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Background: Essential indicators of health system performance for breast cancer are lacking in Mexico. We estimated survival and clinical stage distribution for women without social insurance who were treated under a health financing scheme that covered 60% of the Mexican population. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study cross-linking reimbursement claims for 56,847 women treated for breast cancer between 2007 and 2016 to a mortality registry. We estimated overall- and clinical stage-specific survival and breast cancer survival according to patient age, state of residence, marginalization, type of treatment facility, and patient volume of the treatment facility. We also explored the distribution of clinical stage according to age, year of treatment initiation, and state where the woman was treated. We used log-rank tests and estimated 95% CIs to compare differences between patient groups. Findings: Median age was 52 years (interquartile range [IQR] 45, 61) (Sixty five percent patients (36,731/56,847) had advanced disease at treatment initiation. Five-year overall survival was 72.2% (95% CI 71.7, 72.6). For early disease (excluding stage 0), 5-year overall survival was 89.0% (95% CI 88.4, 89.5), for locally advanced disease 69.9% (95% CI 69.0, 70.2) and for metastatic 36.9% (95% CI 35.4, 38.4). Clinical stage at treatment initiation and breast cancer survival remained unchanged in the period analyzed. Clinical stage and survival differed across age groups, state of residence, and type of facility where women received treatment. Interpretation: In the absence of population-based cancer registries, medical claims data may be efficiently leveraged to estimate essential cancer-related performance indicators. Funding: The authors received no financial support for this research.

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OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to assess diet and lifestyle by designing a healthy behavior index (HBI) related to the educational level and time of breast cancer (BC) diagnosis. METHODS: 241 female breast cancer survivors treated at Centro Estatal de Cancerología (State Cancer Center) in Mexico were assessed based on dietary pattern, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, body size and shape, sleep disorders with increasing scores that represent less healthy characteristics. The odds ratios (OR) and quartiles of the healthy behavior index and the time of diagnosis were estimated. The regression model was used to assess the association between HBI and the BC covariates. RESULTS: The healthy behavior index for the two first quartiles was that of p < 0.001. The graphic behavior of correspondence with the covariates (age, schooling and moderate physical activity) showed a different three-dimensional effect on healthy behaviors. According to diagnosis time ≤ three years, the following covariates were significant: socioeconomic status, (OR: 4.34 CI 95% 1.2-9.5), sleep disturbances (p = 020) and protective intake of fruits and vegetables (p = 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, survivors with a high level of education are significantly more likely to show a healthy behavior (OR: 0.3 95% CI 0.12 - 0.8); as well as the early clinical stages (OR: 0.4 95% CI 0.2-0.9). CONCLUSION: In breast cancer survivors, both the high level of education and early clinical stages were important healthy behavior modifiers. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Since diets are potentially modifiable, the findings may have further implications to promote a careful dietary pattern to prevent breast cancer. These variables should be assessed as a strategy in cancer survivor preventive programs.

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BACKGROUND/AIMS: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a public health problem. In Mexico, there have been no recent studies conducted on survival in terms of this pathology or on the influence of prognostic factors. The study aims to determine the probability of survival in patients with CRC presence of low levels of schooling and a rural population, adjusted for clinical stage and type of treatment. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in a cohort of 305 patients with CRC treated at State Cancer Center, located in Veracruz-Mexico; the follow-up period of 60 months (2012-2016). The survival probability was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and the log-rank test with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Prognostic factors were determined using hazard ratio (HR) multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Overall survival was 40% at 60 months. Subjects in the age group ≥ 65 years had a low survival rate of 28% (P= 0.026) and an advanced clinical stage of 22% (P< 0.001). Of the patients with bone metastasis, none survived longer than 5 years (P= 0.008). With respect to the unfavorable prognostic factors identified in the multivariate analysis, a decreased level of schooling was associated with an HR of 7.6 (95% CI, 1.1-54.7), advanced clinical stage was associated with an HR of 2.1 (95% CI, 1.2-4.0), and the presence of metastasis had an HR of 1.8 (95% CI, 1.1-2.9). CONCLUSIONS: Poor prognostic factors include an advanced clinical stage, the presence of metastasis and a low level of schooling. These findings confirm the importance of screening for early diagnosis, diminishing the barriers to accessing treatment and prospectively monitoring the population.

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Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most common cancer worldwide, strongly linked to high-risk human papilloma virus infection. Although screening programs have led to a relevant reduction in the incidence and mortality due to CC in developed countries, it is still an important cause of mortality in undeveloped countries. Clinical stage is still the most relevant prognostic factor. In early stages, the primary treatment is surgery or radiotherapy, whereas concomitant chemo-radiotherapy is the conventional approach in locally advanced stages. In the setting of recurrent or metastatic CC, for the first time ever, the combination of chemotherapy plus bevacizumab prolongs the overall survival beyond 12 months. Therefore, this regimen is considered by most of the oncologist a new standard of care for metastatic/recurrent CC.

