RESUMO

O ensino da cirurgia experimental tem avançado e acompanhado o desenvolvimento das ciências. Os estudos teóricos e práticos evoluíram no sentido de se aprimorar o uso de modelos e simuladores adaptados ao ensino, de modo a capacitar os alunos frente a novos desafios profissionais. Podemos ter à disposição modelos e simuladores de origem biológica ou não, agregados de tecnologia ou simplesmente em realidade virtual. Mas, o mais importante é o teste destes novos recursos (do método e do estudante) e saber suas respostas frente às habilidades demonstradas pelos alunos, o conhecimento teórico demonstrado na atividade prática e, também, seu comportamento individual dentro da equipe. Não sendo o objetivo deste trabalho, mas noções de ética em experimentação cirúrgica serão discutidas.

The teaching experimental surgery has advanced and accompanied the development of the sciences. The theoretical and practical studies have evolved in sense of improving the use of models and simulators adapted to teaching, so as to enable students on new professional challenges. We can have models and simulators available from organic origin or not, with technology aggregates or simply in virtual reality. But, the most important is to do new tests of these new features (the teaching and the student methods) and know the answers in view of the student demonstrated skills, their theoretical knowledge demonstrated in practical activity, and, also, individual behavior within the team. Not being the goal of this paper, notions of ethics in surgical experimentation will de discussed.

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Objetivando avaliar projetos submetidos ao Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais em relação ao uso de analgesia em cirurgia experimental, este trabalho avaliou 106 projetos, coletando as seguintes informações: metodologia do procedimento cirúrgico, utilização de analgesia, justificativa do não uso de analgésico e aplicação do grau de invasividade. Dos projetos avaliados, 64,2% empregaram técnica cirúrgica. Destes, 65,6% não utilizaram analgesia no pós-operatório, sendo a principal justificativa a de que o analgésico poderia alterar os resultados; em 17%, empregou-se a classificação de grau de invasividade de forma irregular. Assim, o estímulo e a divulgação dos conhecimentos relacionados a analgesia devem partir tanto dos comitês responsáveis quanto do corpo de pesquisadores.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate projects submitted to an Animal Research Ethics Committee regarding the use of analgesia in experimental surgery. A total of 106 projects submitted to the Animal Research Ethics Committee were evaluated and the following information was collected: methodology of the surgical procedure, use of analgesia, justification of the non-use of analgesia and application of the degree of invasiveness. Of the projects evaluated, 64.2% used surgical techniques, of which 65.6% did not use analgesia postoperatively, with the main reason being that the analgesic could alter the results. In 17% of cases the classification of the degree of invasiveness was used in an irregular manner. The stimulation and dissemination of analgesia-related knowledge must stem from both the ethics committees responsible and researchers.

Con el objetivo de evaluar los proyectos presentados al Comité de Ética en el Uso de Animales con respecto al uso de la analgesia en cirugía experimental de animales, este estudio evaluó 106 proyectos y obtuvo la siguiente información: la metodología de la intervención quirúrgica, el uso de la analgesia, la justificación de no utilizar analgésico y la aplicación del grado de invasividad. De los proyectos evaluados, un 64,2% empleó técnicas quirúrgicas, de los cuales un 65,6% no utilizó analgesia en el postoperatorio, justificando principalmente que el analgésico podría alterar los resultados, y en un 17% la clasificación del grado de invasividad se utilizó de manera irregular, por lo que la estimulación y la difusión de los conocimientos relacionados con la analgesia deben partir tanto de los comités responsables como del cuerpo de investigadores.

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O objetivo deste estudo é divulgar um modelo experimental de baixo custo, que respeita as normas regulamentadoras das experiências com animais Utilizando animais mortos em outros experimentos contribuindo com a melhora do aprendizado de microcirurgia. São utilizados cadáveres de ratos da raça Wistar, oriundo de descarte de outros cursos. Os cadáveres dos ratos descongelados são utilizados para o treinamento básico de microcirurgia dos acadêmicos do curso de medicina da Universidade Nove de Julho, visando contribuir para o treinamento de acadêmicos, sua utilização se justifica pelo baixo custo do material empregado e muitos animais são poupados durante a fase intermediária do desenvolvimento de habilidades para realização das micro-anastomoses. Este modelo experimental é de baixo custo e permite a utilização racional de animais, corroborando com as normas éticas da pesquisa experimental e contribuindo com o ensino e treinamento da microcirurgia.

