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Introdução:A conjuntura socioeconômica e cultural da mulher negra a coloca em tripla vulnerabilidade, que se explica pelo fato de que ela é vítima do racismo, do preconceito de classe e da discriminação de gênero, e essa interação de diferentes tipos de opressão é explicada pela teoria da interseccionalidade. Esse negligenciamento precariza-se ainda mais quando se reporta para a atenção àsaúde. Objetivo:Compreender como o contexto social da interseccionalidade de raça, classe e gênero refletem no atendimento obstétrico em Saúde Pública de mulheres negras residentes em comunidade quilombola. Metodologia:Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa de caráter descritivo-exploratório, realizada com duas mulheres negras residentes em comunidade quilombola, localizada em município no interior do estado do Ceará. Como instrumento para coleta de dados, utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada, sendo os dados submetidos à análise do discurso. Resultados:Os sujeitos desta investigação conseguem, a partir de situações do quotidiano vivenciadas nos serviços de saúde públicos, identificar exemplos de racismo e/ou preconceito relacionados ao fato de serem mulheres negras e pobres. Assim, a vulnerabilidade interseccional (raça gênero classe social) implica em desigualdades no acesso aos serviços de saúde, o que se materializa em violência obstétrica, negligência em relação ao direito da mulher negra sobre o próprio corpo, além de negação da sua subjetividade, o que viola os pressupostos do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), particularmente os princípios da universalidade, equidade e integralidade da assistência. Conclusões:Constata-se, portanto, que as iniquidades quanto ao atendimento obstétrico, que afetam majoritariamente as mulheres negras e pobres, apresentam-se como problemática de gestão, denotando o déficit na efetivação de políticas públicas de saúde, ou a sua ausência. Há também a necessidade de que os profissionais de saúde, a partir de educação continuada, tenham um olhar mais holístico, a fim de produzir um atendimento equânime e integral (AU).
Introduction:Black women's socioeconomic and cultural conjuncture puts them into a three-fold vulnerability, which is explained by the fact that they are victims of racism, class prejudice and gender discrimination, and this interaction of different types of oppression is explained by the theory of intersectionality. Such negligence is even more precarious when it comes to healthcare. Objective:To understand how the social context of the intersectionality of race, class and gender reflects on the obstetric care in public healthcare provided to black women residing in quilombola communities. Methodology:This is a qualitative research work of a descriptive-exploratory nature, carried out with two black women residing in a quilombola community located in the a rural areain the state of Ceará. As a data collection instrument, we used semi-structured interviews, and the data was submitted to discourse analysis. Results:The subjects of this investigation can, from daily situations experienced in public healthcare services,identify examples of racism and/or prejudice related to the fact that they are poor black women. Therefore, intersectional vulnerability (race gender social class) leads to inequalities in the access to healthcare services, which materializes as obstetric violence, negligence to black women's right to their own bodies, as well as denial of their subjectivity, which violates the presuppositions of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), especially the principles of universality, equity, and integrality of care. Conclusions:It is therefore verified that the inequities of obstetric care, which mostly affect poor black women, present themselves as a management problem, denoting the deficit in the application of public healthcare policies, or their absence. There is also a need for healthcare providers, through continued education, to have a more holistic view in order to provide more equanimous and integral healthcare (AU).
Introducción:La coyuntura socioeconómica y cultural de la mujer negra la coloca en una triple vulnerabilidad, que se explica por el hecho de que es víctima del racismo, del prejuicio de clase y de la discriminación de género, y esa interacción de diferentes tipos de opresión es explicada por la teoría dela interseccionalidad. Esta negligencia se precariza mucho más cuando se trata de la atención médica. Objetivo:Comprender cómo el contexto social de la interseccionalidad de raza, clase y género se refleja en la atención obstétrica en la Salud Pública de mujeres negras que viven en una comunidad quilombola. Metodología:Investigación cualitativa de carácter descriptivo-exploratorio, realizada con dos mujeres negras residentes en comunidad quilombola, Ceará, Brazil. Para la recolección de datos, se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y los datos fueron sometidos a análisis del discurso. Resultados:Los sujetos son capaces, a partir de situaciones vividas en los servicios públicos de salud, de identificar ejemplos de racismo y/o prejuicios por el hecho de ser mujeres negras y pobres. Así, la vulnerabilidad interseccional (raza género clase social) implica en desigualdades en el acceso a los servicios de salud, que se materializan en violencia obstétrica, negligencia en relación a los derechos de las mujeres negras sobre sus propios cuerpos, además de la negación de su subjetividad, que viola los supuestos del Sistema Único de Salud, en particular los principios de universalidad, equidad e integralidad de la atención. Conclusiones: Se puede observar que las inequidades en la atención obstétrica, que afectanmayormente a mujeres negras y pobres, se presentan como un problema de gestión, denotando el déficit en la implementación de políticas públicas de salud, o su ausencia. También es necesario que los profesionales de la salud, basados en la educación continua, tengan una visión más holística, para producir una atención equitativa e integral (AU).
