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RESUMEN Introducción: La cirrosis hepática constituye la etapa final de muchas enfermedades del hígado. Objetivo: Determinar las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de pacientes con cirrosis hepática. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, retrospectiva, con datos de archivo, de 57 pacientes cirróticos. Se excluyeron aquellos con datos insuficientes en la historia clínica. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, etiología, modo de diagnóstico, comorbilidades, manifestaciones endoscópicas de la hipertensión portal, complicaciones, estadios de la enfermedad según D'Amico y clasificación de Child-Pugh. Para el análisis de los resultados se emplearon técnicas de la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Hubo 19 pacientes (33,3 %) en el grupo de edad entre 60 y 69 años; 31 (54,4 %) mujeres y 26 (45,6 %) hombres. El virus de la hepatitis C fue encontrado en 21 pacientes (36,8 %). El 96,4 % de los enfermos se diagnosticaron mediante ecografía abdominal; 12 (21,1 %) presentaron ascitis y 38 (66,6 %) manifestaciones endoscópicas de hipertensión portal. En estadio 4 de D'Amico estaban 20 (35 %) enfermos y 26 (45,6 %) en estadio de Child-Pugh A; 24 (42,1 %) en Child-Pugh B y 7 (12,3 %) en Child-Pugh C. Conclusiones: La cirrosis hepática predomina en la séptima década de la vida, en el sexo femenino. Prevalece el ultrasonido abdominal como modo de diagnóstico. Las causas más frecuentes son el virus de hepatitis C y el alcoholismo. La ascitis es la complicación que más se presenta. La mayoría de los pacientes muestran signos de hipertensión portal. Predominan las formas no compensadas de la enfermedad.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Liver cirrhosis is the end stage of many liver diseases. Objective: To determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with liver cirrhosis. Results: There were 19 patients (33.3%) in the age group between 60 and 69 years; 31 (54,4 %) women and 26 (45,6 %) men. Hepatitis C virus was found in 21 patients (36,8 %). 96,4 % of the patients were diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound; 12 (21,1 %) presented ascites and 38 (66,6 %) endoscopic manifestations of portal hypertension. In D'Amico stage 4 there were 20 (35 %) patients and 26 (45,6 %) in Child-Pugh A stage; 24 (42,1 %) in Child-Pugh B and 7 (12,3 %) in Child-Pugh C. Conclusions: Liver cirrhosis predominates in the seventh decade of life, in females. Abdominal ultrasound prevails as a diagnostic mode. The most common causes are hepatitis C virus and alcoholism. Ascites is the most common complication. Most patients present with signs of portal hypertension. Uncompensated forms of the disease predominate.
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INTRODUCTION: Several groups have reported associations of primary biliary cholangitis with other autoimmune entities, particularly Sjögren's syndrome and hypothyroidism. Its prevalence and characteristics in Mexican patients is unknown. AIM: To determine the frequency and characteristics of autoimmune diseases in a Mexican cohort of patients with primary biliary cholangitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of patients that presented with primary biliary cholangitis within the time frame of 2005 and 2012 were reviewed and assessed for other autoimmune diseases. RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients, 75 women and 3 men, were included. Their mean age was 55.8 years. Seventy-three cases had positive antimitochondrial antibodies (94.8%) and disease was confirmed in 5 through liver biopsy. Five patients (8%) had anti-smooth muscle antibodies and 55/78 (70.5%) had antinuclear antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. Forty-nine patients (62.8%) were positive for an autoimmune disease other than primary biliary cholangitis. Among those, 20 patients had one associated disease, 14 had 2, and 15 patients had 3 concomitant diseases. They included: Sjögren's syndrome in 23/78 patients (29.5%), dysthyroidism in 21/78 cases (26.9%), Raynaud syndrome in 11/78 (14.1%), CREST syndrome in 9/78 patients (11.4%), rheumatoid arthritis in 6/78 patients (7.7%), vitiligo in 5/78 (6.4%), scleroderma in 4/78 patients (5.1%), and other diseases in 8 patients. In 12/78 patients (15.4%), there was a documented family background of autoimmune disease. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of autoimmune associations in our cohort was frequent, and similar in characteristics to the information reported by other groups. The clinical implications of those findings remain to be determined.
