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A new species of coccidia (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) is described from the saffron finch, Sicalis flaveola, is reported from Brazil. Sporulated oocysts of Isospora bertoi n. sp. are spherical to subspherical; 23.6 (21.1-26.5) x 22.0 (19.4-24.6) µm; shape Index (L/W ratio) 1.1 (1.0-1.2) µm; with bilayer smooth walls, ~1.1 μm. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but polar granules are present. Sporocysts are elongated ellipsoidal, 16.2 (13.6-17.9) x 10.1 (8.9-12.4) µm. Stieda body is button-shaped and Sub-Stieda and Para-Stieda body are absent. Sporocyst residuum is compact and composed of hundreds of granules scattered among the sporozoites. The sporozoite is claviform with an elongated posterior refractile body and nucleus.

Uma nova espécie de coccídio (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) do canário-da-terra, Sicalis flaveola, é relatada no Brasil. Oocistos esporulados de Isospora bertoi n. sp. são esféricos a subesféricos; 23,6 (21,1-26,5) x 22,0 (19,4-24,6) µm com índice morfométrico (L/W) de 1,1 (1,0-1,2); com parede lisa constituída por duas camadas com ~1,1 μm. Micrópila e resíduo de oocisto estão ausentes, mas grânulos polares estão presentes. Os esporocistos são elipsoidais alongados, 16,2 (13,6-17,9) x 10,1 (8,9-12,4) µm;. O corpo Stieda é em forma de botão, enquanto que os corpos de Sub-Stieda e Para-Stieda estão ausentes. O resíduo do esporocisto é compacto e constituido por centenas de grânulos espalhados entre os esporozoítos. O esporozoíto é claviforme com corpo e núcleo refráteis posteriores alongados.

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PURPOSE: The present study describes a new species of Eimeria found in free-living S. flaveola that inhabit the city of Eugenópolis in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: Fecal samples from all captured birds were filtered through double gauze, mixed with 2.5% potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), placed in a Petri dish and incubated at 23-28 °C until 70% of the oocysts were sporulated. RESULTS: Eimeria flaveola n. sp. from the saffron finch, Sicalis flaveola (Aves: Passeriformes), was described in Brazil. Sporulated oocysts are subspherical; 22.67 ± 1.57 (18.47-26.48) × 21.19 ± 1.42 (16.69-24.91) µm; with a shape-index of 1.07 ± 0.05 (1.00-1.25) µm and a smooth, bilayered wall, ~ 1.09 µm. A micropyle and an oocyst residuum are absent, but one polar granule is present. Sporocysts are ovoidal, 14.24 ± 1.71 (9.02-19.33) × 9.98 ± 1.02 (6.80-12.87) µm; with a shape-index of 1.43 ± 0.16 (0.74-2.11). The Stieda body is button-shaped; sub-Stieda body and para-Stieda absent. The sporocyst residuum is formed by a compact rounded mass of granules. The sporozoite is claviform, 11.53 µm in length and 2.84 µm in width, with a refractile body and a nucleus. CONCLUSIONS: Based on its morphological and morphometric characteristics, we consider E. flaveola a newly identified species.

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Evidence of sarcocystid infection was investigated in samples of 16 penguins (Spheniscus. magellanicus), four Dominican gulls (Larus dominicanus) and two Chilean skuas (Stercorarius chilensis) found in Madalenas Islands, Chile, in 2017. Samples of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and brain from all birds were screened by a pan-sarcocystid nested-PCR targeting a short fragment of the gene encoding the small ribosomal unit (nPCR-18Sa). The only two positive samples by nPCR-18Sa, both from skuas, were tested by a nested-PCR directed to the internal transcribed spacer 1 (nPCR-ITS1), also a pan-sarcocystidae nested-PCR, and to a nested-PCR directed to the B1 gene (nPCR-B1), for the exclusive detection of Toxoplasma gondii. The two nPCR-18Sa-positive samples were nPCR-ITS1-positive and nPCR-B1-negative. The nPCR-ITS1 nucleotide sequences from the two skuas, which were identical to each other, were revealed closely related to homologous sequences of Sarcocystis halieti, species found in seabirds of northern hemisphere. Larger fragments of genes encoding 18S and partial sequences of genes coding for cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 were also analyzed, corroborating ITS1 data. The haplotypes found in the skuas are unprecedent and closely related to species that use birds as the definitive host. Further studies need to be carried out to detect, identify and isolate this parasite to understand the epidemiology of the infection and its impact on the health of marine fauna.

