RESUMO
Nutrient foramina are small openings in the periosteal surface of the mid-shaft region of long bones that traverse the cortical layer and reach the medullary cavity. They are important for the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to bone tissue and are crucial for the repair and remodeling of bones over time. The nutrient foramina in the femur's diaphysis are related to the energetic needs of the femur and have been shown to be related to the maximum metabolic rate (MMR) of taxa. Here, we investigate the relationship between nutrient foramen size and body mass as a proxy to the aerobic capacity of taxa in living and extinct xenarthrans, including living sloths, anteaters, and armadillos, as well as extinct xenarthrans such as glyptodonts, pampatheres, and ground sloths. Seventy femora were sampled, including 20 from extant taxa and 50 from extinct taxa. We obtained the blood flow rate (QÌ) based on foramina area and performed PGLS and phylogenetic ANCOVA in order to explore differences among mammalian groups. Our results show that, among mammals, taxa commonly associated with lower metabolism like living xenarthrans showed relatively smaller foramina, while the foramina of giant extinct xenarthrans like ground sloths and glyptodonts overlapped with non-xenarthran placentals. Consequently, QÌ estimations indicated aerobic capacities comparable to other placental giant taxa like elephants or some ungulates. Furthermore, the estimation of the MMR for fossil giant taxa showed similar results, with almost all taxa showing high values except for those for which strong semi-arboreal or fossorial habits have been proposed. Moreover, the results are compatible with the diets predicted for extinct taxa, which indicate a strong consumption of grass similar to ungulates and in contrast to the folivorous or insectivorous diets of extant xenarthrans. The ancestral reconstruction of the MMR values indicated a lack of a common pattern for all xenarthrans, strongly supporting the occurrence of low metabolic rates in extant forms due to their particular dietary preferences and arboreal or fossorial habits. Our results highlight the importance of considering different evidence beyond the phylogenetic position of extinct taxa, especially when extinct forms are exceptionally different from their extant relatives. Future studies evaluating the energetic needs of giant extinct xenarthrans should not assume lower metabolic rates for these extinct animals based solely on their phylogenetic position and the observations on their extant relatives.
Assuntos
Fêmur , Fósseis , Xenarthra , Animais , Fêmur/anatomia & histologia , Fêmur/fisiologia , Xenarthra/anatomia & histologia , Xenarthra/fisiologia , Extinção Biológica , Filogenia , Bichos-Preguiça/fisiologia , Bichos-Preguiça/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Sporotrichosis is a globally distributed subcutaneous mycosis caused by dimorphic Sporothrix species commonly found in soil, mosses, and decaying plant matter. The lymphocutaneous manifestation, historically associated with occupational activities and sapronotic transmission, has recently been observed to also occur through animal contact, particularly notable in Brazil. We describe a rare case of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis with simultaneous pulmonary complications resulting from the scratching of a southern three-banded armadillo, Tolypeutes matacus, primarily inhabiting the arid forests of South America's central region. Speciation using multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) established the etiological agent as S. schenckii s. str., while amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis unveiled a novel genotype circulating in the Midwest of Brazil. The patient received treatment with itraconazole (200 mg/day) for two months, leading to substantial clinical improvement of cutaneous and pulmonary symptoms. This case highlights the critical role of animal-mediated transmission in sporotrichosis epidemiology, particularly within regions with diverse armadillo species. The unusual epidemiology and genetic characteristics of this case emphasize the need for enhanced awareness and diagnostic vigilance in atypical sporotrichosis presentations.