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Doenças Autoimunes/epidemiologia , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/epidemiologia , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Autoanticorpos/análise , Doenças Autoimunes/complicações , Estudos de Coortes , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/complicações , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Síndrome de SjogrenRESUMO
El síndrome de Reynolds, se define como cirrosis biliar primaria en pacientes con esclerodermia; este síndrome debe ser sospechado en aquellos pacientes que desarrollen un patrón colestásico. Se reporta una paciente con antecedente de esclerodermia que se presenta con ictericia, a quien se le confirma con estudios inmunológicos y biopsia hepática, el diagnóstico de cirrosis biliar prima ria (ahora se denomina colangitis biliar primaria). Se ordena ácido ursodesoxicólico 15mg/día.
Reynolds syndrome is defined as primary biliary cirrhosis in patients with scleroderma; this syndrome should be suspected in those patients who develop a cholesteric pattern. We report a patient with scleroderma who presented with jaundice. After immunological and liver biopsy, a diagnosis of Primary Biliary Cholangiopathy (new name) was confirmed. Ursodeoxycholic acid 15mg / day was prescribed
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Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Escleroderma Sistêmico , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/patologia , Ácido Ursodesoxicólico/farmacocinética , Fígado/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) with characteristics of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is known as overlap syndrome. Its prevalence and prognosis have not yet been determined comparatively with AIH. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted comparing patients diagnosed with AIH and AIH-PBC overlap syndrome, followed-up for seven years in a university hospital in Colombia, until 31 December 2016. RESULTS: A total of 210 patients were included (195 women, mean age 48.5years). Of these, 32 (15.2%) had AIH-PBC overlap syndrome. At diagnosis, no significant differences were found by demographic profile, positive autoantibodies (ANA, ASMA), except AMA (81.2% vs 3.9%, P<.001), and histological grade of fibrosis. The most frequent clinical presentations were nonspecific symptoms in AIH-PBC and acute hepatitis in AIH. Although there were no significant differences, AIH showed a greater biochemical response to immunosuppressive management (87.3% vs 74.2%, P=.061) and a greater number of relapses in those who achieved partial or complete remission during treatment (12.4% vs 7.63%; P=.727). Patients with AIH-PBC had greater progression to cirrhosis (22.2% vs 13.1%, P=.038), even in those who achieved partial or complete biochemical remission without relapse, with greater indication of orthotopic liver transplantation (P=.009), but not retransplantation (P=.183); there were no differences in mortality. CONCLUSIONS: AIH-PBC overlap syndrome accounts for a significant proportion of patients with AIH, with greater progression to cirrhosis, indication of liver transplantation and possibly retransplantation. This higher risk of adverse outcomes suggests closer monitoring, probably with follow-up until confirmed histopathological remission.
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Hepatite Autoimune/epidemiologia , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/epidemiologia , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hepatite Autoimune/terapia , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/terapia , Transplante de Fígado , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Síndrome , Ácido Ursodesoxicólico/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Resumen La esclerosis sistèmica (esclerodermia) es la enfermedad reumática autoinmunitaria asociada más comúnmente con cirrosis biliar primaria. La relación entre la forma cutánea limitada de esclerosis sistémica y cirrosis biliar primaria se describió en el decenio de 1970. Se comunica el caso de una paciente de 65 años de edad con esclerosis sistémica cutánea limitada de larga evolución, positiva a anticuerpos contra centròmero y mitocondria. La biopsia hepática confirmó cirrosis biliar primaria en fase portal (estadio 1).
Abstract Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease most commonly associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. The relationship between limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis and primary biliary cirrhosis was first described in the early 1970's decade. The case of 65 year-old woman with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis and primary biliary cirrhosis seropositive for anticentromere and anti-mitochondrial antibodies is reported. Liver biopsy confirmed primary biliary cirrhosis in stage 1.