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ABSTRACT Growing evidence suggests that parasite-infected prey is more vulnerable to predation. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is obscure. In small mammals, analgesia induced by environmental stressors is a fundamental component of the defensive repertoire, promoting defensive responses. Thus, the reduced analgesia may impair the defensive ability of prey and increase their predation risk. This study aimed to determine whether coccidia infection increases the vulnerability to predation in root voles, Microtus oeconomus (Pallas, 1776), by decreased analgesia. Herein, a predator stimulus and parasitic infection were simulated in the laboratory via a two-level factorial experiment, then, the vole nociceptive responses to an aversive thermal stimulus were evaluated. Further, a field experiment was performed to determine the overwinter survival of voles with different nociceptive responses via repeated live trapping. The coccidia-infected voles demonstrated reduced predator-induced analgesia following exposure to predator odor. Meanwhile, pain-sensitive voles had lower overwinter survival than pain-inhibited voles in enclosed populations throughout the duration of the experiment. Our findings suggest that coccidia infection attenuates predator-induced analgesia, resulting in an increased vulnerability to predation.

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ABSTRACT Growing evidence suggests that parasite-infected prey is more vulnerable to predation. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is obscure. In small mammals, analgesia induced by environmental stressors is a fundamental component of the defensive repertoire, promoting defensive responses. Thus, the reduced analgesia may impair the defensive ability of prey and increase their predation risk. This study aimed to determine whether coccidia infection increases the vulnerability to predation in root voles, Microtus oeconomus (Pallas, 1776), by decreased analgesia. Herein, a predator stimulus and parasitic infection were simulated in the laboratory via a two-level factorial experiment, then, the vole nociceptive responses to an aversive thermal stimulus were evaluated. Further, a field experiment was performed to determine the overwinter survival of voles with different nociceptive responses via repeated live trapping. The coccidia-infected voles demonstrated reduced predator-induced analgesia following exposure to predator odor. Meanwhile, pain-sensitive voles had lower overwinter survival than pain-inhibited voles in enclosed populations throughout the duration of the experiment. Our findings suggest that coccidia infection attenuates predator-induced analgesia, resulting in an increased vulnerability to predation.

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We investigated the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum antibodies in pigs raised in the Northeast of Pará, Brazil. At Study I, convenience sampled 151 pigs at two slaughterhouses, with and without state inspection; and Study II, which assessed 159 pigs with probabilistic sampling from nine pig farms. Serological analysis was performed using indirect fluorescent antibody test for T. gondii and N. caninum with a cutoff of 64 and 50, respectively. Overall, 6.77% pigs were seropositive for T. gondii and 5.16% for N. caninum. In Study I, pigs slaughtered with and without state inspection presented similar occurrence for both coccidia (p>0.05). Study II found an association between N. caninum seropositivity and sludge discarded into the soil, feeding pigs with animal-based protein, subsistence system, and absence of nipple drinkers. No association was found for T. gondii. Pigs from Pará are a potential source of T. gondii infection to humans. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to report anti-N. caninum antibodies in the serum of pigs in Pará State, Brazilian Amazon.(AU)

Foi investigada a ocorrência de anticorpos contra Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em suínos criados no nordeste do Pará, Brasil. No Estudo I, foram amostrados 151 porcos em dois matadouros, com e sem inspeção estadual. O Estudo II avaliou 159 suínos com amostragem probabilística de nove granjas de suínos. Para sorologia, utilizou-se o teste de imunofluorescência indireta para T. gondii e N. caninum com ponto de corte de 1:64 e 1:50, respectivamente. No geral, 6,77% dos suínos foram soropositivos para T. gondii e 5,16% para N. caninum. No Estudo I, suínos abatidos em matadouros com e sem inspeção estadual apresentaram ocorrência semelhante para ambos os coccídios (p> 0,05). Os animais amostrados de Belém, Benevides, Marituba, Bujaru, Castanhal e Igarapé-Miri foram positivos para T. gondii, enquanto os soropositivos para N. caninum foram encontrados em Belém, Bujaru, Castanhal e Santo Antônio do Tauá. O Estudo II encontrou associação entre soropositividade de N. caninum e esterco descartado no solo, alimentação dos suínos com proteína de origem animal, criação de subsistência e ausência de bebedores tipo nipple. Não foi encontrada associação para T. gondii. A carne suína apresenta potencial risco de transmissão de T. gondii para os habitantes da região. De acordo com nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro relato de anticorpos anti-N. caninum em suínos no estado do Pará, Amazônia brasileira.(AU)

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Abstract We investigated the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum antibodies in pigs raised in the Northeast of Pará, Brazil. At Study I, convenience sampled 151 pigs at two slaughterhouses, with and without state inspection; and Study II, which assessed 159 pigs with probabilistic sampling from nine pig farms. Serological analysis was performed using indirect fluorescent antibody test for T. gondii and N. caninum with a cutoff of 64 and 50, respectively. Overall, 6.77% pigs were seropositive for T. gondii and 5.16% for N. caninum. In Study I, pigs slaughtered with and without state inspection presented similar occurrence for both coccidia (p>0.05). Study II found an association between N. caninum seropositivity and sludge discarded into the soil, feeding pigs with animal-based protein, subsistence system, and absence of nipple drinkers. No association was found for T. gondii. Pigs from Pará are a potential source of T. gondii infection to humans. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to report anti-N. caninum antibodies in the serum of pigs in Pará State, Brazilian Amazon.