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Humanos , Feminino , Classe Social , População Negra , Racismo , Quilombolas , Política de Saúde , Obstetrícia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Gestantes , Serviços Públicos de Saúde/políticas , Serviços de Saúde MaternaRESUMO
Las enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas desarrollan infecciones resistentes a los medicamentos en neumonía, infección del tracto urinario e infecciones relacionadas con dispositivos. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli y Enterobacter cloacae son amenazas de resistencia emergentes importantes a nivel mundial, lo que representa alta mortalidad y limitadas opciones de tratamiento. Objetivo: detectar la presencia de EPC de clase A, mediante la aplicación del test fenotípico de sinergia con ácido borónico en cepas de enterobacterias aisladas de superficies inertes en el Hospital Universitario Católico de Cuenca, Ecuador. Materiales y Métodos: estudio cuali-cuantitativo de tipo experimento puro de corte transversal y alcance exploratorio - descriptivo. Las enterobacterias se identificaron mediante test bioquímicos del sistema estandarizado API 20 E. Para la detección fenotípica de carbapenamasas de clase A se utilizó el método de sinergia de discos con ácido borónico y discos imipenem, meropenem y ertapenem. Resultados: se identificaron 25 géneros de enterobacterias, el 24 % fue Pseudomonas aeruginosam, el 20 % de enterobacterias fue productoras de carpapenemasas clase Am mientras que el 32 % fue resistente para los tres carbapenémicos en estudio, el 68 % mostró sensibilidad para imipenem, el 56 % para meropenem y 44 % para ertapenem. El 48 % de enterobacterias fueron resistentes a ertapenem, el 44 % a meropenem y 32 % a imipenem. Conclusiones: Enterobacterias como P. aureginosa, E. cloacae, Cronobacter spp. y E. coli presentan mecanismos de resistencia asociados a carbapenemasas clase A tipo KPC por lo que se recomienda vigilancia continua y estrategias de manejo para abordar la resistencia a carbapenémicos en entornos hospitalarios
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae develop drug-resistant infections in pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and device-related infections. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter cloacae are important emerging resistance threats globally, representing high mortality and limited treatment options. Objective: detect the presence of class A EPC, by applying the phenotypic synergy test with boronic acid in strains of enterobacteria isolated from inert surfaces at the Catholic University Hospital of Cuenca, Ecuador. Materials and Methods: Qualitative-quantitative study of pure cross-sectional experiment type and exploratorydescriptive scope. Enterobacteriaceae were identified using biochemical tests of the standardized API 20 E system. For the phenotypic detection of class A carbapenamases, the synergy method of disks with boronic acid and imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem disks was used. Results: 25 genera of enterobacteria were identified, 24 % were Pseudomonas aeruginosam, 20 % of enterobacteria were producers of class Am carbapenemases while 32 % were resistant to the three carbapenems under study, 68 % showed sensitivity to imipenem, 56 % for meropenem and 44 % for ertapenem. 48 % of enterobacteria were resistant to ertapenem, 44 % to meropenem and 32 % to imipenem. Conclusions: Enterobacteriaceae such as P. aureginosa, E. cloacae, Cronobacter spp. and E. coli present resistance mechanisms associated with class A carbapenemases type KPC, so continuous surveillance and management strategies are recommended to address resistance to carbapenems in hospital environments
Enterobacteriaceae produtoras de carbapenemases desenvolvem infecções resistentes a medicamentos em pneumonia, infecção do trato urinário e infecções relacionadas a dispositivos. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli e Enterobacter cloacae são importantes ameaças emergentes de resistência em todo o mundo, representando alta mortalidade e opções de tratamento limitadas. Objetivo: detectar a presença de CPE classe A, aplicando o teste de sinergia fenotípica com ácido borônico em cepas de enterobactérias isoladas de superfícies inertes no Hospital Universitário Católico de Cuenca, Equador. Materiais e Métodos: estudo cualitativo quantitativo, do tipo experimento transversal puro e escopo exploratório-descritivo. As enterobactérias foram identificadas por meio de testes bioquímicos do sistema padronizado API 20 E. Para a detecção fenotípica das carbapenamases classe A foi utilizado o método de sinergia de discos com ácido borônico e discos de imipenem, meropenem e ertapenem. Resultados: foram identificados 25 gêneros de enterobactérias, 24 % eram Pseudomonas aeruginosam, 20 % das enterobactérias eram produtoras de carbapenemases da classe Am enquanto 32 % eram resistentes aos três carbapenêmicos em estudo, 68 % apresentaram sensibilidade ao imipenem, 56 % ao meropenem e 44. % para ertapenem. 48 % das enterobactérias eram resistentes ao ertapenem, 44 % ao meropenem e 32 % ao imipenem. Conclusões: Enterobacteriaceae como P. aureginosa, E. cloacae, Cronobacter spp. e. coli apresentam mecanismos de resistência associados às carbapenemases classe A tipo KPC, portanto estratégias contínuas de vigilância e manejo são recomendadas para abordar a resistência aos carbapenêmicos em ambientes hospitalares.
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The modality is an important topic for modelling. Using parametric models is an efficient way when real data set shows trimodality. In this paper, we propose a new class of trimodal probability distributions, that is, probability distributions that have up to three modes. Trimodality itself is achieved by applying a proper transformation to density function of certain continuous probability distributions. At first, we obtain preliminary results for an arbitrary density function g ( x ) and, next, we focus on the Gaussian case, studying trimodal Gaussian model more deeply. The Gaussian distribution is applied to produce the trimodal form of Gaussian known as normal distribution. The tractability of analytical expression of normal distribution and properties of the trimodal normal distribution are important reasons why we choose normal distribution. Furthermore, the existing distributions should be improved to be capable of modelling efficiently when there exists a trimodal form in a data set. After new density function is proposed, estimating its parameters is important. Since Mathematica 12.0 software has optimization tools and important modelling techniques, computational steps are performed using this software. The bootstrapped form of real data sets are applied to show the modelling ability of the proposed distribution when real data sets show trimodality.
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BACKGROUND: Chagas disease (CD), a neglected parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, poses a significant health threat in Latin America and has emerged globally because of human migration. Trypanosoma cruzi infects humans and over 100 other mammalian species, including dogs, which are important sentinels for assessing the risk of human infection. Nonetheless, the serodiagnosis of T. cruzi in dogs is still impaired by the absence of commercial tests. In this study, we investigated the diagnostic accuracy of four chimeric recombinant T. cruzi IBMP antigens (IBMP-8.1, IBMP-8.2, IBMP-8.3, and IBMP-8.4) for detecting anti-T. cruzi antibodies in dogs, using latent class analysis (LCA). METHODS: We examined 663 canine serum samples, employing indirect ELISA with the chimeric antigens. LCA was utilized to establish a latent variable as a gold standard for T. cruzi infection, revealing distinct response patterns for each antigen. RESULTS: The IBMP (Portuguese acronym for the Molecular Biology Institute of Paraná) antigens achieved area under the ROC curve (AUC) values ranging from 90.9% to 97.3%. The highest sensitivity was attributed to IBMP-8.2 (89.8%), while IBMP-8.1, IBMP-8.3, and IBMP-8.4 achieved 73.5%, 79.6%, and 85.7%, respectively. The highest specificity was observed for IBMP-8.4 (98.6%), followed by IBMP-8.2, IBMP-8.3, and IBMP-8.1 with specificities of 98.3%, 94.4%, and 92.7%, respectively. Predictive values varied according to prevalence, indicating higher effectiveness in endemic settings. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings underscore the remarkable diagnostic performance of IBMP-8.2 and IBMP-8.4 for the serodiagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs, representing a promising tool for the diagnosis of CD in dogs. These chimeric recombinant antigens may not only enhance CD surveillance strategies but also hold broader implications for public health, contributing to the global fight against this neglected tropical disease.