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BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between health system delay and clinical disease stage in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 886 patients who were referred to 4 of the largest public cancer hospitals in Mexico City for the evaluation of a probable breast cancer. Data on time intervals, sociodemographic factors, and clinical stage at diagnosis were retrieved. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the average marginal effects of delay on the probability of being diagnosed with advanced breast cancer (stages III and IV). RESULTS: The median time between problem identification and the beginning of treatment was 7 months. The subinterval with the largest delay was that between the first medical consultation and diagnosis (median, 4 months). Only 15% of the patients who had cancer were diagnosed with stage 0 and I disease, and 48% were diagnosed with stage III and IV disease. Multivariate analyses confirmed independent correlations for the means of problem identification, patient delay, health system delay, and age with a higher probability that patients would begin cancer treatment in an advanced stage. CONCLUSIONS: In the sample studied, the majority of patients with breast cancer began treatment after a delay. Both patient delays and provider delays were associated with advanced disease. Research aimed at identifying specific access barriers to medical services is much needed to guide the design of tailored health policies that go beyond the promotion of breast care awareness and screening participation to include improvements in health services that facilitate access to timely diagnosis and treatment.

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Neste artigo discutimos a formação profissional e suas lacunas para a atuação do psicólogo na saúde pública que não oferece ferramentas teóricas, técnicas e críticas para o trabalho no SUS. Problematizamos o privilégio dado ao enfoque clínico tradicional e apresentamos uma proposta de estágio supervisionado fundamentada na Psicologia da Saúde, na Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa e na Política Nacional de Humanização. Sugerimos um rol de intervenções organizadas a partir da lógica dos níveis primário, secundário e terciário de saúde, que vão da psicoterapia às ações multiprofissionais até a mediação pedagógica da equipe multiprofissional de saúde.(AU)

On this article, we discuss the professional training and its gaps for the psychologist's professional practice on public health, which doesn't offer theoretical, technical and critical tools to SUS (Unified Health System)'s work. We problematize the privilege given to the traditional clinical focus and we presented a proposal of supervised training based on the Health's Psychology, Person-Centered Approach and National Humanization Policy. We suggest an intervention list organized from the health's primary, secondary and tertiary levels, ranging from psychotherapy to multidisciplinary actions until the health multidisciplinary group's pedagogical mediation.(AU)

En este artículo discutimos la formación de los profesionales y sus insuficiencias en la actuación del psicólogo en la sanidad pública, al no ofrecer herramientas teóricas, técnicas y críticas para su labor en la Seguridad Social. Trabajamos la problemática del privilegio dado al enfoque clínico tradicional y presentamos una propuesta para la realización de las prácticas fundamentada en la Psicología de la Salud, en el Enfoque Centrado en la Persona y en la Política Nacional de Humanización. Proponemos un rol de intervenciones organizadas a partir de los niveles primario, secundario y terciario de salud, que va desde la psicoterapia a las acciones multiprofesionales y hasta la mediación pedagógica del equipo multiprofesional.(AU)

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Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y el pronóstico de las pacientes con cáncer de cérvix tratadas en tres instituciones de salud en Barranquilla, Colombia.Materiales y métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectiva descriptiva. Se revisaron las bases de datos de las tres instituciones participantes en donde se identificaron los casos que tuvieron diagnóstico CIE 10 de: tumor maligno de endocérvix, tumor maligno de exocérvix, tumor maligno del cuello del útero y tumor maligno del itsmo uterino. Se excluyeron pacientes remitidas por recidiva tumoral. En caso de deceso, este fue corroborado con el certificado de defunción. Se describe la mortalidad absoluta por estadio clínico. Para establecer el pronóstico se estimó la probabilidad de estar libre de enfermedad y de sobrevivir al primer, tercer y quinto año de seguimiento.Resultados: se identificaron 375 pacientes con diagnóstico de carcinoma de cérvix, de las cuales 27 se perdieron en el seguimiento para un total de 348 pacientes evaluadas. Se encontró una tasa de complicaciones cercana al 19% siendo más frecuentes en pacientes con radioterapia (94%) que en las que recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico (6%). La probabilidad de sobrevida a los 5 años es del 92% y la probabilidad de estar libre de enfermedad a los 5 años es del 89%.Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos en cuanto a complicaciones y sobrevida posterior al tratamiento fueron similares a lo reportado en la literatura. Se requieren más estudios con una mayor profundidad metodológica que caractericen el pronóstico de las pacientes con cáncer de cérvix en nuestra población.

Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics and the prognosis of patients with cervical cancer treated in three healthcare centres in Barranquilla, Colombia.Materials and methods: Descriptive retrospective cohort study. The databases of the three participating centres where reviewed to identify the cases with a diagnosis of CIE 10: malignant endocervical tumour, malignant exocervical tumour, malignant uterine cervical tumour, and malignant tumours of the uterine isthmus. Patients referred due to tumour relapse were excluded. Death certificates were used to confirm mortality cases. Absolute mortality is described by clinical stage. To establish prognosis, probability of disease-free survival at 1, 3 and 5 years of following was estimated.Results: Overall, 375 patients diagnosed with cervical carcinoma were identified. Of them, 27 were lost to follow-up, for a total of 348 patients assessed. A rate of complications of approximately 19% was found, complications being more frequent among patients receiving radiotherapy (94%) than among those receiving surgical treatment (6%). The 5-year survival probability is 92% and the probability of being disease-free after five years is 89%.Conclusions: Results in terms of complications and survival after treatment were similar to those reported in the literature. More studies and with a better methodological quality are required in order to characterize the prognosis for patients with cervical cancer in our population.