Resumo Foi investigada a ocorrência de anticorpos contra Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em suínos criados no nordeste do Pará, Brasil. No Estudo I, foram amostrados 151 porcos em dois matadouros, com e sem inspeção estadual. O Estudo II avaliou 159 suínos com amostragem probabilística de nove granjas de suínos. Para sorologia, utilizou-se o teste de imunofluorescência indireta para T. gondii e N. caninum com ponto de corte de 1:64 e 1:50, respectivamente. No geral, 6,77% dos suínos foram soropositivos para T. gondii e 5,16% para N. caninum. No Estudo I, suínos abatidos em matadouros com e sem inspeção estadual apresentaram ocorrência semelhante para ambos os coccídios (p> 0,05). Os animais amostrados de Belém, Benevides, Marituba, Bujaru, Castanhal e Igarapé-Miri foram positivos para T. gondii, enquanto os soropositivos para N. caninum foram encontrados em Belém, Bujaru, Castanhal e Santo Antônio do Tauá. O Estudo II encontrou associação entre soropositividade de N. caninum e esterco descartado no solo, alimentação dos suínos com proteína de origem animal, criação de subsistência e ausência de bebedores tipo "nipple". Não foi encontrada associação para T. gondii. A carne suína apresenta potencial risco de transmissão de T. gondii para os habitantes da região. De acordo com nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro relato de anticorpos anti-N. caninum em suínos no estado do Pará, Amazônia brasileira.

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Growing evidence suggests that parasite-infected prey is more vulnerable to predation. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is obscure. In small mammals, analgesia induced by environmental stressors is a fundamental component of the defensive repertoire, promoting defensive responses. Thus, the reduced analgesia may impair the defensive ability of prey and increase their predation risk. This study aimed to determine whether coccidia infection increases the vulnerability to predation in root voles, Microtus oeconomus (Pallas, 1776), by decreased analgesia. Herein, a predator stimulus and parasitic infection were simulated in the laboratory via a two-level factorial experiment, then, the vole nociceptive responses to an aversive thermal stimulus were evaluated. Further, a field experiment was performed to determine the overwinter survival of voles with different nociceptive responses via repeated live trapping. The coccidia-infected voles demonstrated reduced predator-induced analgesia following exposure to predator odor. Meanwhile, pain-sensitive voles had lower overwinter survival than pain-inhibited voles in enclosed populations throughout the duration of the experiment. Our findings suggest that coccidia infection attenuates predator-induced analgesia, resulting in an increased vulnerability to predation.(AU)

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Amphibians are among the most threatened vertebrate groups in the world, and the main causes include climate change, habitat destruction, and emerging diseases. Herein, we investigated the occurrence and characterized molecularly Apicomplexa in anurans from southeastern Brazil. Forty individuals from seven anuran species were sampled in São Paulo state. In the molecular analyses, one Leptodactylus latrans and one Rhinella diptycha were positive in PCR assays for species of Hepatozoon. Two L. latrans were also positive for coccidian infections (Lankesterella sp. and an unidentified coccidian species). Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA clustered the sequences detected in anurans from the present study with Hepatozoon spp. detected in reptiles and other anurans from Brazil, albeit they were separate from Hepatozoon haplotypes detected in frogs from Africa and North America. Our study showed, for the first time, the molecular detection of Lankesterella sp. and another coccidian in L. latrans. Additionally, co-infection by different species of Hepatozoon haplotypes and an unidentified coccidian in anurans from Brazil was documented.

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Humic substances (HS) from different sources have been evaluated to replace or reduce the use of growth promoter antibiotics (GPA) in the feeds of broiler chickens. The objective was to evaluate the growth performance, tibia measurements, nutrient balance, meat quality, and microbiological status of broiler fed with an HS extract (EHS) under ad libitum (ADLIB) or feed restriction (REST). Individually caged broilers (n = 180, 14-35 day of age) were assigned to a factorial arrangement of three dietary treatments: (1) positive control with bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) and salinomycin; (2) negative control without BMD nor salinomycin, and (3) same as negative control with 0.25% EHS, and two feeding regimens 1) ADLIB or REST for 24 h on d 1, 7, and 14. Results were subjected to ANOVA. Positive control and EHS-fed broilers showed higher carcass yield (p < 0.05) and lower oocyst excretion (p < 0.01) compared to negative control birds. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) were higher in negative control and EHS-broilers compared to positive control (p < 0.01). In conclusion, higher carcass yield, lower C. perfringens and oocyst excretion were found in positive control and higher carcass yield, higher LAB and lower oocyst excretion were found in EHS-fed broilers. Broilers subjected to REST had reduced growth performance and meat quality. In conclusion, EHS could be used to increase the carcass yield and beneficial LAB in broilers.