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Anticorpos Antiprotozoários , Antígenos de Protozoários , Doença de Chagas , Doenças do Cão , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Testes Sorológicos , Trypanosoma cruzi , Animais , Cães , Doença de Chagas/diagnóstico , Doença de Chagas/veterinária , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/imunologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/genética , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Antígenos de Protozoários/imunologia , Antígenos de Protozoários/genética , Testes Sorológicos/métodos , Testes Sorológicos/veterinária , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/genéticaRESUMO
IncQ-type plasmids have become important vectors in the dissemination of blaGES among different bacterial genera and species from different environments around the world, and studies estimating the occurrence of Guiana extended-spectrum (GES)-type ß-lactamases are gaining prominence. We analyzed the genetic aspects of two IncQ1 plasmids harboring different blaGES variants from human and environmental sources. The blaGES variants were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in Aeromonas veronii isolated from hospital effluent and Klebsiella variicola isolated from a rectal swab of a patient admitted to the cardiovascular intensive care unit in a different hospital. Antimicrobial-susceptibility testing and transformation experiments were performed for phenotypic analysis. Whole-genome sequencing was performed using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore platforms. The comparative analysis of plasmids was performed using BLASTn, and the IncQ1 plasmids showed a high identity and similar size. A. veronii harbored blaGES-7 in a class 1 integron (In2061), recently described by our group, and K. variicola carried blaGES-5 in the known class 1 integron. Both integrons showed a fused gene cassette that encodes resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, with an IS6100 truncating the 3'-conserved segment. The fused genes are transcribed together, although the attC site is disrupted. These gene cassettes can no longer be mobilized. This study revealed a mobilome that may contribute to the dissemination of GES-type ß-lactamases in Brazil. Class 1 integrons are hot spots for bacterial evolution, and their insertion into small IncQ-like plasmids displayed successful recombination, allowing the spread of blaGES variants in various environments. Therefore, they can become prevalent across clinically relevant pathogens.
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Plasmídeos , beta-Lactamases , Plasmídeos/genética , Brasil , beta-Lactamases/genética , Humanos , Genômica/métodos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Klebsiella/genética , Klebsiella/efeitos dos fármacos , Aeromonas/genética , Aeromonas/efeitos dos fármacos , Aeromonas/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , Genoma Bacteriano , Integrons/genéticaRESUMO
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the main global health challenges. Anaerobic digestion (AD) can significantly reduce the burden of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in animal manures. However, the reduction is often incomplete. The agronomic use of digestates requires assessments of their effects on soil ARGs. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of digestate on the abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the rhizosphere of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and to determine whether half-dose replacement of digestate with urea (combined fertilizer) can be implemented as a safer approach while maintaining a similar biomass production. A greenhouse assay was conducted during 190 days under a completely randomized design with two experimental factors: fertilizer type (unfertilized control and fertilized treatments with equal N dose: digestate, urea and combined fertilizer) and sampling date (16 and 148 days after the last application). The results indicated that the digestate significantly increased the abundance of clinical class 1 integrons (intI1 gene) relative to the unfertilized control at both sampling dates (P < 0.05), while the combined fertilizer only increased them at the first sampling. Sixteen days after completing the fertilization scheme only the combined fertilizer and urea significantly increased the biomass production relative to the control (P < 0.05). Additionally, by the end of the assay, the combined fertilizer showed significantly lower levels of the macrolide-resistance gene ermB than digestate and a cumulative biomass similar to urea or digestate. Overall, the combined fertilizer can alleviate the burden of integrons and ermB while simultaneously improving biomass production.