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Introducción: El Síndrome de Reynolds es la asociación de esclerosis sistémica (SSC) con cirrosis biliar primaria (CBP). Descrito en 1934 por Milbradt y Reynolds en 1976 describió seis casos. Caso: Presentamos tres casos de mujeres atendidas en el Servicio de Reumatologìa del Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín, con patología hepática autoinmune y signos de esclerosis sistémica. El diagnóstico fue confirmado mediante biopsia hepática en dos de ellas y la prueba de fibromax en la restante. Discusión: Reconocer el Síndrome de Reynolds permite el diagnóstico temprano de cirrosis biliar primaria en pacientes con esclerosis sistémica y sospechar esta entidad en quienes padecen enfermedad hepática colestásica autoinmune que, muchas veces, coexisten en forma silenciosa. El diagnóstico oportuno permite intervenciones terapéuticas precoces que podrían mejorar el pronóstico de esta asociación.
Introduction: The Reynolds' syndrome is the combination of systemic sclerosis (SSC) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). It was first described in 1934 by Milbradt. Reynolds in 1976 presented six cases in two of them and fibromax-test in another. Case report: We present three cases of three women treated in the Rheumatology department at Carlos Andrade Marin hosppital who had autoinmune liver disease confirmed by biopsy. Discusion: Recognizing Reynolds' Syndrome allow us to make earlier diagnosis. This autoimmune cholestatic liver disease often remains silent, so that their identification is a valuable diagnostic tool leading to therapeutic interventions.
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Humanos , Feminino , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Reumatologia , Escleroderma Sistêmico , Diagnóstico , Cirrose Hepática Biliar , Prognóstico , Mulheres , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Some patients with autoimmune liver disease have characteristics of cholestasis, as well as of autoimmune hepatitis. Despite the fact that this is a relatively frequent clinical condition seen in referral centers for liver diseases, there is little evidence as regards the clinical management of these syndromes due to their low prevalence and the lack of standardized definitions and diagnostic criteria. This is relevant, given that published studies report that there is a lower therapeutic response and poorer outcome in patients with overlap syndrome than in those presenting solely with autoimmune hepatitis. Whether overlap syndromes are distinct entities or the presence of 2 concurrent diseases is still a subject of debate. They should be suspected in autoimmune hepatitis patients that present with signs of cholestasis, as it is known that overlap behavior tends to be more aggressive, with higher rates of cirrhosis and the need for liver transplantation. Treatment response is also poorer and should be directed at the predominant component. Standardized definitions are necessary so that these syndromes can be studied in controlled clinical trials.
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Colangite Esclerosante/diagnóstico , Colangite Esclerosante/terapia , Colestase/diagnóstico , Colestase/terapia , Hepatite Autoimune/complicações , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/diagnóstico , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/terapia , Colangite Esclerosante/complicações , Colestase/complicações , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/complicações , Transplante de Fígado , SíndromeRESUMO
La cirrosis biliar primaria es una enfermedad hepática colestásica crónica, lentamente progresiva, caracterizada por la destrucción no supurativa de la vía biliar interlobulillar y septal. Se presenta principalmente en mujeres de edad media, con incidencia de 0.7-49 casos por millón de habitantes. El propósito de estudiar este caso es describir una enfermedad de difícil diagnóstico, dado que las manifestaciones clínicas pueden orientar a una variedad de posibilidades; sumado a esto la baja incidencia y bajo índice de sospecha que dificulta aún más el hallazgo. Caso clínico: se presenta caso de paciente femenina de 24 años, que llegó a la emergencia del Hospital Escuela Universitario por cuadro de diarrea de un mes de evolución, aproximadamente 3-4 episodios por día, de consistencia blanda, color amarillento, sin exacerbantes; prurito generalizado sin predominio de horario. Al examen físico tinte ictérico en piel y mucosas, abdomen simétrico, sin presencia de cicatrices, dolor a la palpación profunda en hipocondrio derecho, hígado palpable 2 cm debajo del reborde costal.El diagnóstico se realizó mediante la detección de anticuerpos antimitocondriales en suero y la realización de una biopsia hepática. Después de iniciado el tratamiento, comenzó a disminuir el tinte ictérico y los niveles de bilirrubinas, la paciente fue dada de alta y continuó el manejo. Conclusión: el tratamiento temprano con ácido ursodesoxicólico, puede detener la progresión de la enfermedad y mejorar el pronóstico. Para los pacientes que muestran respuesta insuficiente, la terapia combinada con bezafibrato usualmente es efectiva...(AU)