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Neste artigo discutimos a formação profissional e suas lacunas para a atuação do psicólogo na saúde pública que não oferece ferramentas teóricas, técnicas e críticas para o trabalho no SUS. Problematizamos o privilégio dado ao enfoque clínico tradicional e apresentamos uma proposta de estágio supervisionado fundamentada na Psicologia da Saúde, na Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa e na Política Nacional de Humanização. Sugerimos um rol de intervenções organizadas a partir da lógica dos níveis primário, secundário e terciário de saúde, que vão da psicoterapia às ações multiprofissionais até a mediação pedagógica da equipe multiprofissional de saúde...

On this article, we discuss the professional training and its gaps for the psychologist's professional practice on public health, which doesn't offer theoretical, technical and critical tools to SUS (Unified Health System)'s work. We problematize the privilege given to the traditional clinical focus and we presented a proposal of supervised training based on the Health's Psychology, Person-Centered Approach and National Humanization Policy. We suggest an intervention list organized from the health's primary, secondary and tertiary levels, ranging from psychotherapy to multidisciplinary actions until the health multidisciplinary group's pedagogical mediation...

En este artículo discutimos la formación de los profesionales y sus insuficiencias en la actuación del psicólogo en la sanidad pública, al no ofrecer herramientas teóricas, técnicas y críticas para su labor en la Seguridad Social. Trabajamos la problemática del privilegio dado al enfoque clínico tradicional y presentamos una propuesta para la realización de las prácticas fundamentada en la Psicología de la Salud, en el Enfoque Centrado en la Persona y en la Política Nacional de Humanización. Proponemos un rol de intervenciones organizadas a partir de los niveles primario, secundario y terciario de salud, que va desde la psicoterapia a las acciones multiprofesionales y hasta la mediación pedagógica del equipo multiprofesional...

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Introducción: el cáncer de pulmón es una de las enfermedades malignas más frecuentes, generalmente se diagnostica en etapas avanzadas, donde el tratamiento fundamental es la quimioterapia. Objetivo: caracterizar la evolución clínico-radiológica de los pacientes de 60 años edad y más con cáncer de pulmón células no pequeñas en estadio III B y IV tratados con poliquimioterapia. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, en el Hospital "Benéfico Jurídico" en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2011. La muestra estuvo constituida por 54 pacientes. La información relativa a estos se obtuvo de las historias clínicas y registros del Comité de Tumores. Se estudiaron variables socio demográficas y clínicas: sexo y edad; estadio del tumor, manifestaciones clínicas, estado general y evolución radiológica. Resultados: el 66,7 % de la muestra pertenece al sexo masculino y la mayor proporción (63 %) entre 60 y 69 años de edad. El 55,5 % de los casos se clasificaron en estadio IV. Después del tratamiento resultó significativo la mejoría de la disnea, la recuperación del peso corporal, la tos, la expectoración y el dolor torácico. En la etapa III B, antes y después del tratamiento predominó el grado de actividad 1 y en la IV empeoró después del tratamiento predominando el grado 2. En ambos estadios predominó como respuesta radiológica la enfermedad estable. Conclusiones: el carcinoma de pulmón continúa siendo más frecuente en los hombres mayores de 60 años. En más de la mitad de los casos se diagnostica en etapas avanzadas, donde la quimioterapia en ocasiones logra mejorar los síntomas, con poca influencia en el grado de actividad. Predominó la estabilidad como respuesta radiológica.

Introduction: lung cancer is one of the most frequent malignant diseases generally diagnosed at advanced stages, where the main treatment is Chemotherapy. Objective: to characterize the clinical - radiological evolution of 60 years old and older patients suffering from lung cancer not small cells in III B and IV stages, who were treated with polychemoterapy. Materials and Method: a descriptive, retrospective study was done in Benéfico Jurìdico Hospital from January 2008 to December 2011. The sample was composed of 54 patients whose information was obtained from their clinical records and Tumor Committee records. Social demographic and clinical variables studied were: Sex, age, tumor stage, clinical symptoms, general conditions, radiological evolution, and general response to treatment. The higher percentage of studied patients was in the group of 60 to 69 years, and the male sex stood out. Results: a 66.7 % of the sample ware men and the highest rate (65%) were between 60 and 69 years old. A 55.5 % of all cases were classified in a IV stage. There was a significant improvement of the dyspnea, the lost of weight, cough, expectoration and thoracic pain after treatment. In an III B stage, before and after treatment, degree of activity got worse after treatment, prevailing degree of activity 2. In both stages the stable illness prevailed as a radiologic response. Conclusions: lung carcinoma still being more frequent in over 60 years old men. In more than a half of all cases it is diagnosed at advanced stages, were chemotherapy occasionally is able to improve the symptoms, with a poor influence on the degree of activity. Stability, as radiological response, prevailed.