The objective of this study is to disclose an experimental model of low cost, which complies with the regulatory norms of animal experiments by using dead animals from other experiments, contributing to the improvement of microsurgery learning. Cadavers of Wistar rats, originated from disposal of other courses, are used. The corpses of thawed mice are used for basic microsurgical training of medical students at the Nove de Julho University, aiming to contribute to the students' training. Their use is justified by the low cost of the material used, many animals being spared during the intermediate phase of skill development for realization of micro-anastomoses. This experimental model is inexpensive and allows the rational use of animals, corroborating with the ethical standards of experimental research and contributing to the education and training of microsurgery.

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RACIONAL: Milhões de ratos são empregados anualmente em pesquisas e no ensino. A exata relação entre a idade dos ratos, comparada com a idade dos humanos ainda é assunto de discussão e controvérsias. OBJETIVO: É revisar a literatura, analisando a idade dos ratos em comparação com a idade dos homens. MÉTODOS: Foram revisadas as publicações existentes sobre o assunto contidas nas bases Medline/Pubmed, Scielo, Biblioteca Cochrane e Lilacs cruzando os descritores ratos, cirurgia experimental e fisiologia. RESULTADOS: Ratos desenvolvem rapidamente durante a infância e se tornam sexualmente maduros com cerca de seis semanas de idade, mas atingem a maturidade social cinco a seis meses mais tarde. Na idade adulta, a cada mês do animal é aproximadamente equivalente a 2,5 anos humanos. Vários autores realizaram trabalhos experimentais em ratos e afirmaram existir correspondência de 30 dias de vida do homem para cada dia de vida do rato. CONCLUSÃO: As diferenças na anatomia, fisiologia, desenvolvimento e fenômenos biológicos devem ser levados em consideração quando são analisados os resultados de qualquer pesquisa em ratos em que a idade é um fator crucial. Cuidado especial é necessário ser tomado quando os estudos efetuados pretendem produzir correlação com a vida humana. Para isso, atenção especial é necessária para verificar a fase em dias do animal e sua correlação com os anos em humanos.

BACKGROUND: Millions of mice are used annually in research and teaching. The exact relationship between age of the animals compared with the age of humans is still subject to discussion and controversy. OBJECTIVE: Literature review analyzing the age of rats in comparison with men age. METHODS: Were reviewed the existing publications on the subject contained in Medline / Pubmed, Scielo, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Lilacs crossing the headings rats, experimental surgery and physiology. RESULTS: Rats rapidly develop during childhood and become sexually mature at about six weeks old, but reach social maturity five to six months later. In adulthood, every month of the animal is approximately equivalent to 2.5 human years. Several authors performed experimental studies in rats and estimated 30 days of human life for every day life of the animal. CONCLUSION: The differences in anatomy, physiology, development and biological phenomena must be taken into consideration when analyzing the results of any research in rats when age is a crucial factor. Special care is necessary to be taken when the intention is to produce correlation with human life. For this, special attention is needed to verify the phase in days of the animal and its correlation with age in years of humans.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of type IIb external skeletal fixators with a transarticular pin in experimental tarsocrural arthrodesis. Twelve adult mongrel dogs of both sexes, ranging in age from two to five years and weighing 12 to 25kg, were used. The configuration of the fixator consisted in the application of a transarticular Steinmann pin and of centrally threaded pins to the proximal portion of the tibia and calcaneus and to the distal portion of the metatarsal bones. In addition, Schanz pins were inserted into the medial and lateral side of the tibia and into the medial side of the metatarsal bones. Radiographs were taken 15; 30 and 45 days after surgery. Bone fusion of the treated joints were observed at 30 days in all animals, and the implants were removed after 45 days. Loosening of the centrally threaded pins was observed in all groups, especially for those applied to the calcaneus. The configuration of the external fixator proposed here was found to be satisfactory in terms of bone union for all joints during the same period, irrespective of the weight of the animal.