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Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Biópsia , Hepatite , Cirrose Hepática Biliar , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/diagnóstico , Ácido Ursodesoxicólico/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Cualquier enfermedad que lleve a la alteración del flujo biliar o del metabolismo de las sales biliares se traduce en colestasis. Son múltiples las causas que pueden producirla, sea por su localización anatómica intrahepática o extrahepática, agudas o crónicas, con o sin lesión hepatocelular acompañante, o primarias o secundarias, por lo que resultan numerosas las entidades que deben ser consideradas como parte del diagnóstico diferencial de las enfermedades colestásicas y que plantean un gran reto diagnóstico tanto para el clínico, como para el patólogo (1). En el presente estudio se plantea una aproximación diagnóstica basada en patrones histológicos, haciendo énfasis en las enfermedades colestásicas crónicas del adulto, en próximos estudios se tratarán las de la población pediátrica.
Any disease that leads to impaired bile flow or impaired bile salt metabolism results in cholestasis. There are several causes of the disease related to intrahepatic or extrahepatic anatomical locations, to whether the disease is acute or chronic, to whether or not hepatocellular damage occurs, and to whether or not the condition is primary or secondary. The large number of entities that must be considered in the differential diagnosis of cholestatic diseases poses a major diagnostic challenge for both the clinician and the pathologist (1). This article establishes a diagnostic approach based on histologic patterns which emphasizes adult chronic cholestatic diseases. The next article will focus on the pediatric population.
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Humanos , Colangite Esclerosante , Colestase , Colestase Intra-Hepática , Cirrose Hepática BiliarRESUMO
Cholestatic liver diseases arise from impaired hepatobiliary production and excretion of bile. They have some common clinical manifestations and pathogenic features, but at the same time differences that require a special approach. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and drug induced liver cholestasis are the most common reversible intrahepatic cholestasis. Primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis are chronic cholestatic diseases. This review will be focused on these two types, in particular their clinical and therapeutic management and complications. While in recent years there has not been much change in the basic clinical approach of these diseases, every day we receive more information from both the basic and clinical science studies, which has enabled to develop new therapeutic lines and reject others that have not confirmed effectiveness.
Las enfermedades colestásicas se caracterizan por la disminución de la formación o excreción del flujo de bilis. Ellas tienen ciertas manifestaciones clínicas y mecanismos patogénicos comunes, pero a su vez diferencias que requieren un enfrentamiento no siempre similar. La colestasia intrahepática del embarazo(CIE) y la colestasia secundaria a fármacos son las más frecuentes dentro de las colestasias intrahepáticas reversibles. La cirrosis biliar primaria (CBP) y la colangitis esclerosante primaria (CEP), son las enfermedades colestásicas crónicas en que centramos esta revisión, en particular en los aspectos clínicos y de manejo terapéutico tanto de éstas, como de sus complicaciones. Si bien en los últimos años no ha habido un cambio significativo en el manejo fundamental de estas enfermedades, cada vez tenemos más información tanto en el área de ciencias básicas como en aspectos clínicos, lo que ha permitido ir desarrollando nuevas líneas terapéuticas y descartando otras que no han confirmado efectividad.