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Tumors of the mammary glands are the most common neoplasms in dogs in our country; however, there are few Brazilian reports dedicated to clinicopathological and survival studies about this disease. This report aims the clinical and pathological study of canine mammary tumors in the Santos Metropolitan Region, an area in Sao Paulo state with an estimated canine population of 120,000 animals. Data of 14,298 dogs were collected retrospectively from the medical records of the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Metropolitan University of Santos São Paulo Brazil. During the study period, from records of 317 females with histopathological diagnosis of neoplasia, 170 were mammary epithelial lesions distributed in 13 benign tumors, 152 malignant (89.4% of diagnosis) and 5 non-neoplasic epithelial lesions (ductal hyperplasia). The highest prevalent malignant tumor was tubular carcinoma (38.2% of diagnosis) and Grade I tumors, corresponding to 73.0% of all diagnosis. The results have shown clinical staging of canine mammary neoplasms as an important prognostic survival factor and, in a multivariate analysis, tumor diameter, tumor grade, adjuvant chemotherapy and recurrence as covariates with predictive value for survival. Moreover, the high prevalence of tubular carcinoma qualifies the canine population of Santos as a promising model for the translational study of this disease.(AU)

Os tumores das glândulas mamárias são as neoplasias mais comuns em cadelas em nosso país; no entanto, são poucos os trabalhos brasileiros dedicados ao estudo clinicopatológico e de sobrevida nesta doença. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo o estudo clínico e patológico dos tumores mamários caninos na Região Metropolitana de Santos, uma área no estado de São Paulo com uma população canina estimada em 120 mil animais. Dados de 14.298 cães foram coletados retrospectivamente dos prontuários médicos do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Metropolitana de Santos São Paulo Brasil. Durante o período do estudo, foram atendidas 317 fêmeas com diagnóstico histopatológico de neoplasia, dos quais, 170 se referiam a lesões mamárias epiteliais distribuídas em 13 tumores benignos, 152 malignos (89,4% dos diagnósticos) e 5 lesões epiteliais não-neoplásicas (hiperplasia ductal). O tumor mais frequente foi o carcinoma tubular (38,2% dos tumores malignos) e tumores de grau I, respondendo por 73,0% do total diagnosticado. Estudos de sobrevida apontaram para o estadiamento clínico das neoplasias mamárias caninas como importante fator prognóstico, e na análise multivariada, diâmetro do tumor, grau histológico, quimioterapia adjuvante e recorrência apresentaram-se como covariáveis com valor preditivo de sobrevida. Levando-se em conta a elevada prevalência de carcinoma tubular simples na população canina de Santos, pode-se considerá-la como promissor modelo translacional para o estudo da doença.(AU)

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Tumors of the mammary glands are the most common neoplasms in dogs in our country; however, there are few Brazilian reports dedicated to clinicopathological and survival studies about this disease. This report aims the clinical and pathological study of canine mammary tumors in the Santos Metropolitan Region, an area in Sao Paulo state with an estimated canine population of 120,000 animals. Data of 14,298 dogs were collected retrospectively from the medical records of the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Metropolitan University of Santos – São Paulo – Brazil. During the study period, from records of 317 females with histopathological diagnosis of neoplasia, 170 were mammary epithelial lesions distributed in 13 benign tumors, 152 malignant (89.4% of diagnosis) and 5 non-neoplasic epithelial lesions (ductal hyperplasia). The highest prevalent malignant tumor was tubular carcinoma (38.2% of diagnosis) and Grade I tumors, corresponding to 73.0% of all diagnosis. The results have shown clinical staging of canine mammary neoplasms as an important prognostic survival factor and, in a multivariate analysis, tumor diameter, tumor grade, adjuvant chemotherapy and recurrence as covariates with predictive value for survival. Moreover, the high prevalence of tubular carcinoma qualifies the canine population of Santos as a promising model for the translational study of this disease.

Os tumores das glândulas mamárias são as neoplasias mais comuns em cadelas em nosso país; no entanto, são poucos os trabalhos brasileiros dedicados ao estudo clinicopatológico e de sobrevida nesta doença. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo o estudo clínico e patológico dos tumores mamários caninos na Região Metropolitana de Santos, uma área no estado de São Paulo com uma população canina estimada em 120 mil animais. Dados de 14.298 cães foram coletados retrospectivamente dos prontuários médicos do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Metropolitana de Santos – São Paulo – Brasil. Durante o período do estudo, foram atendidas 317 fêmeas com diagnóstico histopatológico de neoplasia, dos quais, 170 se referiam a lesões mamárias epiteliais distribuídas em 13 tumores benignos, 152 malignos (89,4% dos diagnósticos) e 5 lesões epiteliais não-neoplásicas (hiperplasia ductal). O tumor mais frequente foi o carcinoma tubular (38,2% dos tumores malignos) e tumores de grau I, respondendo por 73,0% do total diagnosticado. Estudos de sobrevida apontaram para o estadiamento clínico das neoplasias mamárias caninas como importante fator prognóstico, e na análise multivariada, diâmetro do tumor, grau histológico, quimioterapia adjuvante e recorrência apresentaram-se como covariáveis com valor preditivo de sobrevida. Levando-se em conta a elevada prevalência de carcinoma tubular simples na população canina de Santos, pode-se considerá-la como promissor modelo translacional para o estudo da doença.

