endophytic bacteria were tested, promising results were obtained regarding the efficiency of coffee leaf rust biocontrol. These selected agents appears to be an alternative for future replacement of chemical fungicide.

Supressão de doenças de plantas por microrganismos endofíticos tem sido demonstrada em diversos patossistemas. Neste trabalho foram selecionados isolados de bactérias endofíticas de folhas e ramos de cafeeiro com potencial para o controle biológico da ferrugem do cafeeiro, pois é conhecido que esses microrganismos podem possuir essa característica. Bactérias endofíticas isoladas previamente de folhas e ramos de Coffea arabica L e Coffea robusta L foram avaliadas quanto ao seu potencial de biocontrole da ferrugem do café causada pelo fungo Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br., raça 2. As bactérias foram testadas para a inibição da germinação de urediniosporos do fungo e em bioensaios para o controle do desenvolvimento da ferrugem alaranjada do cafeeiro em discos de folhas, folhas destacadas e mudas da cv. Mundo Novo. Os isolados de bactérias endofíticas testados demonstraram eficácia na inibição da germinação de urediniosporos e/ou no desenvolvimento da ferrugem, com valores acima de 50%, embora os resultados obtidos nos testes de germinação de urediniosporos tenham sido inferiores ao tratamento com propiconazole (testemunha padrão). Nos testes em discos de folhas, folhas destacadas e em plantas de cafeeiro, os isolados endofíticos TG4-Ia, TF2-IIc, TF9-Ia, TG11-IIa e TF7-IIa demonstraram melhor controle da ferrugem do cafeeiro. Os isolados endofíticos TG4-Ia e TF9-Ia foram identificados como Bacillus lentimorbus Dutky e Bacillus cereus Frank. & Frank., respectivamente. De acordo com os resultados verifica-se que alguns isolados foram eficientes em controlar a ferrugem do cafeeiro, embora alguns tenham aumentado a severidade da doença. Apesar do número relativamente baixo de bactérias endofíticas testadas, resultados promissores foram obtidos em relação ao controle biológico da ferrugem, sendo que esses poderão no futuro apresentar uma alternativa aos fungicidas.

RESUMO

Várias são as substâncias químicas usadas no controle de insetos, doenças e plantas invasoras, porém muitos desses produtos são tóxicos ao homem e aos animais, além de reduzir o potencial de controle de predadores, parasitóides e entomopatógenos. O controle integrado utilizando agrotóxicos seletivos e fungos entomopatogênicos é uma estratégia viável, porém alguns destes produtos podem atuar negativamente sobre estes microrganismos, reduzindo crescimento vegetativo, esporulação e viabilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de agrotóxicos aplicados na cultura do cafeeiro, sobre o fungo Beauveria bassiana (isolado UEL 114), visando o controle da cochonilha-da-raiz-do-cafeeiro. Uma suspensão de 1 x 10(7) conídios viáveis/ml do fungo foi adicionada a soluções dos produtos nas concentrações recomendadas. Após 1h, foi feito o plaqueamento em meio BDA, e a quantificação dos conídios germinados após 20h. O crescimento vegetativo e a esporulação foram avaliados oito dias após a inoculação do fungo em meio BDA contendo os produtos nas concentrações recomendadas, e mantido em câmara B.O.D. à temperatura de 25 ± 1°C, fotofase de 12 h e umidade relativa de 70 ± 10 por cento. Foram medidos o diâmetro médio das colônias e quantificados os conídios produzidos em câmara de Neubauer. Azafenidine, quintozene, simazine + ametrine, 2,4-D, acetoclor e oxifluorfem afetaram a germinação dos conídios de B. bassiana. Tiametoxam, imidaclopride, carbofuram e pencicurom foram compatíveis; ao passo que glifosato, dimetilurea, azafenidine, quintozene, simazine + ametrine, 2,4-D, acetoclor e oxifluorfem reduziram significativamente o crescimento vegetativo e esporulação do isolado UEL 114 de B. bassiana.

Several chemical substances are used to control insects, diseases and weeds, however many of these products are toxic to mankind and the animals, besides reducing the potential of pest control by predators, parasitoids and pathogens. The integrated control using selective chemical pesticides and entomopathogenic fungi is a viable strategy, however some of these products can impact these microorganisms, reducing vegetative growth, viability and sporulation. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of chemical pesticides used in the coffee crop on the entomopatogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (isolate UEL 114), for the control of the cofee root mealybug. A fungal suspension of 1 x 10(7) viable conidia/ml was added to solutions of the products at the recommended concentrations. After 1h, conidia were inoculated onto PDA medium, and quantification of germinated conidia assessed after 20h. The vegetative growth and sporulation were appraised eight days after the fungus inoculation onto PDA medium containing the products at recommended concentrations and maintained at the temperature of 25 ± 1°C, 12h photofase and 70 ± 10 percent relative humidity. The mean diameter of the colonies was measured and conidial production quantified in a Neubauer chamber. Azafenidyne, Quintozene, Symazine + Ametryne, 2,4-D, Acetochlor and Oxyfluorfen affected the conidial germination. Thiamethoxan, Imidacloprid, Carbofuran and Pencycuron were compatible; whereas Glyphosate, Dimetilurea, Azafenidine, Quintozene, Symazine + Ametryne, 2,4-D, Acetochlor and Oxyfluorfen significantly impacted vegetative growth and sporulation of B. bassiana UEL 114.

RESUMO

Root coffee (Coffea arabica L.) mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) collected in Boa Esperança, southern Minas Gerais State, were identified as Dysmicoccus texensis (Tinsley) (= bispinosus Beardsley) and these from aerial part collected in Castelo, State of the Espírito Santo, as Planococcus minor (Maskell). However, Brazilian literature mentions other mealybug species of coffee tree as Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel in roots and Planococcus citri (Risso) in the aerial part. Therefore, more than one mealybug species may be occurring in the roots as in aerial part of coffee trees, and the survey and taxonomic studies are necessary before setting a control program, specially biological control.

Cochonilhas-farinhentas (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) das raízes do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.) coletadas em Boa Esperança, Estado de Minas Gerais, foram identificadas como Dysmicoccus texensis (Tinsley) (= bispinosus Beardsley) e da parte aérea dos cafeeiros em Castelo, Estado do Espírito Santo, como Planococcus minor (Maskell). Porém, na literatura brasileira são citadas outras espécies de pseudococcídeos em cafeeiros, Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel nas raízes e Planococcus citri (Risso) na parte aérea. Assim, é possível que mais de uma espécie de cochonilhas-farinhentas possam estar ocorrendo nas raízes e na parte aérea dos cafeeiros, tornando os levantamentos e estudos taxonômicos necessários para o estabelecimento de programas de controle, sobretudo o biológico.