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This study examined the influence of a diet enriched with free methionine (dl-Met) or methionine dipeptide (dl-MMet) on the intestinal health of Eimeria-challenged (EC) and unchallenged (UC) broilers. A non-supplemented, methionine-deficient diet (NS) was used as control. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial completely randomized design with eight replications. Broilers in the EC group were infected with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria spp. (E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. praecox, and E. mitis) at 14 d of age. Performance analysis, light and electron microscopy of the jejunum, analysis of genes related to apoptosis and cell proliferation in the jejunum, and blood tests were performed at 6 days post-inoculation (dpi). EC broilers had poorer performance than UC broilers, regardless of diet (P < 0.001). Broilers fed the dl-Met diet had greater weight gain (P = 0.004) and lower feed conversion ratio (P = 0.019) than broilers fed other diets. Jejunal sections from EC broilers fed the NS diet showed short (P = 0.001) and wide villi (P < 0.001) with increased crypt depth (P < 0.001) and reduced villus / crypt ratio (P = 0.001), jejunal absorptive surface area (P < 0.001), number of neutral goblet cells (Eimeria challenge: P = 0.048; diet P = 0.016), and mucin 2 (MUC2) gene expression (P = 0.018). EC birds fed the dl-MMet diet had higher enterocyte height (P < 0.001). Birds fed the dl-MMet diet had low lamina propria width (P = 0.009). UC broilers fed the dl-Met diet had the highest number of acidic goblet cells (P = 0.005), whereas EC broilers assigned the dl-MMet diet showed the highest number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (P = 0.033). Reduced expression of caspase-3 (CASP3) (P = 0.005), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) (P < 0.001), mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) (P < 0.001), and ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 (RPS6KB1) (P < 0.001) genes was observed in EC animals. MTOR expression levels were highest in birds fed the dl-MMet diet (P = 0.004). Plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was influenced by both diet (P = 0.002) and Eimeria challenge (P = 0.005), with EC broilers assigned the NS diet showing the highest levels. EC broilers fed the NS diet had higher creatine kinase (CK) activity (P = 0.049). EC broilers had lower plasma uric acid (P = 0.004) and higher serum mucoproteins level (P < 0.001). These results indicate that methionine dipeptide supplementation is able to mitigate the harmful intestinal effects of Eimeria spp. in broilers.

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The coccidians of the family Calyptosporidae are parasites of the tissue and organs of fish and aquatic invertebrates, in particular in the tropical region. In contrast with other apicomplexans of the suborder Eimeriorina, the diversity and ecology of the species of the genus Calyptospora have been poorly investigated, resulting in a lacuna that restricts the understanding of the distribution and prevalence of this group of eukaryote microparasites in the Amazon region. In the present study, the integrated comparative analysis of morphological characteristics, histological and structural traits, and the sequences of a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene, provides support for the identification of a new species of Calyptospora, found parasitizing the hepatic tissue of the piscivorous blue peacock bass, Cichla piquiti, captured in the reservoir of the Estreito hydroelectric dam on the middle Tocantins River in northern Brazil. This new species was named Calyptospora paranaidji n. sp.

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Resumen Introducción: Las coccidiosis intestinales ocasionadas por Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora belli y entre abril- junio de 2015, se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y transversal para Cyclospora cayetanensis constituyen patologías parasitarias de alta relevancia en la Salud Pública. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y parámetros epidemiológicos de coccidiosis intestinales en 188 habitantes de "El Hato", Estado Falcón, Venezuela. Metodología: Para la identificación de los probables factores de riesgos asociados a las coccidiosis intestinales se usó una ficha encuesta-epidemiológica. El diagnóstico parasitológico se realizó con el método directo y la coloración de Kinyoun. Resultados: La prevalencia global de parasitosis intestinales fue 64,36%, siendo Blastocystis spp. el taxón más frecuentemente observado (39,89%). La prevalencia de coccidios intestinales fue 37,23%, observándose prevalencias de 32,98% para Cyclospora cayetanensis, 26,60% para Cryptosporidium spp. y 3,19% para Cystoisospora belli. Con la aplicación del análisis de regresión logística múltiple se determinó como potenciales factores de riesgo independientes significativamente involucrados en la transmisión de las entero-coccidiosis: lavado inadecuado de manos [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1,89], el consumo de "comidas rápidas" (OR=1,26), empleo del agua más frecuentemente para aseo personal y lavado de vestimentas (OR=2,88), tener un nivel socio-económico bajo (nivel IV/V-Graffar) (OR=1,41), nivel de instrucción de la madre (primaria/secundaria) (OR=0,53), que se realice limpieza del hogar interdiario (OR=2,95), y que se posea animales (OR=2,06). Conclusiones: Los hallazgos de esta investigación muestran que las infecciones ocasionadas por los coccidios intestinales aun representan un problema de salud pública en las áreas rurales de Venezuela.