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Introduction: The insufficient amount of attached gingiva and the abnormal insertion of the labial frenulum may be related. When this occurs, it is common to associate frenectomy techniques with free gingival graft (FGG). Objective: To evaluate the clinical and histological staining difference and blood flow when the FGG is or is not associated with frenectomy. Material and methods: Ten patients were selected in the Dentistry Clinics of the Positivo University and divided into two groups (n = 5): group GF (graft/frenectomy), with association of FGG and frenectomy in the V sextant, and group G (graft), in which only the FGG was performed in the V sextant. Clinical examination, initial standardized photographs and post-surgery following-up for seven, 14 and 21 days were executed. For histological analysis the excesses of the graft tissues of a patient from each group were removed. Results: Clinically, it was observed in both groups after seven and 14 post-operative days, superficial necrosis of the tissue and color similar to the surrounding soft tissue. At 21 days, there is the total reduction of the necrosed tissue, and it was not seen the color difference between groups. Histologically, the difference between groups is related to the epithelial tissue, which was thicker in group G. Conclusion: Clinical (color) and histological (vascularization) significant differences were not observed between groups GF and G.

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A fin de evaluar la frecuencia y posibles factores asociados a la presencia de estadio clínico avanzado al inicio de terapia antirretroviral (ECAITA), efectuamos un análisis retrospectivo de datos de dos cohortes prospectivas de pacientes infectados por HIV que iniciaron terapia antirretroviral (sin tratamiento anterior) entre 2005 y 2009. Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 264 pacientes, 123 mujeres (46.6%) y 141 hombres (53.4%). La mediana de edad fue de 37.7 años. Observamos ECAITA en 132 casos (50%), de los cuales 102 (77.2%) se asociaron a diagnóstico tardío de infección por HIV y 30 (22.8%) a pacientes con diagnóstico previo no retenidos en el cuidado clínico de la salud. La mediana de células CD4 fue 120/ml y de carga viral 58 038 copias/ml. El recuento de células CD4 era inferior a 200 cel/ml en 174 pacientes (71.3%). Los hombres presentaron ECAITA con mayor frecuencia que las mujeres (59.8% vs. 40.2%), en quienes el diagnóstico se realizó durante el control de un embarazo en el 25.2% de los casos. Consumo elevado de alcohol (p 0.006), ser soltero (p 0.04) y nivel de educación menor al secundario completo (p 0.008) se asociaron a ECAITA en el análisis bivariado. Ser de sexo masculino (p 0.003) fue el único factor asociado tanto en el análisis bivariado como en el multivariado. Nuestros datos refuerzan la necesidad de expandir el testeo para HIV y deberían impulsar a definir acciones programáticas que promuevan el ingreso precoz al cuidado de la infección por HIV.(AU)

In order to evaluate the frequency of a late clinical stage in HIV infected patients at onset of antiretroviral therapy (LART) and to identify possible associated factors, we performed a retrospective analysis of data reported in two prospective cohorts of HIV infected patients who started antiretroviral therapy for the first time between 2005 and 2009. Medical records of 265 patients -123 women (46.6%) and 141 men, median age 37.7 years old- were analyzed. LART was observed in 132 cases (50%), out of them 102 (77.2%) were associated to late diagnosis of HIV infection and 30 (22.8%) to patients that had not been retained in HIV care. The median of CD4 was 120 cells/ml and that of viral load 58 038 copies/ml. CD4 cells count was below 200 cells/ml in 174 patients (71.3%). There was a higher incidence of LART in men than in women (59.8% and 42.2% respectively). Diagnosis in women took place during pregnancy control in 25:2% of the cases. High alcohol consumption (p 0.006), single hood (p 0.04) and level of education lower than secondary (p 0.008) were associated to LART at bivariate analysis. Male sex (p 0.003) was the only associated factor both in bivariate and multivariate analysis. Our data reinforce the need of expanding HIV testing and should assist programs to define actions promoting early entry in HIV care.(AU)

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A fin de evaluar la frecuencia y posibles factores asociados a la presencia de estadio clínico avanzado al inicio de terapia antirretroviral (ECAITA), efectuamos un análisis retrospectivo de datos de dos cohortes prospectivas de pacientes infectados por HIV que iniciaron terapia antirretroviral (sin tratamiento anterior) entre 2005 y 2009. Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 264 pacientes, 123 mujeres (46.6%) y 141 hombres (53.4%). La mediana de edad fue de 37.7 años. Observamos ECAITA en 132 casos (50%), de los cuales 102 (77.2%) se asociaron a diagnóstico tardío de infección por HIV y 30 (22.8%) a pacientes con diagnóstico previo no retenidos en el cuidado clínico de la salud. La mediana de células CD4 fue 120/ml y de carga viral 58 038 copias/ml. El recuento de células CD4 era inferior a 200 cel/ml en 174 pacientes (71.3%). Los hombres presentaron ECAITA con mayor frecuencia que las mujeres (59.8% vs. 40.2%), en quienes el diagnóstico se realizó durante el control de un embarazo en el 25.2% de los casos. Consumo elevado de alcohol (p 0.006), ser soltero (p 0.04) y nivel de educación menor al secundario completo (p 0.008) se asociaron a ECAITA en el análisis bivariado. Ser de sexo masculino (p 0.003) fue el único factor asociado tanto en el análisis bivariado como en el multivariado. Nuestros datos refuerzan la necesidad de expandir el testeo para HIV y deberían impulsar a definir acciones programáticas que promuevan el ingreso precoz al cuidado de la infección por HIV.