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Tatus , Itraconazol , Sporothrix , Esporotricose , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Análise do Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos Amplificados , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Tatus/microbiologia , Brasil , Genótipo , Itraconazol/uso terapêutico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex , Sporothrix/genética , Sporothrix/isolamento & purificação , Sporothrix/classificação , Esporotricose/microbiologia , Esporotricose/diagnóstico , Esporotricose/tratamento farmacológico , Esporotricose/transmissão , Resultado do Tratamento , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The present work concerns xenarthrans from the collection of Santiago (Kaspar Jakob) Roth (1850-1924) housed at the Palaeontological Institute and Museum of the University of Zurich, one of the most important collections of Pleistocene mammals from Argentina in Europe. Roth was a paleontologist originally from Switzerland who prospected and collected a large amount of Pleistocene megafauna of the Pampean Region of Argentina. The xenarthrans are the main representatives of this collection in Zurich, with 150 specimens. Since 1920, this material has not been revised and is under studied. The present investigation corresponds to a taxonomic revision resulting in 114 reassignments, leading to document xenarthran diversity and discuss their paleoecologies. The high diversity reflects the paleoecology of the Pampean Region during the Pleistocene, with the various abiotic events that impacted the paleoenvironment of this region. Within the Cingulata, the Pampean Region fauna was probably dominated by glyptodonts with a high representation of Glyptodontinae and Neosclerocalyptinae while within the sloths the highest diversity and abundance is found in the Mylodontinae and Scelidotheriinae. These four clades represent both species with high ecological tolerance (e.g., Glyptodon munizi; Catonyx tarijensis) and ecologically highly specialized species (e.g., Neosclerocalyptus paskoensis; Scelidotherium leptocephalum). The presence of such ecological diversity underlines the status of the Pampean Region as a major interest for paleoecological and paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13358-023-00265-7.
El presente trabajo se refiere a los xenartros de la colección de Santiago (Kaspar Jakob) Roth (1850-1924) depositada en el Instituto y Museo Paleontológico de la Universidad de Zurich, una de las más importantes colecciones de mamíferos del Pleistoceno de Argentina en Europa. Roth fue un paleontólogo originario de Suiza que prospectó y coleccionó una gran cantidad de megafauna del Pleistoceno de la Región Pampeana de Argentina. Los xenartros son los principales representantes de esta colección en Zurich, con 150 ejemplares. Desde 1920, este material no ha sido revisado y está poco estudiado. La presente investigación corresponde a una revisión taxonómica que ha dado lugar a 110 reasignaciones, lo que permite documentar la diversidad de los xenartros y discutir aspectos paleoecológicos. La alta diversidad refleja la paleoecología de la Región Pampeana durante el Pleistoceno en asociación con los cambios climáticos que han impactado en el paleoambiente de esta región. Entre los Cingulata, la fauna de la Región Pampeana estuvo probablemente dominada por los gliptodontes con una alta representación de Glyptodontinae y Neosclerocalyptinae, mientras que entre los perezosos la mayor diversidad y abundancia se encuentra en los Mylodontinae y Scelidotherinae. Estos cuatro clados representan tanto especies con alta tolerancia ecológica (por ejemplo, Glyptodon munizi; Catonyx tarijensis) como otras muy especializadas ecológicamente (por ejemplo, Neosclerocalyptus paskoensis; Scelidotherium leptocephalum). La presencia de tal diversidad ecológica subraya el estatus de la Región Pampeana como de gran interés para la reconstrucción paleoecológica y paleoambiental.
RESUMO
Xenarthra-a superorder of placental mammals endemic to the Neotropics-is represented by armadillos, anteaters, and sloths. Considering their long history in the Americas, extant xenarthrans represent an important group for understanding the impact of past environmental changes on species diversification and serve key ecological functions as ecosystem engineers. Unfortunately, most wild xenarthran populations are at risk, due primarily to anthropogenic activities, necessitating urgent conservation efforts. Moreover, the paucity of information on some species has rendered population estimation and, consequently, conservation management challenging. In addition, relatively few groups are researching this superorder, perhaps because fieldwork with armadillos, anteaters, or sloths and their captive care are challenging tasks. Nevertheless, dedicated research and efforts to ensure the long-term conservation of these animals are deemed essential. In this context, cryobanks are a practical approach for breeding and maintaining genetic diversity in wildlife, and they are important tools for assisting and improving both ex situ and in situ conservation strategies. Therefore, cryopreservation of biological resources may be a promising strategy for conserving xenarthrans. Specifically, semen cryopreservation, which has already been applied in some species, may be the most effective strategy for this group. The present article provides an overview of ex situ conservation of xenarthrans, which will contribute to the development and implementation of additional strategies for protecting these unique mammals.