Abstract Introduction: Intestinal coccidioses caused by Cryptosporidium sp., Cystoisospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis are parasitic diseases of major clinical importance in Public Health. Objective: Between April to June 2015, a prospective, descriptive and cross-sectional survey was designed to determine the prevalence and epidemiological profiles of intestinal coccidioses in 188 inhabitants of "El Hato", Falcon State, Venezuela. Methods: Probable risk factors for intestinal coccidioses were identified by using epidemiological questionnaires. The diagnosis of coccidian infection was made by direct wet-mounting and Kinyoun staining. Results: The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitosis was 64.36%, and Blastocystis spp. was the most prevalent taxa (39.89%). Enterococcidioses prevalence was 37.23%, detecting prevalence values of 32.98% for Cyclospora cayetanensis, 26.60% for Cryptosporidium spp. and 3.19% for Cystoisospora belli. Multiple logistic regression analysis allowed us to determine as independent potential risk factors for transmission of these enterococciodioses: inappropriate hand washing [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.89], fast food consumption (OR=1.26), major use of water for personal and clothes washing (OR=2.88), low socio-economic status (level IV/V-Graffar) (OR=1.41), mother's educational status (primary/secondary school) (OR=0.53), non-daily home cleaning (OR=2.95), and keeping domestic animals (OR=2.06). Conclusions: Findings of this study showed that infections caused by intestinal coccidian infections are still remains as a serious health problem in rural areas of Venezuela.

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A NEW SPECIES OF COCCIDIAN (PROTOZOA: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) obtained from rheas, Rhea americana, is reported in Brazil. Oocysts of Isospora rheae sp. nov. are spherical to subspheroidal, measuring 22.6 × 21.0 µm, and have a double and smooth wall that is approximately 1.7 µm thick. The micropyle, oocyst residuum and polar granule are absent. Sporocysts are slightly ovoid, measuring 13.9 × 9.6 µm. The Stieda body is flattened, the substieda body is pointed, irregular and wavy and the sporocyst residuum is composed of scattered granules of varying sizes. Sporozoites have an oblong refractile body and one nucleus. This is the first description of an isosporid coccidian infecting birds of the family Rheidae.

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Diurnal periodicity is a phenomenon that has been observed in coccidian of Isospora parasites of passerines, which have been eliminated great number of oocysts at dusk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of periodicity of oocysts presence in the green-winged-saltator Saltator similis, and its use in the diagnosis of coccidiosis in wild birds in captivity. A total of 220 fecal samples were collected from birds, apprehended from illegal trading and kept in quarantine in CETAS∕IBAMA, in the morning and late afternoon, from May to November 2010. It was observed that 1.82% of the samples collected in the morning were positive, while 31.36% of samples were positive in the late afternoon. In addition, the number of oocysts shed was greater in the afternoon. Therefore, it was concluded that the sampling in the late afternoon provided greater reliability for the diagnosis of coccidiosis in green-winged-saltators. Moreover, in this study a new isosporoid coccidian parasite from the green-winged-saltator S. similis was observed and is herein described. Isospora similisi n. sp. oocysts are spheroidal to sub-spheroidal, 27.5 × 25.9 µm, with a smooth and bi-layered wall, ∼1.2 mm. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but splinter-like or comma-like granules are present. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal or slightly ovoidal, 17.4 × 12.2 mm. A stieda body and substieda body are present. The sporocyst residuum is composed of granules of different sizes. Sporozoites are vermiform with a single refractile body and a nucleus. This is the fourth description of an isosporoid coccidium infecting S. similis and the sixth description from Cardinalidae.

A periodicidade diurna é um fenômeno que tem sido observado em coccídios do gênero Isosporaparasitas de pássaros, os quais eliminam uma maior quantidade de oocistos ao entardecer. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a periodicidade de eliminação de oocistos pelas fezes no trinca-ferro-verdadeiro Saltator similis, e sua utilização no diagnóstico da coccidiose. Foram colhidas 220 amostras fecais de aves oriundas de apreensões do tráfico de animais silvestres e mantidas na quarentena do CETAS∕IBAMA, nos períodos da manhã e ao entardecer, de maio a novembro de 2010. Observou-se que 1,82% das amostras colhidas no período da manhã foram positivas, enquanto que 31,36% das amostras colhidas foram positivas ao entardecer, onde o maior número de oocistos foi observado no período da tarde. Portanto, concluiu-se que a colheita de amostras ao entardecer oferece maior confiabilidade para o diagnóstico da coccidiose. Além disso, descreve-se um novo coccídio do trinca-ferro-verdadeiro S. similis. Isospora similisi n. sp. possui oocistos esféricos a subesféricos, 27,5 × 25,9 µm, com parede dupla e lisa, ∼1,2 µm. A micrópila e o resíduo do oocisto estão ausentes, porém pequenos grânulos estão presentes. Os esporocistos são elipsóides ou levemente ovóides, 17,4 × 12,2 µm. Os corpos de Stieda e substieda estão presentes. O resíduo do esporocisto está presente e os esporozoítos possuem um corpo refrátil posterior e um núcleo. Esta é a quarta espécie isosporóide descrita de S. similise a sexta descrição na família Cardinalidae.