O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de fixadores esqueléticos externos do tipo IIb com pino transarticular em artrodeses tarsocrurais experimentais. Foram empregados 12 animais da espécie canina, machos e fêmeas, sem raça definida, adultos, com idades entre dois e cinco anos, peso entre 12 e 25kg. A configuração do fixador foi estabelecida com a aplicação de pino de Steinmann transarticular, pinos com rosca central na porção proximal da tíbia, calcâneo e distal nos metatarsianos, pinos de Schanz, também, foram aplicados na face medial e lateral da tíbia e na face medial dos metatarsianos. Os intervalos de tempo para as análises radiográficas foram 15; 30 e 45 dias do pós-cirúrgico. Foram observadas fusão das articulações que sofreram artrodese aos 30 dias em todos os animais, sendo, os implantes removidos aos 45 dias. Houve afrouxamento dos pinos de rosca central em todos os grupos, sobretudo os pinos aplicados no calcâneo. A configuração do fixador externo proposto por este trabalho, mostrou-se satisfatória para a união óssea de todas as articulações em um mesmo período, independentemente do peso do animal.

RESUMO

Com o objetivo de contribuir à pesquisa em cirurgia experimental, este artigo apresenta uma análise dos principais parâmetros exigidos a serem observados pelos comitês internacionais e nacionais de ética e bem-estar animal, cujo cumprimento é pré-requisito para publicação em periódicos arbitrados de circulação internacional. A padronização da genética, do estado sanitário e do ambiente das espécies de animais Mus musculus (camundongos), Rattus norvegicus (ratos), Oryctolagus cuniculus (coelhos) e Sus scropha domesticus (suínos), a observação de condições adequadas no transporte, aclimatação, enriquecimento do ambiente, treinamento de técnicos em experimentação animal, gestão de informação, biossegurança, dieta, anestesia, cuidados pós-operatórios, analgesia e eutanásia, aliados a projetos de pesquisa bem planejados são apresentados como etapas fundamentais para a obtenção de resultados com alto grau de acuidade, alto nível de reprodutibilidade e precisão.

This study aimed to present the general principles for experiments performed on laboratory animals as required by international and national ethical committees on animal welfare. Compliance to these principles is a prerequisite for publication in international journals. Details of genetic, sanitary and environmental standards, transportation, acclimation, environmental enrichment, appropriate education and training of all those involved in handling of live animals, information management strategy, biossecurity, diet, anesthesia, analgesia, postoperative care and euthanasia for Mus musculus (mice), Rattus norvegicus (rat), Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) and Sus scropha domesticus (pig) combined with well planned biomedical research are fundamental to increase the accuracy, reproducibility and precision of the experimental results.

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Introdução: A busca do entendimento de fatores etiológicos, mecanismos e tratamento das doenças tem levado ao desenvolvimento de vários modelos animais nas últimas décadas. OBJETIVO: Esse artigo tem por objetivo discutir aspectos relacionados a modelos animais de experimentação, escolha do animal e tendências atuais nesse campo em nosso país. Além disso, esse estudo buscou avaliar o espaço ocupado por artigos experimentais em revistas médicas. Métodos: Foram selecionadas cinco revistas brasileiras, indexadas na LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE, e recentemente incorporadas pelo Institute for Scientific Information Journal of Citation Reports. Foram selecionados pelo resumo ou abstract todos os artigos publicados nessas revistas, nos anos de 2007 e 2008, que empregaram modelos animais. Resultados: Do total de 832 artigos publicados no período pelas revistas analisadas, foram selecionados 92 (11,1 por cento) que empregavam animais de experimentação. O número de artigos experimentais variou de 5,2 por cento a 17,9 por cento do conteúdo global da revista. Nas instruções aos autores de quatro (80 por cento) das revistas avaliadas, havia referência explícita aos princípios éticos na condução de estudos com animais. Os modelos animais induzidos representaram 100 por cento dos artigos analisados neste estudo. O rato foi o animal mais empregado nos artigos analisados, sendo utilizado em 78,3 por cento deles. Conclusões: O presente estudo poderá fornecer subsídios para adoção de políticas editoriais futuras relativas à publicação de artigos originários de pesquisa animal na RBCCV.