In order to evaluate the frequency of a late clinical stage in HIV infected patients at onset of antiretroviral therapy (LART) and to identify possible associated factors, we performed a retrospective analysis of data reported in two prospective cohorts of HIV infected patients who started antiretroviral therapy for the first time between 2005 and 2009. Medical records of 265 patients -123 women (46.6%) and 141 men, median age 37.7 years old- were analyzed. LART was observed in 132 cases (50%), out of them 102 (77.2%) were associated to late diagnosis of HIV infection and 30 (22.8%) to patients that had not been retained in HIV care. The median of CD4 was 120 cells/ml and that of viral load 58 038 copies/ml. CD4 cells count was below 200 cells/ml in 174 patients (71.3%). There was a higher incidence of LART in men than in women (59.8% and 42.2% respectively). Diagnosis in women took place during pregnancy control in 25:2% of the cases. High alcohol consumption (p 0.006), single hood (p 0.04) and level of education lower than secondary (p 0.008) were associated to LART at bivariate analysis. Male sex (p 0.003) was the only associated factor both in bivariate and multivariate analysis. Our data reinforce the need of expanding HIV testing and should assist programs to define actions promoting early entry in HIV care.

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El compromiso cardíaco en el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia hunana (SIDA) pareció irrelevante, sin embargo, actualmente pertenece a un segundo peldaño en la evolución de la infección constituyendo una manifestación relativamente tardía. El objetivo fue identificar las alteraciones cardíacas en niños infectados por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) y su relación con los estadios clínicos e inmunológicos de la enfermedad. Estudio observacional, analítico, de corte transversal, en el Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Los Andes entre marzo 2009 y julio 2010. Se realizó evaluación clínica, laboratorio, tele de tórax, ecocardiograma transtorácico y electrocardiograma a todos los niños entre 0 y 15 años con diagnóstico confirmado de HIV. Se incluyeron 20 niños, edad promedio 5,45 años, 65% niñas, 90% infectados por transmisión vertical; 55% normopeso, 50% infecciones asociadas, (Citomegalovirus, Toxoplasmosis, Virus Ebstein Barr). Al examen fisíco 5% signos de disfunción ventricular izquierda, 35% presentaron alteraciones ecocardiográfias: 25% fracción de eyección menor al 60%; 40% crecimiento ventricular izquierdo, derrame pericárdico leve 20%, 5% disfunción sistólica leve y 50% alteraciones de la función diastólica. Se encontro asociación significativa entre derrame pericárdiaco, crecimiento ventricular izquierdo por ecocardigrafía y el estdio clínico, mas no con el estadio inmunológico. No hubo asociación entre el resto de variables clínicas y ecocardiográficas. La afectación cardíaca relacionada por la infección VIH, se presenta generalmente de forma asintomática. Ante la ausencia de la sospecha clínica se debe incluir dentro de la evaluación integral del paciente con SIDA el estudio cardiovascular siendo el ecocardiograma la prueba diagnóstica más sensible.

Cardiac involvement in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus seemed irrelevant, however, now belongs to a second step in the evolution of infection is a relatively late manifestation. The main objective was to identify was to identify cardiac abnormalities in children infected with HIV and their relation to clinical and immunological stages of the disease. Am observational, analytical, cross-sectional study, in the University Hospital of The Andes between March 2009 and July 2010. Clinical evaluation, laboratory, tele-ray, echocardiography and ECG for all children between 0 and 15 years with confirmed diagnosis of HIV. We included 20 children, average age 5.45 years, 65% girls, 90% infected through vertical transmission, 55%. Normal weight, 50% associated infections (Citomegalivirus, Toxoplasmosis, Ebstein Barr Virus). 5% Physical examination signs of letf ventricular dysfunction, 35% had ECG abnormalities versus 50% with echocardiographic abnormalities: 25% ejection fraction below 60% 40% left ventricular hypertrophy, pericardial effusion, mild 20%, 5% mild systolic dysfunction and 50% impairment of diastolic function. We found significant association between pericardial effusion, left ventricular hypertrophy by echocardiography and clinical stage, but not immune to be the stage. There was no association between other clinical and echocardiographic variables. Cardiac involvement related to HIV infection, presents as an asymptomatic general. In the absence of clinical suspicion should be included within the comprehensive evaluation of the AIDS patienrt with cardiovascular study echocardiogram being the most sensitive diagnostic test.

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Este artigo descreve as competências gerais dos profissionais de saúde e aponta possíveis articulações com o estágio supervisionado. O objetivo é chamar a atenção dos enfermeiros e futuros profissionais da área, sobre a importância de se vivenciar o estágio supervisionado, durante a formação, para a aquisição e aprimoramento das competências gerais dos profissionais de saúde, além das competências e habilidades específicas da Enfermagem. Nos serviços de saúde, tanto na esfera pública quanto na privada, existe a necessidade de se contar com um profissional enfermeiro competente na sua prática profissional. Dessa forma, como é observado nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para os Cursos de Graduação em Enfermagem, o estágio supervisionado é considerado o melhor espaço para o graduando adquirir um perfil que vá ao encontro do perfil de um profissional competente com conhecimentos e habilidades adequadas ao exercício da profissão.

This article describes the general competence of health care professionals and points possible articulations with the practicum. The goal is to draw the attention of nurses and future professionals, about the importance of experiencing the practicum, during training for the acquisition and improvement of general competence of health care professionals, in addition to the specific skills and competencies of nursing. In the health services, both in public and in private, there is the need to count on a competent nurse professional in your professional practice. In this way, as is noted in the National curriculum guidelines for undergraduate courses in nursing, the practicum is considered the best place for the graduating acquire a profile that meets the profile of a competent professional with knowledge and skills appropriate to the exercise of the profession.