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Biomassa , Fertilizantes , Lolium , Rizosfera , Lolium/genética , Microbiologia do Solo , IntegronsRESUMO
STUDY OBJECTIVES: There is limited knowledge regarding the progression or consistency of symptoms in OSA over time. Our objective was to examine the changes in symptom subtypes and identify predictors over a span of 5 years. METHODS: Data of 2,643 participants of the Sleep Heart Health Study with complete baseline and 5-year follow-up visits were analyzed. Latent Class Analysis on 14 symptoms at baseline and follow-up determined symptom subtypes. Individuals without OSA (AHI<5) were incorporated as a known class at each time point. Multinomial logistic regression assessed the effect of age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and AHI on specific class transitions. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 1,408 women (53.8%) and mean (SD) age 62.4 (10.5) years. We identified four OSA symptom subtypes at both baseline and follow-up visits: minimally symptomatic, disturbed sleep, moderately sleepy, and excessively sleepy. Nearly half (44.2%) of the sample transitioned to a different subtype; transitions to moderately sleepy were the most common (77% of all transitions). A five-year older age was associated with a 50% increase in odds to transit from excessively sleepy to moderately sleepy [OR (95% CI: 1.52 (1.17, 1.97)]. Women had 1.97 times higher odds (95% CI: 1.21, 3.18) to transition from moderately sleepy to minimal symptoms. A 5-unit increase in BMI was associated with 2.39 greater odds (95% CI: 1.30, 4.40) to transition from minimal symptoms to excessively sleepy. Changes in AHI did not significantly predict any transitions. CONCLUSIONS: The symptoms of OSA may fluctuate or remain stable over time. Knowledge of symptom progression in OSA may support clinicians with treatment decisions.
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This article addresses the semantic segmentation of laparoscopic surgery images, placing special emphasis on the segmentation of structures with a smaller number of observations. As a result of this study, adjustment parameters are proposed for deep neural network architectures, enabling a robust segmentation of all structures in the surgical scene. The U-Net architecture with five encoder-decoders (U-Net5ed), SegNet-VGG19, and DeepLabv3+ employing different backbones are implemented. Three main experiments are conducted, working with Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU), Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU), and Swish activation functions. The applied loss functions include Cross Entropy (CE), Focal Loss (FL), Tversky Loss (TL), Dice Loss (DiL), Cross Entropy Dice Loss (CEDL), and Cross Entropy Tversky Loss (CETL). The performance of Stochastic Gradient Descent with momentum (SGDM) and Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam) optimizers is compared. It is qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed that DeepLabv3+ and U-Net5ed architectures yield the best results. The DeepLabv3+ architecture with the ResNet-50 backbone, Swish activation function, and CETL loss function reports a Mean Accuracy (MAcc) of 0.976 and Mean Intersection over Union (MIoU) of 0.977. The semantic segmentation of structures with a smaller number of observations, such as the hepatic vein, cystic duct, Liver Ligament, and blood, verifies that the obtained results are very competitive and promising compared to the consulted literature. The proposed selected parameters were validated in the YOLOv9 architecture, which showed an improvement in semantic segmentation compared to the results obtained with the original architecture.
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The effect of an alternative source of silica, based on class F fly ash mixed with blast furnace slag and activated by rice husk ash (RHA), to produce concrete exposed to marine environments was evaluated. Four mixtures activated by the combination of 85% NaOH 14M + 15% RHA were manufactured to achieve a liquid/solid ratio of 0.20. Fly ash was incorporated into the steel slag mixture at addition percentages of 20, 40, 60, and 80%, and evaluated at 28, 900, and 1800 days for pore and chloride ion absorption. In general, including rice husk ash in the mixture of fly ash and steel slag significantly affected mechanical performance because it was possible to obtain concrete with high mechanical resistance. Concerning the durability evaluation, the effect of the activator generated by rice husk ash was observed, and the increase in steel slag added to the cementitious samples improved the capacity of the material to resist the penetration and diffusion of chloride ions.
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Background: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection involves distinct clinical and serological profiles. We evaluated the frequency of alleles of locus DRB1 of HLA class II in different serological profiles of EBV infection among HIV-1 infected patients. Methods: We recruited 19 patients with primary infection, 90 with serological transition and 467 with past infection by EBV, HIV-1 co-infection was 100% in primary infection and approximately 70% in other serological profiles. EBV viral load was quantified by real-time PCR, T lymphocyte quantification and cytokine level analysis were performed by flow cytometry, and HLA locus genotyping was performed by PCR-SSO. Results: The DRB1*09 allele was associated with primary infection (p: 0.0477), and carriers of the allele showed changes in EBV viral load (p: 0.0485), CD8(+) T lymphocyte counts (p: 0.0206), double-positive T lymphocyte counts (p: 0.0093), IL-4 levels (p: 0.0464) and TNF levels (p: 0.0161). This allele was also frequent in HIV-coinfected individuals (p: 0.0023) and was related to the log10 HIV viral load (p: 0.0176) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte count (p: 0.0285). In primary infection, the log10 HIV viral load was high (p: 0.0060) and directly proportional to the EBV viral load (p: 0.0412). The DRB1*03 allele correlated with serological transition (p: 0.0477), EBV viral load (p: 0.0015), CD4(+) T lymphocyte count (p: 0.0112), CD8(+) T lymphocyte count (p: 0.0260), double-negative T lymphocyte count (p: 0.0540), IL-4 levels (p: 0.0478) and IL-6 levels (p: 0.0175). In the serological transition group, the log10 HIV viral load was high (p: 0.0060), but it was not associated with the EBV viral load (p: 0.1214). Past infection was related to the DRB1*16 allele (p: 0.0477), with carriers displaying IgG levels (p: 0.0020), CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts (p: 0.0116) and suggestive CD8(+) T count alterations (p: 0.0602). The DRB01*16 allele was also common in HIV-1 patients with past EBV infection (p: 0.0192); however, the allele was not associated with clinical markers of HIV-1 infection. Conclusion: Our results suggest that HLA class II alleles may be associated with the modulation of the serological profiles of the immune response to Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients coinfected with HIV-1.