Introduction:: The search of the understanding of etiological factors, mechanisms and treatment of the diseases has been taking to the development of several animal models in the last decades. OBJECTIVE: To discuss aspects related to animal models of experimentation, animal choice and current trends in this field in our country. In addition, this study evaluated the frequency of experimental articles in medical journals. Methods: Five Brazilian journals indexed by LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE, and recently incorporate for Institute for Scientific Information Journal of Citation Reports were analyzed. All the papers published in those journals, between 2007 and 2008, that used animal models, were selected based on the abstracts. Results: Of the total of 832 articles published in the period, 92 (11.1 percent) experimentation papers were selected. The number of experimental articles ranged from 5.2 percent to 17.9 percent of the global content of the journal. In the instructions to the authors, four (80 percent) journals presented explicit reference to the ethical principles in the conduction of studies with animals. The induced animal models represented 100 percent of the articles analyzed in this study. The rat was the most employed animal in the analyzed articles (78.3 percent). Conclusions: The present study can contribute, supplying subsidies for adoption of future editorials policies regarding the publication of animal research papers in Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery.

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Esta revisión pretende ser un alto en el camino para quienes ejercen la ortopedia y el trauma en Colombia -y en otras latitudes-, un espacio de reflexión para afrontar el diario vivir, con estudiantes y residentes, pacientes y familiares, colegas y administradores de la salud, al establecer y hacer vida una cultura ética desde la cirugía ortopédica, de tal manera que no se estén recordando principios éticos fundamentales solo cuando aparezcan las quejas de los pacientes o los requerimientos judiciales. Con el hilo central del Consentimiento Informado, su historia, su sentido y momento apropiado de aplicación, se repasan conceptos bioéticos nucleares, partiendo de la buena comunicación, pilar de la relación médico-paciente, que deriva en la necesaria confianza que perfecciona dicha relación. Se ofrecen comentarios, principalmente en el campo de los conflictos de intereses, a la reglamentación que la Asociación Americana de Cirujanos Ortopedistas tiene para regular la práctica profesional de sus asociados.

The present review is intended as a wake-up call for those who work with orthopedics and trauma in Colombia and in other parts of the world. It is an opportunity to reflect on daily practice with students and residents, patients and their families, colleagues and health administrators by establishing and making life an ethical culture from the standpoint of orthopedic surgery, so that we are reminded of fundamental ethical principles at all times, not just when complaints from patients or injunctions arise. Informed consent, its history, meaning and appropriate moment of application are the basis on which nuclear bioethical concepts are reviewed, beginning with good communication, which is the backbone of the physician-patient relationship and from which the confidence necessary to perfect that relationship is derived. Comments are put forth, primarily with respect to conflicts of interest in light of the regulations adopted by the American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons to standardize the professional practice of its members.

Esta revisão deseja ser um alto no caminho dos que exercem a ortopedia e o trauma em Colômbia (e nos outros países), um sitio de reflexão para afrontar o diário viver com estudantes y residentes, pacientes e familiares, colegas e administradores da saúde, ao fixar e fazer viva uma cultura ética desde a cirurgia ortopédica; assim, os princípios éticos básicos no somente se recordarão quando cheguem as queixas dos pacientes ou os requerimentos judiciais. Neste artigo, repassam-se conceitos bioéticos fundamentais -tindo como eixo o consentimento informado, a sua história e o momento apropriado de aplicação- partindo da adequada comunicação, apoio da relação médico-paciente, que leva à confiança necessária que aperfeiçoa esta relação. No campo dos conflitos de interesse, fazem-se comentários à regulamentação da Associação Americana de Cirurgiões Ortopedistas.

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Avaliou-se a viabilidade do emprego da cartilagem auricular bovina conservada em glutaraldeído a 4 por cento na hernioplastia experimental, empregando-se seis coelhos adultos, machos, da raça Nova Zelândia. Para obtenção da hérnia incisional, removeu-se um segmento elíptico de 3cm de comprimento por 1cm de largura, no ponto central à primeira incisão, envolvendo fáscia e tecido muscular, na região da cicatriz umbilical. Dois animais de cada vez foram sacrificados aos 15, 30 e 45 dias após a cirurgia. Nos sacrificados aos 15 dias, observaram-se áreas focais de inflamação, caracterizadas por abscesso e fístula. À microscopia, observou-se área de inflamação e necrose próxima à periferia do implante. Nas amostras colhidas dos animais sacrificados aos 30 dias, não foram evidenciadas alterações clínicas relevantes. Desses, um animal apresentou à microscopia intensa proliferação fibroblástica, moderada neovascularização e células inflamatórias predominantemente mononucleares. Dos sacrificados aos 45 dias, em um ocorreu aderência de alça intestinal ao implante. É possível inferir que o material implantado apresentou satisfatória compatibilidade com o tecido receptor. Conclui-se que o implante de cartilagem auricular bovina conservada na hernioplastia experimental em coelhos apresentou evidências de boa integração tecidual e cicatrização, não havendo eliminação do material implantado.(AU)