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Humanos , Doenças dos Ductos Biliares/complicações , Doenças dos Ductos Biliares/terapia , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/complicações , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/terapia , Colangite Esclerosante/complicações , Colangite Esclerosante/terapia , Doenças Ósseas/etiologia , Doenças Ósseas/terapia , Fadiga/etiologia , Fadiga/terapia , Prurido/etiologia , Prurido/terapia , Transplante de FígadoRESUMO
El termino "Overlap" describe entidades que comparten características de hepatitis autoinmune y cirrosis biliar primaria o colangítis esclerosante primaria. Se presenta el caso de una paciente mujer, adulta mayor, sin antecedentes de consumo de alcohol ni medicamentos o sustancias hepatotóxicas, con estudios serológicos para hepatitis viral negativos. Clínicamente con signos de hepatopatía crónica. La paciente presenta características clínicas, serológicas, inmunológicas e histológicas mixtas entre Hepatitis Autoinmuney Cirrosis Biliar Primaria, postulándose un síndrome de "sobreposición" u overlap.
The term"overlap sindrome" has been introduced to the field of hepatology to describe variant forms of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) which present with characteristics of AIH and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). We present a case of an elderly female, without past medical history of alcohol, medication or hepatotoxic substances intake, with negative serology studies for viral hepatitis. Clinically with signs of chronic hepatophaty. The patient presents mixed clinical, serologic, immunologic and histologic features of Autoimmune Hepatitis and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. We postulate this is a variant or overlap syndrome.
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Cirrose Hepática BiliarRESUMO
Se presentan los casos de dos pacientes mujeres con características clínicas, serológicas, inmunológicas, e histológicas mixtas entre hepatitis autoinmune y cirrosis biliar primaria; y para quienes el trasplante ortotópico de hígado se presentó como la mejor alternativa terapéutica dado el avanzado deterioro de su enfermedad.
We present the cases of two female patients with clinical, serological, immunological, and histological characteristics which mixed symptoms of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Orthotopic liver transplantation was chosen as the best therapeutic alternative for both patients given the advanced deterioration of their disease.
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Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Hepatite Autoimune , Cirrose Hepática Biliar , Transplante de FígadoRESUMO
Objetivo: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la frecuencia y presentación de recidiva de hepatopatías postrasplante no virales. Métodos y Resultados: Los pacientes con hepatopatías no virales que recibieron un trasplante hepático fueron 39 y de éstos, seis presentaron recidiva de la enfermedad (15.3%): uno con recaída del alcoholismo, tres con enfermedad autoinmune (dos trasplantados por cirrosis biliar primaria recurrieron con hepatitis autoinmune y uno con diagnóstico original de cirrosis hepática criptogénica presentó recurrencia de hepatitis autoinmune), uno con diagnóstico de esteatohepatitis no alcohólica tuvo recurrencia con la misma enfermedad; por último, un paciente se trasplantó por cirrosis hepática secundaria a metotrexate y postrasplante manifestó cirrosis biliar secundaria a estenosis del colédoco en el sitio de la anastomosis. Conclusiones: Todos los pacientes aquí analizados presentaron recidiva en el largo plazo (después de 11 meses postrasplante). La recidiva del alcoholismo se identificó en 8.3%, de las hepatopatías autoinmunes en 30%, y de la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica en 20% de los casos. Las tres pacientes con recidiva de hepatopatía autoinmune presentaron en el postras-plante una enfermedad diferente a la que dio origen al trasplante.
OBJECTIVE: We describe the recurrence of non-viral liver disease after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 39 patients who received an OLT for non-viral chronic liver disease. Six (15.3%) of these patients presented disease recurrence after OLT, one following alcohol abuse, 3 presented autoimmune liver disease [2 received an OLT for primary biliary cirrhosis and recurred as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) one patient had cryptogenic cirrhosis before OLT and recurred as AIH]. One patient showed recurrence of a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). One patient received an OLT for cirrhosis secondary to the use of metothrexate and post OLT developed secondary biliary cirrhosis due to a choledocal stenosis in the anastomotic site. CONCLUSIONS: All patients described here displayed long term recurrence (after 11 months post OLT). The recurrence of alcoholism was 8.3% among patients transplanted for this condition. AIH was observed in 30% of cases and NASH in 20%. All three patients with autoimmune liver disease recurred with a different autoimmune disease post OLT.