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The authentication of Slovak wines in comparison to other similar wines from various geographical regions, namely Hungary, France, Austria, and Ukraine, was conducted using the OC-PLS, DD-SIMCA, and PLS-DM models, all of them operating in rigorous way. The study involved 63 samples, of which 41 originated from Slovakia, covering diverse wine types such as varietal wines, cuvée selections (different "putnový"), and essence. To capture digital images under controlled conditions, a custom-made cardboard box with white inner surfaces was devised and equipped with a smartphone. During the training phase, sensitivities of 96%, 100%, and 96% were attained for OC-PLS, DD-SIMCA, and PLS-DM, respectively. In the subsequent stages of validation and testing for DD-SIMCA and PLS-DM, the proposed methods displayed optimal efficiency, achieving both sensitivity and specificity rates of 100%. However, such results were not achieved in the case of OC-PLS, which exhibited efficiency levels of 90% in validation and 80% in testing.
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Smartphone , Vinho , Vinho/análise , Eslováquia , Quimiometria/métodosRESUMO
The MHC class I region contains crucial genes for the innate and adaptive immune response, playing a key role in susceptibility to many autoimmune and infectious diseases. Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous disease-associated SNPs within this region. However, these associations do not fully capture the immune-biological relevance of specific HLA alleles. HLA imputation techniques may leverage available SNP arrays by predicting allele genotypes based on the linkage disequilibrium between SNPs and specific HLA alleles. Successful imputation requires diverse and large reference panels, especially for admixed populations. This study employed a bioinformatics approach to call SNPs and HLA alleles in multi-ethnic samples from the 1000 genomes (1KG) dataset and admixed individuals from Brazil (SABE), utilising 30X whole-genome sequencing data. Using HIBAG, we created three reference panels: 1KG (n = 2504), SABE (n = 1171), and the full model (n = 3675) encompassing all samples. In extensive cross-validation of these reference panels, the multi-ethnic 1KG reference exhibited overall superior performance than the reference with only Brazilian samples. However, the best results were achieved with the full model. Additionally, we expanded the scope of imputation by developing reference panels for non-classical, MICA, MICB and HLA-H genes, previously unavailable for multi-ethnic populations. Validation in an independent Brazilian dataset showcased the superiority of our reference panels over the Michigan Imputation Server, particularly in predicting HLA-B alleles among Brazilians. Our investigations underscored the need to enhance or adapt reference panels to encompass the target population's genetic diversity, emphasising the significance of multiethnic references for accurate imputation across different populations.
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Alelos , Etnicidade , Frequência do Gene , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Humanos , Brasil , Etnicidade/genética , Antígenos HLA/genética , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Genótipo , Genética Populacional/métodos , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/genética , Biologia Computacional/métodosRESUMO
Various genetic elements, including integrons, are known to contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Class 1 integrons have been identified in E. coli isolates and are associated with multidrug resistance in countries of the Andean Community. However, detailed information on the gene cassettes located on the variable regions of integrons is lacking. Here, we investigated the presence and diversity of class 1 integrons, using an in silico approach, in 2533 whole-genome sequences obtained from EnteroBase. IntFinder v1.0 revealed that almost one-third of isolates contained these platforms. Integron-bearing isolates were associated with environmental, food, human, and animal origins reported from all countries under scrutiny. Moreover, they were identified in clones known for their pathogenicity or multidrug resistance. Integrons carried cassettes associated with aminoglycoside (aadA), trimethoprim (dfrA), cephalosporin (blaOXA; blaDHA), and fluoroquinolone (aac(6')-Ib-cr; qnrB) resistance. These platforms showed higher diversity and larger numbers than previously reported. Moreover, integrons carrying more than three cassettes in their variable regions were determined. Monitoring the prevalence and diversity of genetic elements is necessary for recognizing emergent patterns of resistance in pathogenic bacteria, especially in countries where various factors are recognized to favor the selection of resistant microorganisms.