The auricular cartilage preserved in 4 percent glutaraldehyde was used for experimental hernioplasty in six male, adult, New Zealand rabbits. To create an incision hernia, an elliptic tissue fragment three centimeter-long and one-centimeter wide was removed at a point centrally located from the first incision, embracing fascia and muscle tissue, from the area of umbilical scar. Animals were euthanized, two at a time, 15, 30, or 45 days after surgery. In the animals euthanized after 15 days focal areas of inflammation were observed, characterized by abscesses and fistulas. The histological section showed areas of inflammation and necrosis next to the periphery of the graft. In the animals euthanized after 30 days, there was no evidence of clinical alterations. Microscopic diagnosis of one of these animals showed intense fibroblastic proliferation, moderate neovascularization and inflammatory cells, predominantly mononuclear. One of the animals submitted to euthanasia at 45 days presented at necropsy adherence of bowel to the graft and impaired reconstitution of the parietal peritoneum. It is possible to infer that the grafted material presented satisfactory compatibility with the receptor tissue. Thus, it may be concluded that auricular bovine cartilage grafts preserved in 4 percent glutaraldehyde in experimental hernioplasty in rabbits presented evidence of good tissue integration and healing, with no elimination of the grafted material.(AU)

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RESUMO

Avaliou-se a viabilidade do emprego da cartilagem auricular bovina conservada em glutaraldeído a 4 por cento na hernioplastia experimental, empregando-se seis coelhos adultos, machos, da raça Nova Zelândia. Para obtenção da hérnia incisional, removeu-se um segmento elíptico de 3cm de comprimento por 1cm de largura, no ponto central à primeira incisão, envolvendo fáscia e tecido muscular, na região da cicatriz umbilical. Dois animais de cada vez foram sacrificados aos 15, 30 e 45 dias após a cirurgia. Nos sacrificados aos 15 dias, observaram-se áreas focais de inflamação, caracterizadas por abscesso e fístula. À microscopia, observou-se área de inflamação e necrose próxima à periferia do implante. Nas amostras colhidas dos animais sacrificados aos 30 dias, não foram evidenciadas alterações clínicas relevantes. Desses, um animal apresentou à microscopia intensa proliferação fibroblástica, moderada neovascularização e células inflamatórias predominantemente mononucleares. Dos sacrificados aos 45 dias, em um ocorreu aderência de alça intestinal ao implante. É possível inferir que o material implantado apresentou satisfatória compatibilidade com o tecido receptor. Conclui-se que o implante de cartilagem auricular bovina conservada na hernioplastia experimental em coelhos apresentou evidências de boa integração tecidual e cicatrização, não havendo eliminação do material implantado.

The auricular cartilage preserved in 4 percent glutaraldehyde was used for experimental hernioplasty in six male, adult, New Zealand rabbits. To create an incision hernia, an elliptic tissue fragment three centimeter-long and one-centimeter wide was removed at a point centrally located from the first incision, embracing fascia and muscle tissue, from the area of umbilical scar. Animals were euthanized, two at a time, 15, 30, or 45 days after surgery. In the animals euthanized after 15 days focal areas of inflammation were observed, characterized by abscesses and fistulas. The histological section showed areas of inflammation and necrosis next to the periphery of the graft. In the animals euthanized after 30 days, there was no evidence of clinical alterations. Microscopic diagnosis of one of these animals showed intense fibroblastic proliferation, moderate neovascularization and inflammatory cells, predominantly mononuclear. One of the animals submitted to euthanasia at 45 days presented at necropsy adherence of bowel to the graft and impaired reconstitution of the parietal peritoneum. It is possible to infer that the grafted material presented satisfactory compatibility with the receptor tissue. Thus, it may be concluded that auricular bovine cartilage grafts preserved in 4 percent glutaraldehyde in experimental hernioplasty in rabbits presented evidence of good tissue integration and healing, with no elimination of the grafted material.