Assuntos
Bichos-Preguiça , Xenarthra , Gravidez , Animais , Feminino , Xenarthra/genética , Bichos-Preguiça/genética , Tatus/genética , Vermilingua , Ecossistema , Placenta , MamíferosRESUMO
Euphractus sexcinctus is a wild mammal native to the Americas; they have great diversity and are not in danger of extinction like other armadillo species. Despite the diversity, the morphology of several biological systems of this species has not been fully described. This study details the gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary system in Euphractus sexcinctus, a six-banded armadillo, compared with other mammalian study models. Six animals were dissected in the study. In the anatomical analysis, the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra were dissected and photographed; then, fragments were submitted to histological routine for staining with haematoxylin-eosin, toluidine blue and Masson's trichrome for visualization under light microscopy. The six-banded armadillo ureter is histologically composed of four concentric layers. The urinary bladder is presented with three tissue layers. The pattern of constitution and distribution of urinary system structures was compatible with that of most domestic like Canis familiaris and wild animals like Bradypus torquatus, with adaptations for the arid and semi-arid habitat. The description of the morphology of Euphractus sexcinctus presents great relevance both for its conservation and for its use as a model for clinical research.
Assuntos
Tatus , Sistema Urinário , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Tatus/anatomia & histologia , Cães , Bichos-Preguiça , Sistema Urinário/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
The number of viral-associated neoplasms reported in wildlife has increased over the last decades, likely because of growing research efforts and a potentially greater burden of carcinogenic pathogens. Herein, we describe a primary gastric T-cell lymphoma in one free-ranging giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus) from Brazilian Pantanal infected by a novel gammaherpesvirus, proposed as Cingulatid gammaherpesvirus 1 (CiHV-1). By chromogenic in situ hybridisation against Epstein-Barr virus some neoplastic cells were labeled. Subsequently, a molecular screening was carried out to detect the occurrence of this pathogen in other giant armadillos in the same region. Overall, this novel virus was detected in 14.3% (3/21) of the tested giant armadillos. We suggest this herpesvirus, the first in Xenarthra, as a plausible aetiology of the neoplasm. The implications of CiHV-1 for this species are uncertain; while no outbreaks of disease have been recorded, the present study raises concerns. Further research is warranted to assess the real significance of CiHV-1 and its potential oncogenic role in this species.
Assuntos
Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr , Gammaherpesvirinae , Linfoma de Células T , Animais , Tatus , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/veterinária , Gammaherpesvirinae/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Linfoma de Células T/epidemiologia , Linfoma de Células T/veterináriaRESUMO
The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) is a mammal of the Xenarthra Superorder, which inhabits Central, South and North America. Few morphological descriptions are observed in this species, including the respiratory tract; therefore, the objective of this study was to describe morphologically the lower respiratory tract of the nine-banded armadillo. Five animals were dissected, and the macroscopic and microscopic aspects were analysed. In the anatomical analysis, the perfusion technique was performed with vinyl acetate and the fragments of tissue from respiratory organs (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and pulmonary lobes) were stained with haematoxylin-eosin for visualization under optical microscopy. Containing about 30 cartilage rings, the trachea is lined internally with ciliated pseudostratified epithelial tissue. The lungs are subdivided into lobes by deep interlobar fissures, with two lobes in the right lung and three lobes in the left lung. Microscopically, the primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi have non-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells. It was found that macro- and microscopically the respiratory tract of this species is similar to existing xenarthras and other excavator animals. These data provide subsidies for the clinic and preservation of this species.