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Introduction: Veganism is a movement that avoids consuming animal products. This lifestyle is commonly represented as elitist despite the broad range of people who follow it. Using Bourdieu's taste theory, this study analyzes how personal culinary tastes of different social classes generate favorable (or unfavorable) dispositions to adopting veganism. Methods: We analyzed 73 biographical interviews with 40 young vegans in three different waves. Results: The findings reveal that all social classes exhibit favorable dispositions towards veganism. In upper-class individuals, dispositions to embrace healthy and exotic food facilitate the adoption of new flavors and reflexivity in eating practices. Conversely, lower-class individuals have traditional meatless culinary practices rooted in their restricted budget, facilitating the transition to a plant-based diet. Discussion: These results demonstrate the relevance of social class in understanding the diversity of vegan practices, and they contribute to breaking stereotypes around this movement.
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BACKGROUND: We aimed to identify clusters of health behaviors and study their associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes in India. METHODS: Baseline data from the Kerala Diabetes Prevention Program (n = 1000; age 30-60 years) were used for this study. Information on physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, fruit and vegetable intake, sleep, and alcohol and tobacco use was collected using questionnaires. Blood pressure, waist circumference, 2-h plasma glucose, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured using standardized protocols. Latent class analysis was used to identify clusters of health behaviors, and multilevel mixed-effects linear regression was employed to examine their associations with cardiometabolic risk factors. RESULTS: Two classes were identified, with 87.4% of participants in class 1 and 12.6% in class 2. Participants in both classes had a high probability of not engaging in leisure-time PA (0.80 for class 1; 0.73 for class 2) and consuming <5 servings of fruit and vegetables per day (0.70 for class 1; 0.63 for class 2). However, participants in class 1 had a lower probability of sitting for >=3 h per day (0.26 vs 0.42), tobacco use (0.10 vs 0.75), and alcohol use (0.08 vs 1.00) compared to those in class 2. Class 1 had a significantly lower mean systolic blood pressure (ß = -3.70 mm Hg, 95% confidence interval [CI] -7.05, -0.36), diastolic blood pressure (ß = -2.45 mm Hg, 95% CI -4.74, -0.16), and triglycerides (ß = -0.81 mg/dL, 95% CI -0.75, -0.89). CONCLUSION: Implementing intervention strategies, tailored to cluster-specific health behaviors, is required for the effective prevention of cardiometabolic disorders among high-risk adults for type 2 diabetes.
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Fatores de Risco Cardiometabólico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Análise de Classes Latentes , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Feminino , Índia/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Exercício Físico , Comportamento Sedentário , Fatores de Risco , Análise por Conglomerados , Pressão Sanguínea , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologiaRESUMO
Blood biochemistry represents a minimally invasive tool for monitoring sea turtle health, assessing injured sea turtles and supporting conservation strategies. In Grenada, West Indies, plasma biochemical variables were examined in 33 nesting leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), 49 foraging green (Chelonia mydas), 49 foraging hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and 12 nesting hawksbill sea turtles sampled between 2017 and 2022. Plasma biochemistry reference intervals are described herein except for nesting hawksbills, which are represented by descriptive statistics due to the low sample size. Select analyte concentrations were positively correlated with curved carapace length in leatherbacks (chloride), green turtles (total protein, albumin and globulin) and foraging hawksbills (total protein, albumin and phosphorus). Cholesterol (7.8 mmol/l ± 1.6 SD) and triglyceride (6.9 mmol/l ± 1.9 SD) concentrations were significantly higher in leatherbacks compared to foraging green turtles, foraging hawksbills and nesting hawksbills (P < 0.001 for all). Cholesterol was significantly higher in nesting hawksbills compared to foraging green turtles (P = 0.050) and foraging hawksbills (P = 0.050). Foraging hawksbills demonstrated significantly higher aspartate transaminase activities than leatherbacks (P = 0.002), green turtles (P = 0.009) and nesting hawksbills (P < 0.001). Biochemical results provide baseline population health data and support guidance for treatments during clinical sea turtle rehabilitation efforts. They also provide insight into species-specific physiologic differences and preludes further studies to better characterize the impacts of life-stage class on biochemistry reference intervals to better support wild sea turtle populations in Grenada.