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OBJETIVO: avaliar a dispersão de curvas Força x Elongação (FE) representativas do comportamento mecânico de alça cólica íntegra de ratos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: dez segmentos de cólon descendente de ratos machos Wistar foram submetidos ao teste biomecânico Energia Total de Ruptura. Cada curva gerada por esse ensaio foi ajustada ao modelo de Boltzmann, o qual correlaciona os valores de força e elongação por meio da combinação dos parâmetros A1, A2, x0 e d x. Nesse contexto, para cada parâmetro, foram calculadas as médias, os desvios padrão e correlações. Após, determinou-se a dispersão resultante da força em todo processo de deformação através de uma análise que considera as correlações entre as grandezas, com base na lei de propagação das incertezas. Para determinar um intervalo no qual estarão contidos 95% dos valores de força, a dispersão resultante foi multiplicada por um fator de abrangência considerando-se uma distribuição normal. RESULTADOS: os valores da média, do desvio padrão e das correlações foram determinados. A dispersão resultante dos valores de força foi expandida, delineando-se limites dentro dos quais estarão contidas as curvas FE para um intervalo de confiança de 95%. CONCLUSÃO: essa metodologia poderá auxiliar na avaliação de variáveis que interfiram no comportamento mecânico intestinal.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the dispersion of Force x Elongation curves (FE) that represents the mechanical behavior of rat's colon. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ten descending colon segments were submitted to the Total Energy of Rupture Test. Each curve generated by this test was fitted to Boltzmann model that correlates the values of force and elongation through the combination of the parameters A1, A2, x0 and d x. Then, for each parameter were calculated the mean, standard deviation and their correlations. Later, the resultant dispersion was determinated in the whole deformation process by an analysis that considers the correlations between the greatnesses based on the propagation of uncertainties law. The resultant dispersion was multiplied by a coverage factor, considering a normal distribution, to determinate an interval in which 95% of force values will be present. RESULTS: the mean, standard deviation and correlation were determined. The resultant dispersion of force values was expanded drawing limits inside which FE curves will be for a confidence interval of 95%. CONCLUSION: this methodology will be possibly used to evaluate variables that act on the intestinal mechanical behavior.

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Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with m-opioid and monoaminergic agonist effect. Ten healthy adult dogs were studied (mean ± SEM body weight 17.3 ± 3.8 kg), premedicated with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg, IM), induced with thiopental (10 mg/kg, IV) and maintained under anesthesia with halothane in oxygen. Twenty minutes after starting halothane anesthesia, tramadol (1.0 mg/kg in 0.22 ml/kg of sterile water) was administered epidurally at the lumbo-sacral space. Surgery began 15 minutes later. Pulse and respiratory rates, systolic, mean and diastolic arterial blood pressure, and pulse oximetry were measured before premedication (baseline), and at fixed intervals after anesthesia induction. Arterial pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3 -, and SaO2 were measured at baseline, immediately before the epidural, and 60, 120, 240 and 360 minutes thereafter. Post-operative analgesia was evaluated for four hours using a scoring system. Statistically significant decrease in arterial blood pressure was observed following anesthetic induction. The PaCO2 increased significantly from baseline at 60 minutes after epidural tramadol. The remaining variables were not significantly different from baseline values. No variables were significantly different from values obtained immediately before tramadol administration. Intraoperative antinociception was considered adequate, with satisfactory post-operative ana

RESUMO

Eight dogs were premedicated with tramadol (1.0 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb], IM) and the other eight with morphine (1.0 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb], IM) 20 minutes prior to anesthetic induction. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with halothane in oxygen delivered in a Bain system, with spontaneous respiration. Degree of sedation and occurrence of emesis were evaluated after preanesthetic medication. Dose of thiopental necessary to allow tracheal intubation was recorded and compared between the two groups. Arterial blood gas analyses were done before premedication and at 60 minutes of anesthesia. Tramadol produced no visible sedation and no vomit, while morphine induced a moderate degree of sedation in all dogs and vomit in 62% of them. Dose requirement of thiopental was significantly higher in the dogs premedicated with tramadol. Dogs premedicated with morphine had significantly higher PaCO 2 and lower pH at 60 minutes of anesthesia. Tramadol is not a reliable sedative and do not induce vomit in healthy dogs. The requirement of subsequent anesthetics may not be significantly reduced as compared with morphine. Dogs premedicated with tramadol are likely to maintain better intraoperative respiratory function than when premedicated with morphine. Clinically, tramadol may be useful for premedication of dogs where vomit is undesirable.