Assuntos
Tatus , Xenarthra , Animais , Brônquios , Pulmão , TraqueiaRESUMO
Armadillos are specialist diggers and their burrows are used to find food, seek shelter and protect their pups. These burrows can also be shared with dozens of vertebrate and invertebrate species and; consequently, their parasites including the zoonotics. The aim of this study was to diagnose the presence of zoonotic parasites in four wild-caught armadillo species from two different Brazilian ecosystems, the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) and the Pantanal (wetland). The investigated parasites and their correspondent diseases were: Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis), Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease), Leishmania spp., (leishmaniasis), Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Paracoccidioidomicosis) and Mycobacterium leprae (Hansen's disease). Forty-three free-living armadillos from Pantanal and seven road-killed armadillos from the Cerrado were sampled. Trypanosoma cruzi DTU TcIII were isolated from 2 out of 43 (4.65%) armadillos, including one of them also infected with Trypanosoma rangeli. Antibodies anti-T. gondii were detected in 13 out of 43 (30.2%) armadillos. All seven armadillos from Cerrado tested positive for P. brasiliensis DNA, in the lungs, spleen, liver fragments. Also, by molecular analysis, all 43 individuals were negative for M. leprae and Leishmania spp. Armadillos were infected by T. cruzi, T. rangeli, P. brasiliensis and presented seric antibodies to T. gondii, highlighting the importance of those armadillos could have in the epidemiology of zoonotic parasites.
Assuntos
Tatus , Doença de Chagas/veterinária , Leishmaniose/veterinária , Hanseníase/veterinária , Paracoccidioidomicose/veterinária , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologia , Zoonoses/microbiologia , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Animais , Brasil , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Feminino , Leishmania/isolamento & purificação , Leishmaniose/parasitologia , Hanseníase/microbiologia , Masculino , Mycobacterium leprae/isolamento & purificação , Paracoccidioides/isolamento & purificação , Paracoccidioidomicose/parasitologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Out of the 20 recognized species of armadillos in the world, 11 are found in Brazil, and five of them are found in Pantanal, one of the world's largest wetlands. Beef cattle (Bos taurus) farming is the main economic activity in this region, which promotes intense wildlife-livestock contact and increases the likelihood of pathogen exposure, including to agents with zoonotic and economic relevance. Previous studies demonstrated that several wildlife species in Pantanal have been exposed to Brucella abortus and Leptospira spp.; however, little is known regarding the exposure and/or prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in armadillos. We used conventional PCR, the rose Bengal test (RBT), and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) to investigate the exposure to and infection by Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. using blood samples from four species of armadillos: nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus, n=2), southern naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassous unicinctus, n=8), yellow armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus, n=16), and giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus, n=22), captured in Nhecolândia, Pantanal, Brazil. Samples were PCR- and RBT-negative for Brucella spp. infection and exposure. However, MAT revealed a Leptospira spp. seroprevalence of 31% (5/16; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.11-0.58) in yellow armadillo and 18% (4/22; 95% CI=0.05-0.40) in giant armadillo specimens to serogroups Autumnalis, Cynopteri, and Pomona, with titers ranging from 200 to 1,600. Our results contribute to the understanding of zoonotic pathogens in armadillos in Pantanal and reinforce the importance of wildlife health surveillance in this area.
Assuntos
Tatus/microbiologia , Brucella abortus/isolamento & purificação , Brucelose/veterinária , Leptospira/isolamento & purificação , Leptospirose/veterinária , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Tatus/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Brucelose/sangue , Brucelose/epidemiologia , Brucelose/microbiologia , Leptospirose/sangue , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Testes Sorológicos/veterináriaRESUMO
Awareness of the natural ecological processes provided by organisms that benefit human well-being has significantly progressed towards the goal of making conservation a mainstream value. Identifying different services and the species that provide them is a vital first step for the management and maintenance of these so-called ecosystem services. Herein, we specifically address the armadillos, which play key functional roles in terrestrial ecosystems, including as ecosystem engineers, predators, and vectors of invertebrates and nutrients, although these roles have often been overlooked. Armadillos can control pests, disperse seeds, and be effective sentinels of potential disease outbreaks or bioindicators of environmental contaminants. They also supply important material (meat, medicines) and non-material (learning, inspiration) contributions all over the Americas. We identify key gaps in the understanding of ecosystem services provided by armadillos and areas for future research required to clarify their functional role in terrestrial ecosystems and the services they supply. Such information will produce powerful arguments for armadillo conservation.