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RESUMO

Diurnal periodicity is a phenomenon that has been observed in coccidian of Isospora parasites of passerines, which have been eliminated great number of oocysts at dusk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of periodicity of oocysts presence in the green-winged-saltator Saltator similis, and its use in the diagnosis of coccidiosis in wild birds in captivity. A total of 220 fecal samples were collected from birds, apprehended from illegal trading and kept in quarantine in CETASIBAMA, in the morning and late afternoon, from May to November 2010. It was observed that 1.82% of the samples collected in the morning were positive, while 31.36% of samples were positive in the late afternoon. In addition, the number of oocysts shed was greater in the afternoon. Therefore, it was concluded that the sampling in the late afternoon provided greater reliability for the diagnosis of coccidiosis in green-winged-saltators. Moreover, in this study a new isosporoid coccidian parasite from the green-winged-saltator S. similis was observed and is herein described. Isospora similisi n. sp. oocysts are spheroidal to sub-spheroidal, 27.5 × 25.9 µm, with a smooth and bi-layered wall, 1.2 mm. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but splinter-like or comma-like granules are present. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal or slightly ovoidal, 17.4 × 12.2 mm. A stieda body and substieda body are present. The sporocyst residuum is composed of granules of different sizes. Sporozoites are vermiform with a single refractile body and a nucleus. This is the fourth description of an isosporoid coccidium infecting S. similis and the sixth description from Cardinalidae.

A periodicidade diurna é um fenômeno que tem sido observado em coccídios do gênero Isosporaparasitas de pássaros, os quais eliminam uma maior quantidade de oocistos ao entardecer. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a periodicidade de eliminação de oocistos pelas fezes no trinca-ferro-verdadeiroSaltator similis, e sua utilização no diagnóstico da coccidiose. Foram colhidas 220 amostras fecais de aves oriundas de apreensões do tráfico de animais silvestres e mantidas na quarentena do CETASIBAMA, nos períodos da manhã e ao entardecer, de maio a novembro de 2010. Observou-se que 1,82% das amostras colhidas no período da manhã foram positivas, enquanto que 31,36% das amostras colhidas foram positivas ao entardecer, onde o maior número de oocistos foi observado no período da tarde. Portanto, concluiu-se que a colheita de amostras ao entardecer oferece maior confiabilidade para o diagnóstico da coccidiose. Além disso, descreve-se um novo coccídio do trinca-ferro-verdadeiro S. similis. Isospora similisi n. sp. possui oocistos esféricos a subesféricos, 27,5 × 25,9 µm, com parede dupla e lisa, 1,2 µm. A micrópila e o resíduo do oocisto estão ausentes, porém pequenos grânulos estão presentes. Os esporocistos são elipsóides ou levemente ovóides, 17,4 × 12,2 µm. Os corpos de Stieda e substieda estão presentes. O resíduo do esporocisto está presente e os esporozoítos possuem um corpo refrátil posterior e um núcleo. Esta é a quarta espécie isosporóide descrita de S. similise a sexta descrição na família Cardinalidae.

RESUMO

Cyclospora cayetanensis es un protozoo coccidio con diversa prevalencia a nivel mundial que causa cuadros con diarrea acuosa y voluminosa tanto en pacientes inmunocompetentes como inmunocomprometidos. En estos últimos, además de producir cuadros entéricos más severos, puede cursar con compromisos biliares. Su distribución es cosmopolita, jugando un rol importante en su transmisión, el suelo, el agua y los alimentos contaminados, especialmente las verduras ingeridas crudas. El hombre, único reservorio constatado hasta el presente, elimina con las heces ooquistes inmaduros, que evolucionan en el ambiente transformándose en ooquistes maduros infectivos. Como otros coccidios, presenta un ciclo evolutivo complejo con formas sexuada y asexuada de reproducción en un único hospedador. El diagnóstico se basa fundamentalmente en el hallazgo de ooquistes ácido alcohol resistentes variables en materia fecal. Se han desarrollado métodos moleculares para su detección tanto en muestras fecales como ambientales y de alimentos.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian protozoon with several prevalence worldwide that causes watery and voluminous diarrhea conditions both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. In the latter, apart from originating more severe enteric diseases, it can occur with billiary involvement. Its distribution is cosmopolitan, with soil, water and contaminated food, especially consumption of raw vegetables, playing an important role in its transmission. Man, the only reservoir recorded so far, eliminates immature oocytes in feces, which evolve in the environment becoming infective- mature oocytes. Like other coccidians, it presents a complex evolutionary cycle with sexed and unsexed forms of reproduction in a single host. Diagnosis is mainly based on findings of variable acid-alcohol resistant variables in feces. Molecular methods have been developed for its detection in fecal samples and in environmental and food samples as well.