Este artículo describe las competencias generales de los profesionales de salud e indica las posibles articulaciones con las prácticas. El objetivo es llamar la atención de los enfermeros y futuros profesionales del área, sobre la importancia de experimentar la práctica de Enfermería durante la formación, para adquirir y mejorar las competencias generales de los profesionales de salud, además de las competencias y habilidades específicas de Enfermería. En los servicios de salud, tanto en el sector público como en el privado, existe la necesidad de contar con un profesional enfermero competente en su práctica profesional. De esta manera, como es descrito en las directrices del plan nacional de estudios para cursos de pregrado en enfermería, las prácticas profesionales son consideradas el mejor lugar para el alumno graduando adquirir un perfil que se asemeje al de un profesional competente con conocimientos y habilidades adecuadas para el ejercicio de la profesión.

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El cambio de estadio clínico del carcinoma pulmonar no microcítico al comparar los períodos pre y posoperatorio puede repercutir negativamente a la hora de definir las estrategias terapéuticas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la magnitud de dichos cambios y su efecto sobre el paciente. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con una base de datos prospectiva de 259 pacientes tratados entre enero de 2002 y diciembre de 2007. Se excluyeron enfermos con tratamiento neoadyuvante, intervenciones por recidiva o paliativas y neoplasias de células pequeñas. Las variables estudiadas fueron los factores tumor (T), nódulos (N) y metástasis (M), posición y localización del tumor y pulmón afectado. El coeficiente de concordancia permitió evaluar la magnitud del cambio y la prueba de ji al cuadrado, la asociación entre dos variables. Valores de p < 0,05 se consideraron significativos. . El factor T cambió en 91 pacientes (35,1 por ciento), con más frecuencia en lesiones de lóbulos superiores (p = 0,04). La posición no se asoció al cambio (p = 0,110). El factor N se modificó en 50 casos (19,3 por ciento). Se asociaron al cambio: localización lobular (p = 0,001), pulmón afectado (p = 0,002) y factor T (p = 0,013). El cambio del factor M ocurrió en 11 pacientes (4,2 por ciento) y no se asoció a la posición (p = 0,120), localización (p = 0,225) o factor T (p = 0,339). El coeficiente de concordancia fue bajo (k = 0,381; p < 0,001), debido a que el cambio ocurrió en el 49,03 por ciento de los pacientes. CONCLUSIONES. El cambio de estadio clínico fue de magnitud apreciable y, por tanto, tiene el potencial de inducir a la práctica de tratamientos inadecuados, tanto médicos como quirúrgicos(AU)

INTRODUCTION. Change of clinical stage of non-microcyst pulmonary cancer in comparing the pre-postoperative and postoperative periods may to have negative repercussions on the definition of therapeutical strategies. The aim of present paper was to assess the magnitude of such changes and its effect on the patient. METHODS. A retrospective study was conducted with a prospective database of 259 patients treated from January, 2002 to December, 2007. Patients with neoadjuvant therapy, palliative interventions or relapse and small cells neoplasms were excluded. The study variables were: tumor factors (T), nodules (N) and metastasis (M), tumor position and location and involved lung. Agreement coefficient allowed assessing the change magnitude and the Chi² test, the association between the two variables. RESULTS. T factor changed in 91 patients (35,1 percent) more frequent in superior lobules lesions (p = 0,04). Position wasn't associated with the change (p = 0,110). N factor was modified in 50 cases (19,3 percent). Associated with change were: lobular location (p = 0,001), involved lung (p = 0,002) and T factor (p = 0,013). The change in T factor happened in 11 patients (4,2 percent) and wasn't associated with the position (p = 0,120), location (p = 0,225) or T factor (p = 0,339). Agreement coefficient was low (k = 0,381; p < 0,001), because of the change occurred in the 49,03 percent of patients. CONCLUSIONS. The change in clinical stage was of a significant magnitude and thus, has the potential to induce to inappropriate medical and surgical treatments practice(AU)

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Introducción: Las variables relevantes preoperatorias con que cuenta el urólogo para una toma de decisión frente a un cáncer prostático localizado son: la edad, el tacto rectal, el antígeno prostático específico (APE) e informe histológico de la biopsia por punción con el Gleason. Además se pueden incluir otras variables como el volumen prostático, número de muestras de biopsias positivas, porcentaje de la muestra comprometida, etc. Nosotros quisimos evaluar el grado de concordancia entre el diagnóstico clínico-patológico preoperatorio con el hallazgo histológico, posoperatorio en pacientes prostatectomizados, debido a la implicancia pronóstica y en la toma de decisión que pudiese tener. Material y Método: Se estudiaron retrospectivamente 119 prostatectomías radicales entre marzo de 2004 y junio de 2009. Se consideraron: edad, tacto, antígeno prostático específico (APE) y score de Gleason. Se excluyeron pacientes con tratamiento antiandrogénico u hormonal neoadjuvante. Resultados: En el preoperatorio la mediana de edad fue de 66 años (61-68), de APE 7,35 ng/ml (5,38-11,8) y de Gleason fue de 6 (5-7). El 87,4 por ciento de los pacientes tenía un APE >4,0 ng/ml. El 54 por ciento (n= 64) tenía un estadio clínico T1c y el 46 por ciento (n= 55) un estadio T2. En el posoperatorio 23,5 por ciento (n= 28) tuvo un estadio pT2 y el 74 por ciento (n= 88) un estadio pT3. En pacientes con estadio pT2 el APE preoperatorio fue de 5,9 ng/ml (4,4-9,4), en el estadio pT3 fue de 7,9 ng/ml (5,7-12,8). El score de Gleason en pT2 fue de 5 (5-6), en el pT3 fue de 6 (5-7). No encontramos diferencia de edad en los estadios pT2 (67 años) y pT3 (68 años). Conclusiones: En el estudio histopatológico posoperatorio de pacientes con estadio clínico T1c y T2, se confirmó un estadio pT2 sólo en 23,5 por ciento, el 74 por ciento tenían un estadio pT3 (a, b). En el cáncer prostático localizado, el tacto rectal no fue útil en su correlación con el estadio histológico...