RESUMO

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with m-opioid and monoaminergic agonist effect. Ten healthy adult dogs were studied (mean ± SEM body weight 17.3 ± 3.8 kg), premedicated with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg, IM), induced with thiopental (10 mg/kg, IV) and maintained under anesthesia with halothane in oxygen. Twenty minutes after starting halothane anesthesia, tramadol (1.0 mg/kg in 0.22 ml/kg of sterile water) was administered epidurally at the lumbo-sacral space. Surgery began 15 minutes later. Pulse and respiratory rates, systolic, mean and diastolic arterial blood pressure, and pulse oximetry were measured before premedication (baseline), and at fixed intervals after anesthesia induction. Arterial pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3 -, and SaO2 were measured at baseline, immediately before the epidural, and 60, 120, 240 and 360 minutes thereafter. Post-operative analgesia was evaluated for four hours using a scoring system. Statistically significant decrease in arterial blood pressure was observed following anesthetic induction. The PaCO2 increased significantly from baseline at 60 minutes after epidural tramadol. The remaining variables were not significantly different from baseline values. No variables were significantly different from values obtained immediately before tramadol administration. Intraoperative antinociception was considered adequate, with satisfactory post-operative ana

RESUMO

Eight dogs were premedicated with tramadol (1.0 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb], IM) and the other eight with morphine (1.0 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb], IM) 20 minutes prior to anesthetic induction. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with halothane in oxygen delivered in a Bain system, with spontaneous respiration. Degree of sedation and occurrence of emesis were evaluated after preanesthetic medication. Dose of thiopental necessary to allow tracheal intubation was recorded and compared between the two groups. Arterial blood gas analyses were done before premedication and at 60 minutes of anesthesia. Tramadol produced no visible sedation and no vomit, while morphine induced a moderate degree of sedation in all dogs and vomit in 62% of them. Dose requirement of thiopental was significantly higher in the dogs premedicated with tramadol. Dogs premedicated with morphine had significantly higher PaCO 2 and lower pH at 60 minutes of anesthesia. Tramadol is not a reliable sedative and do not induce vomit in healthy dogs. The requirement of subsequent anesthetics may not be significantly reduced as compared with morphine. Dogs premedicated with tramadol are likely to maintain better intraoperative respiratory function than when premedicated with morphine. Clinically, tramadol may be useful for premedication of dogs where vomit is undesirable.

RESUMO

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with m-opioid and monoaminergic agonist effect. Ten healthy adult dogs were studied (mean ± SEM body weight 17.3 ± 3.8 kg), premedicated with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg, IM), induced with thiopental (10 mg/kg, IV) and maintained under anesthesia with halothane in oxygen. Twenty minutes after starting halothane anesthesia, tramadol (1.0 mg/kg in 0.22 ml/kg of sterile water) was administered epidurally at the lumbo-sacral space. Surgery began 15 minutes later. Pulse and respiratory rates, systolic, mean and diastolic arterial blood pressure, and pulse oximetry were measured before premedication (baseline), and at fixed intervals after anesthesia induction. Arterial pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3 -, and SaO2 were measured at baseline, immediately before the epidural, and 60, 120, 240 and 360 minutes thereafter. Post-operative analgesia was evaluated for four hours using a scoring system. Statistically significant decrease in arterial blood pressure was observed following anesthetic induction. The PaCO2 increased significantly from baseline at 60 minutes after epidural tramadol. The remaining variables were not significantly different from baseline values. No variables were significantly different from values obtained immediately before tramadol administration. Intraoperative antinociception was considered adequate, with satisfactory post-operative ana