Cyclospora cayetanensis é um protozoo coccídio com diversa prevalência em nível mundial que causa quadros com diarreia aquosa e volumosa tanto em pacientes imunocompetentes como imunocomprometidos. Nestes últimos, além de produzir quadros entéricos mais severos, pode cursar com compromissos biliares. Sua distribuição é cosmopolita, tendo um papel importante na sua transmissão o solo, a água e os alimentos contaminados, especialmente as verduras ingeridas cruas. O homem, único reservatório constatado até o presente, elimina com as fezes oocistos imaturos, que evoluem no ambiente transformando-se em oocistos maduros infectivos. Como outros coccídios apresenta um ciclo evolutivo complexo com formas sexuada e assexuada de reprodução num único hospedeiro. O diagnóstico se baseia fundamentalmente no achado de oocistos ácido-álcool resistentes variáveis em matéria fecal. Foram desenvolvidos métodos moleculares para sua detecção tanto em amostras fecais quanto ambientais e de alimentos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Cyclospora cayetanensis es un protozoo coccidio con diversa prevalencia a nivel mundial que causa cuadros con diarrea acuosa y voluminosa tanto en pacientes inmunocompetentes como inmunocomprometidos. En estos últimos, además de producir cuadros entéricos más severos, puede cursar con compromisos biliares. Su distribución es cosmopolita, jugando un rol importante en su transmisión, el suelo, el agua y los alimentos contaminados, especialmente las verduras ingeridas crudas. El hombre, único reservorio constatado hasta el presente, elimina con las heces ooquistes inmaduros, que evolucionan en el ambiente transformándose en ooquistes maduros infectivos. Como otros coccidios, presenta un ciclo evolutivo complejo con formas sexuada y asexuada de reproducción en un único hospedador. El diagnóstico se basa fundamentalmente en el hallazgo de ooquistes ácido alcohol resistentes variables en materia fecal. Se han desarrollado métodos moleculares para su detección tanto en muestras fecales como ambientales y de alimentos.(AU)

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian protozoon with several prevalence worldwide that causes watery and voluminous diarrhea conditions both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. In the latter, apart from originating more severe enteric diseases, it can occur with billiary involvement. Its distribution is cosmopolitan, with soil, water and contaminated food, especially consumption of raw vegetables, playing an important role in its transmission. Man, the only reservoir recorded so far, eliminates immature oocytes in feces, which evolve in the environment becoming infective- mature oocytes. Like other coccidians, it presents a complex evolutionary cycle with sexed and unsexed forms of reproduction in a single host. Diagnosis is mainly based on findings of variable acid-alcohol resistant variables in feces. Molecular methods have been developed for its detection in fecal samples and in environmental and food samples as well.(AU)

Cyclospora cayetanensis é um protozoo coccídio com diversa prevalÛncia em nível mundial que causa quadros com diarreia aquosa e volumosa tanto em pacientes imunocompetentes como imunocomprometidos. Nestes últimos, além de produzir quadros entéricos mais severos, pode cursar com compromissos biliares. Sua distribuiþÒo é cosmopolita, tendo um papel importante na sua transmissÒo o solo, a água e os alimentos contaminados, especialmente as verduras ingeridas cruas. O homem, único reservatório constatado até o presente, elimina com as fezes oocistos imaturos, que evoluem no ambiente transformando-se em oocistos maduros infectivos. Como outros coccídios apresenta um ciclo evolutivo complexo com formas sexuada e assexuada de reproduþÒo num único hospedeiro. O diagnóstico se baseia fundamentalmente no achado de oocistos ácido-álcool resistentes variáveis em matéria fecal. Foram desenvolvidos métodos moleculares para sua detecþÒo tanto em amostras fecais quanto ambientais e de alimentos.(AU)

RESUMO

The parasites are responsible for economic losses in the ostrich, by reducing the production and productivity. To determine the frequency and the factors associated with transmission of gastrointestinal nematodes and Cryptosporidium sp. in ostriches, 342 faecal samples were collected from 188 adults and 154 young ostriches raised in seven herds in the Regional Pole of Paraguaçu. Samples were evaluated for fecal eggs count, nematodes third-stage larvae and Cryptosporidium sp oocysts frequency. The data related to animals and their environments have been obtained by visiting the properties and interviews with producers. The association between parasite burden and the variables of management of the animals was analyzed by chi-square and "Odds ratio", with an interval of 95%. In all flocks were found infected birds. In 88.3% of stool samples were detected eggs of gastrointestinal nematodes, and 18.8% Cryptosporidium sp oocysts. Libyostrongylus dentatus (98%), L.douglassii (2%) and Codiostomum sp (2%) larvae were identified in faecal cultures. Environmental and management factors were associated with risk enteric parasites in ostrich farms. It was found that the ostriches kept in paddocks of irregular topography, in the absence of other animals or receiving water coming from wells or cisterns had lower chances of infection by nematodes. As for the Cryptosporidium genus, the creation in flat areas, with the presence of other animals in the paddocks and the supply of river water increases the chances (2.7 times) of infection.