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BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity has been increasing worldwide. It has been reported that physiological and environmental factors such as diet, culture, physical activity, and genetics are the principal factors related to obesity. The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gen variant (rs9939609: T>A) has been associated with class III obesity. The A variant has been correlated with anthropometric and metabolic alterations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the association of the FTO rs9939609: T>A variant and environmental factors with clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables in subjects with class III obesity. RESULTS: The A variant frequency was higher in the class III obesity group compared with the normal weight group (44% vs. 25%, p < 0.001). Subjects with the AA genotype had a higher body mass index (BMI) than those with the AT genotype (35.46 kg/m2 (31-39.8) vs. 26.91 kg/m2 (23.7-30), p = 0.005). Women with the AA genotype showed higher waist circumferences than the AT group (101.07 cm (90.9-111.1) vs. 85.45 cm (77-93.8) p = 0.047). The FTO A variant increases the risk by 3.54 times and physical inactivity increases the risk by 6.37 times for class III obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that among the studied variables, those most related to class III obesity were the FTO risk genotype (A allele) and physical inactivity.
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Deep networks can facilitate the monitoring of a balanced diet to help prevent various health problems related to eating disorders. Large, diverse, and clean data are essential for learning these types of algorithms. Although data can be collected automatically, the data cleaning process is time-consuming. This study aims to provide the model with the ability to learn even when the data are not completely clean. For this purpose, we extend the Attentive Feature MixUp method to enable its learning on noisy multi-label food data. The extension was based on the hypothesis that during the MixUp phase, when a pair of images are mixed, the resulting soft labels should be different for each ingredient, being larger for ingredients that are mixed with the background because they are better distinguished than when they are mixed with other ingredients. Furthermore, to address data perturbation, the incorporation of the Laplace approximation as a post-hoc method was analyzed. The evaluation of the proposed method was performed on two food datasets, where a notable performance improvement was obtained in terms of Jaccard index and F1 score, which validated the hypothesis raised. With the proposed MixUp, our method reduces the memorization of noisy multi-labels, thereby improving its performance.
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Aprendizagem , Redes Neurais de Computação , Algoritmos , AlimentosRESUMO
Introduction: This paper explores older adults' perceptions on sexuality and affectivity in Chile, according to class and sex. Methods: The study is based on computer-assisted telephonic interviews with people aged 60 and over, men and women (n = 481). Data were analyzed using chi-squared tests and binary logistic regressions. Results and discussion: Maintaining an active sex life is important for older adults of both sexes, contradicting the commonsense view according to which the relevance allocated to sex decreases significantly with age. However, the data show significant differences in perceptions by sex, suggesting that gendered conceptions regarding sexuality are influential along the entire life cycle. There are also relevant differences according to class, revealing the inequalities present in the expression of sexuality in Chile.
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This article analyzes some aspects of Chilean young people's (aged 15-29) sex life according to sex and socioeconomic background. Using data from the Tenth National Youth Survey, descriptive and inferential analyses were carried out to test possible differences in sexual practices according to these variables. Results show that young Chileans are increasingly diversifying sexual practices. Differences in age at the first sexual relationship between men and women are also becoming less clear; likewise, differences found by socioeconomic background were also weak, suggesting that some practices are common across different groups of youth. The most significant differences found concern certain practices (oral and anal sex), the number of sexual partners men and women have, and the type of relationship (romantic partner, friend, acquaintance) in which sexual encounters take place. We conclude that young people's sexual practices are increasingly being oriented toward self-exploration and personal satisfaction, and less toward the (traditional) goal of forming a family. Nonetheless, the existence of a "double standard" regarding sexual morals can still account for contrasting behaviors according to sex, suggesting the persistence of a gendered normativity. Also, sexual exploration often occurs without adequate information, reducing youngsters' ability to reduce risks or prevent undesired consequences.