RESUMO

Eight dogs were premedicated with tramadol (1.0 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb], IM) and the other eight with morphine (1.0 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb], IM) 20 minutes prior to anesthetic induction. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with halothane in oxygen delivered in a Bain system, with spontaneous respiration. Degree of sedation and occurrence of emesis were evaluated after preanesthetic medication. Dose of thiopental necessary to allow tracheal intubation was recorded and compared between the two groups. Arterial blood gas analyses were done before premedication and at 60 minutes of anesthesia. Tramadol produced no visible sedation and no vomit, while morphine induced a moderate degree of sedation in all dogs and vomit in 62% of them. Dose requirement of thiopental was significantly higher in the dogs premedicated with tramadol. Dogs premedicated with morphine had significantly higher PaCO 2 and lower pH at 60 minutes of anesthesia. Tramadol is not a reliable sedative and do not induce vomit in healthy dogs. The requirement of subsequent anesthetics may not be significantly reduced as compared with morphine. Dogs premedicated with tramadol are likely to maintain better intraoperative respiratory function than when premedicated with morphine. Clinically, tramadol may be useful for premedication of dogs where vomit is undesirable.

RESUMO

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with m-opioid and monoaminergic agonist effect. Ten healthy adult dogs were studied (mean ± SEM body weight 17.3 ± 3.8 kg), premedicated with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg, IM), induced with thiopental (10 mg/kg, IV) and maintained under anesthesia with halothane in oxygen. Twenty minutes after starting halothane anesthesia, tramadol (1.0 mg/kg in 0.22 ml/kg of sterile water) was administered epidurally at the lumbo-sacral space. Surgery began 15 minutes later. Pulse and respiratory rates, systolic, mean and diastolic arterial blood pressure, and pulse oximetry were measured before premedication (baseline), and at fixed intervals after anesthesia induction. Arterial pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3 -, and SaO2 were measured at baseline, immediately before the epidural, and 60, 120, 240 and 360 minutes thereafter. Post-operative analgesia was evaluated for four hours using a scoring system. Statistically significant decrease in arterial blood pressure was observed following anesthetic induction. The PaCO2 increased significantly from baseline at 60 minutes after epidural tramadol. The remaining variables were not significantly different from baseline values. No variables were significantly different from values obtained immediately before tramadol administration. Intraoperative antinociception was considered adequate, with satisfactory post-operative ana

RESUMO

Eight dogs were premedicated with tramadol (1.0 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb], IM) and the other eight with morphine (1.0 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb], IM) 20 minutes prior to anesthetic induction. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with halothane in oxygen delivered in a Bain system, with spontaneous respiration. Degree of sedation and occurrence of emesis were evaluated after preanesthetic medication. Dose of thiopental necessary to allow tracheal intubation was recorded and compared between the two groups. Arterial blood gas analyses were done before premedication and at 60 minutes of anesthesia. Tramadol produced no visible sedation and no vomit, while morphine induced a moderate degree of sedation in all dogs and vomit in 62% of them. Dose requirement of thiopental was significantly higher in the dogs premedicated with tramadol. Dogs premedicated with morphine had significantly higher PaCO 2 and lower pH at 60 minutes of anesthesia. Tramadol is not a reliable sedative and do not induce vomit in healthy dogs. The requirement of subsequent anesthetics may not be significantly reduced as compared with morphine. Dogs premedicated with tramadol are likely to maintain better intraoperative respiratory function than when premedicated with morphine. Clinically, tramadol may be useful for premedication of dogs where vomit is undesirable.

RESUMO

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with m-opioid and monoaminergic agonist effect. Ten healthy adult dogs were studied (mean ± SEM body weight 17.3 ± 3.8 kg), premedicated with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg, IM), induced with thiopental (10 mg/kg, IV) and maintained under anesthesia with halothane in oxygen. Twenty minutes after starting halothane anesthesia, tramadol (1.0 mg/kg in 0.22 ml/kg of sterile water) was administered epidurally at the lumbo-sacral space. Surgery began 15 minutes later. Pulse and respiratory rates, systolic, mean and diastolic arterial blood pressure, and pulse oximetry were measured before premedication (baseline), and at fixed intervals after anesthesia induction. Arterial pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3 -, and SaO2 were measured at baseline, immediately before the epidural, and 60, 120, 240 and 360 minutes thereafter. Post-operative analgesia was evaluated for four hours using a scoring system. Statistically significant decrease in arterial blood pressure was observed following anesthetic induction. The PaCO2 increased significantly from baseline at 60 minutes after epidural tramadol. The remaining variables were not significantly different from baseline values. No variables were significantly different from values obtained immediately before tramadol administration. Intraoperative antinociception was considered adequate, with satisfactory post-operative ana