Os parasitos são responsáveis por prejuízos econômicos na estrutiocultura, visto reduzirem a produção. Para determinar a frequência de nematoides gastrintestinais e de Cryptosporidium sp., em avestruzes, bem como os fatores associados a transmissão, foram colhidas amostras de fezes de 342 avestruzes, dos quais 188 eram adultos e 154 jovens, criados em sete plantéis no Polo Regional do Paraguaçu, para a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes, identificação de larvas de terceiro estádio de nematoides e de oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp. Os dados relacionados aos animais e ao ambiente foram obtidos por meio de visita às propriedades e entrevistas com os produtores. A associação entre a carga parasitária e às variáveis de manejo dos animais foi analisada pelo teste Qui-quadrado e por Razão de Odds, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Em todos os plantéis, foram encontradas aves infectadas. Em 88,3% das amostras de fezes, foram detectados ovos de nematoides gastrointestinal, e, em 18,8%, oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp. Larvas de Libyostrongylus dentatus (98%), L.douglassii (2%) e Codiostomum sp. (2%) foram identificadas nas coproculturas. Fatores ambientais e de manejo estão associados com risco de enteroparasitos em criações de avestruz. As aves mantidas em piquetes de topografia acidentada, na ausência de outros animais ou que recebiam água procedente de poços ou cisternas, apresentavam menores chances de infecção por nematoides, enquanto para o gênero Cryptosporidium, as criações em áreas planas, com presença de outros animais nos piquetes e o fornecimento da água do rio aumentam as chances (2,7 vezes) de infecção.

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of species of the genus Eimeria species in naturally infected bovines in Southern Bahia, Northeast Brazil. The study population comprised 117 Zebu crossbred cattle that belonged to 10 dairy herds with extensive or semi-extensive production systems. The modified Gordon and Whitlock technique was used to determine positive samples and number of oocysts per gram of feces. Statistical analyses were performed using the chi-square test with Yates correction and a 95 percent confidence interval. Thirty-nine cattle (33.33 percent) were positive, and ten different species were identified in infected animals: E. bovis (24.79 percent); E. canadensis (8.55 percent); E. zuernii (6.83 percent); E. ellipsoidalis (5.99 percent); E. cylindrica (3.42 percent); E. auburnensis (3.42 percent); E. brasiliensis (2.56 percent); E. bukidnonensis (1.71 percent); E. alabamensis (0.85 percent), and E. subspherica (0.85 percent). Higher parasitism was observed in animals up to one year of age (p = 0.005), but no animal presented clinical signs of the disease. As the presence of clinical eimeriosis was not evidenced and all animals were Zebu crossbred cattle from extensive or semi-extensive production systems, further studies should be conducted to investigate the effects of these factors on disease development.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a presença de espécies do gênero Eimeria em bovinos naturalmente infectados, na região Sudeste da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. A população do estudo incluiu 117 bovinos mestiços de raças Zebuínas que pertenciam a 10 fazendas leiteiras com sistemas de produção extensivo ou semiextensivo. A técnica de Gordon e Whitlock modificada foi utilizada para determinar as amostras positivas e o número de oocistos por grama de fezes. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado com correção de Yates e intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento. Trinta e nove animais (33,33 por cento) foram positivos, e dez diferentes espécies foram identificadas nos animais infectados: E. bovis (24,79 por cento), E. canadensis (8,55 por cento), E. zuernii (6,83 por cento), E. ellipsoidalis (5,99 por cento ), E. cylindrica (3,42 por cento), E. auburnensis (3,42 por cento), E. brasiliensis (2,56 por cento), E. bukidnonensis (1,71 por cento), E. alabamensis (0,85 por cento) e E. subspherica (0,85 por cento). Maior parasitismo foi observado em animais com até um ano de idade (p = 0,005), mas nenhum animal apresentou sinais clínicos que fossem compatíveis com a parasitose. Como não foi observado presença de eimeriose clínica e como todos os animais eram mestiços zebuínos e pertencentes ao sistema de criação extensivo ou semiextensivo, novos estudos devem ser conduzidos para comprovar a influência desses fatores no surgimento da doença.

Assuntos