Introduction: Relevant preoperative variables in patients with localized prostate cancer are: age, digital rectal examination (DRE), prostatic specific antigen (PSA) level and Gleason score in the transrectal biopsy. Other variables include prostate volume, number of positive biopsy samples, percentage of involvement in the biopsy, etc. We evaluated the agreement between the preoperative clinico pathologic diagnosis and the postoperative histology report in patients submitted to prostatectomy. Material and method: This is a retrospective review of 119 radical prostatectomies performed between March 2004 and June 2009. We recorded age, DRE, PSA level, and Gleason score. Patients receiving anti-androgenic treatment or neoadjuvant hormonal treatment were excluded. Results: Preoperative findings: median age was 66 years (61-68), median PSA level was 7.35 ng/ml(5.38-11.8) and median Gleason score was 6 (5-7). PSA level >4 ng/ml was found in 87.4 percent of the patients. Clinical stage T1c was found in 54 percent (n=64) of the cases whereas 46 percent (n=55) were stage T2. Postoperative findings: stage pT2 was found in 23.5 percent (n=28) of the patients whereas 74 percent (n =88)were pT3 stage. In pT2 patients, preoperative PSA was 5,9 ng/ml (4.4-9.4). In pT3 patients, PSA was7.9 ng/ml (5.7-12.8). Gleason score in pT2 was 5 (5-6); in pT3 patients, Gleason score was 6 (5-7). No age difference was found between pT2 stage (67 years) and pT3 stage (68 years).Conclusions: Postoperative histology in patients with T1c and T2 stages confirmed a pT2 stage only in 23.5 percent of the cases; 74 percent of the cases were pT3 (a,b) stage. In localized prostate cancer, DRE was not useful for the correlation with pathologic staging, especially for stage pT3 cases. Preoperative Gleason score was relatively useful; we found understaging 36.2 percent of the cases and overstaging 21.8 percent of the patients. These variables should be considered in the initial evaluation of...

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OBJETIVO: Evaluar los factores pronósticos del cáncer de mama en mujeres mexicanas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyó a 432 mujeres con cáncer de mama admitidas de 1990 a 1999 en el Hospital General de México para evaluar la supervivencia mediante las técnicas de Kaplan-Meier y los métodos de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. RESULTADOS: La supervivencia global a cinco años fue de 58.9 por ciento. La menor supervivencia corresponde a los estadios clínicos IIIB (47.5 por ciento), IIIA (44.2 por ciento) y IV(15 por ciento), la metástasis hematógena fue de 21.4 por ciento y el tumor positivo en bordes quirúrgicos de 12.5 por ciento. La invasión linfovascular (RR= 1.9; IC95 por ciento 1.3-2.8), el estadio clínico IV (RR= 14.8; IC95 por ciento 5.5-39.7) y el tumor en bordes quirúrgicos (RR= 2.4; IC95 por ciento 1.2-4.8) fueron los principales factores pronósticos. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados dan consistencia a los criterios de diagnóstico y tratamiento de las mujeres con cáncer de mama atendidas en México y toman en consideración las condiciones de la tumoración, como extensión de la malformación, etapa clínica y estado de los ganglios linfáticos antes de decidir la conducta terapéutica inicial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prognostic factors for breast cancer in Mexican women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four hundred and thirty two women with breast cancer, admitted from 1990 to 1999 to the General Hospital of Mexico, were included to evaluate their survival using the Kaplan-Meier technique and Cox proportional hazard method. RESULTS: Overall 5-year survival was 58.9 percent. The shortest survival rate corresponds to the clinical stage (IIIB, 47.5 percent; IIIA, 44.2 percent; and IV, 15 percent), the haematological metastasis (21.4 percent) and surgical edges with positive tumor (12.5 percent). Lymph node-positive (RR, 1.9; IC95 percent, 1.3-2.8), clinical stage IV (RR, 14.8; IC95 percent, 5.5-39.7) and surgical edges with positive tumor (RR, 2.4; IC95 percent, 1.2-4.8) were the central prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: These results give consistency to diagnostic and therapeutic criteria for women with breast cancer who receive medical attention in Mexico, taking into consideration the characteristics of the tumor -such as extension, clinical stage and status of the lymph nodes- before making a decision as to the initial therapy.

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