RESUMO
Armadillos comprise a particular group of armoured animals whose functional morphology of locomotion remains unclear. For the first time, the kinematic patterns of Dasypus novemcinctus are analysed. Eight specimens of ninebanded armadillos were studied at a research institute in São Paulo State, Brazil. The individuals were induced to cross a horizontal corridor and each gait performed during the time each of them was kept inside this structure was recorded to a detailed analysis posteriorly performed in a computer program. Four parameters regarding speed range were considered: stride frequency (Hz) (1/stride period), stride length (m), speed (ms−1) and duty factor (%). A total of 89 strides have been analysed among symmetrical (60.6%) and asymmetrical gaits (39.4%), and six footfall patterns were here reported as follows: lateral sequences (symmetrical), transverse gallop, canter, bound, halfbound and crutch walk (asymmetrical). This kind of analysis implements our knowledge on the locomotory aspects of these animals, hence contributing to the improvement of our knowledge on this still poorly known group
Assuntos
Animais , Xenarthra/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Marcha , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , LocomoçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Miguel Fernández was an Argentinian zoologist who published the first account of obligate polyembryony in armadillos. His contribution is here discussed in relation to his contemporaries, Newman and Patterson, and more recent work. FINDINGS: Fernandez worked on the mulita (Dasypus hybridus). He was able to get early stages before twinning occurred and show it was preceded by inversion of the germ layers. By the primitive streak stage there were separate embryonic shields and partition of the amnion. There was, however, a single exocoelom and all embryos were enclosed in a common set of membranes comprising chorion towards the attachment site in the uterine fundus and inverted yolk sac on the opposite face. He showed that monozygotic twinning did not occur in another armadillo, the peludo (Chaetophractus villosus). CONCLUSIONS: Fernández's work represented a major breakthrough in understanding how twinning occurred in armadillos. His work and that of others is of intrinsic interest to zoologists and has a direct bearing on the origin of monozygotic twins and birth defects in humans.
Assuntos
Anatomia Comparada/história , Tatus/embriologia , Embriologia/história , Desenvolvimento Embrionário , Camadas Germinativas/embriologia , Gemelaridade Monozigótica , Zoologia/história , Animais , Argentina , Tatus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tatus/fisiologia , Membranas Extraembrionárias/citologia , Membranas Extraembrionárias/embriologia , Membranas Extraembrionárias/fisiologia , Feminino , Pesquisa em Genética/história , Camadas Germinativas/citologia , Camadas Germinativas/fisiologia , História do Século XX , Masculino , Placentação , Gravidez , Especificidade da Espécie , Saco Vitelino/citologia , Saco Vitelino/embriologia , Saco Vitelino/fisiologiaRESUMO
Although digging is an essential behavior for foraging and burrow construction in the fossorial armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus, this behavior has never been clearly described. Here, we provided the first detailed description of D. novemcinctus digging activity. We observed the behaviors of eight D. novemcinctus at the Lauro de Souza Lima Institute in Bauru. Subjects were individually recorded while digging in an outdoor, former vivarium belonging to the institute. Videos were scored frame-by-frame to yield nine distinct behavioral acts. These were organized into an ethogram and a kinematic flow diagram indicating the most common behavioral transitions. From 248 sequences, we observed that digging generally began with forelimb movement, while hind-limbs were used to remove accumulated soil on the ventral side; the tail provided support against the soil. Before digging, all subjects also half-plunged their heads into the ground, thus breaking up soil. The observed behaviors corroborate the classification of D. novemcinctus as "scratch-diggers" and also clarifies pecies-specific aspects of digging behavior.
Descrição do comportamento de escavação em tatus-galinha Dasypus novemcinctus (Xenarthra: Dasypodidae). Embora cavar seja um comportamento essencial para o forrageamento e a construção de tocas para Dasypus novemcinctus, este comportamento nunca foi claramente descrito. O presente estudo fornece a primeira descrição detalhada para a atividade fossorial de D. novemcinctus. Foram observados os comportamentos de oito indivíduos de D. novemcinctus no Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima em Bauru. Estes espécimes foram filmados individualmente enquanto cavavam dentro de uma área externa previamente delimitada deste instituto. Os filmes foram analisados quadro a quadro e um total de nove atos comportamentais foram reconhecidos e detalhados para a produção de um etograma, bem como um diagrama comportamental cinemático de fluxo produzido para indicar as transições mais comuns de um ato para outro. A partir das 248 sequencias analisadas foi possível observar que o movimento dos membros anteriores foi na maior parte do tempo requisitado para iniciar esta atividade, e os posteriores foram usados para remover o solo que se acumulava sob o ventre dos indivíduos enquanto a cauda fornecia sustentação ao corpo a partir do seu apoio contra o solo. O ato de inserir parte da cabeça no solo a fim de torna-lo mais inconsolidado antes da atividade de escavação ter início foi aqui reportado como inédito nesta atividade exercida pelos tatus-galinha. As sequencias aqui observadas corroboram, portanto, a prévia classificação pelo menos para D. novemcinctus como "scratch-digger" e também fornece informação relevante sobre este comportamento específico para a espécie em questão.
Assuntos
Animais , Tatus/psicologia , Comportamento Animal , Xenarthra/psicologiaRESUMO
Armadillos are well-known quadrupeds whose digging abilities classify them differently into many fossorial categories. This is the first time a kinematic description is provided on the vertical climbing sequences performed by these animals, more specifically by the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. After an opportunistic observation of climbing behavior, video recording sessions were setup to document wire mesh climbing. The individuals climbed up to its top showing four distinct ways of vertical progression, such as lateral and diagonal-sequences as well as few styles that resemble the asymmetrical motions used by quadrupeds on land. Sharp claws were used as strategic points of attachment on a substrate, and tails provided additional support during vertical progression. Thus, the locomotory repertoire of armadillos is far more diverse than previously considered.
RESUMO. Descrição cinemática da escalada vertical de Dasypus novemcinctus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae): o primeiro registro desta habilidade em tatus. Tatus são quadrúpedes bem conhecidos cujas habilidades escavatórias classificam-nos de forma diferenciada em diversas categorias fossoriais. Esta é a primeira vez que a descrição cinemática de sequencias de escalada vertical realizada por estes animais, mais especificamente pelo tatu de nove-bandas Dasypus novemcinctus, é feita. Após uma observação oportunística de escalada, sessões de gravação em vídeo foram realizadas a fim de documentar a escalada em grade. Os indivíduos escalaram-na até o topo exibindo quatro maneiras distintas de progressão vertical, tais como sequencias laterais e diagonais e alguns estilos que se assemelhavam aos movimentos assimétricos usados por quadrúpedes em terra. Garras afiadas foram usadas como pontos estratégicos de adesão ao substrato, e as caudas forneceram suporte adicional durante a progressão vertical. Assim sendo, o repertório locomotor dos tatus é bem mais diverso do que até então considerado.
Assuntos
Animais , Comportamento Animal , Xenarthra/psicologia , LocomoçãoRESUMO
Apesar do interesse, e mesmo diante da sua ampla distribuição, é escasso o conhecimento sobre a fisiologia reprodutiva dos tatus-peba (Euphractus sexcinctus). Esses conhecimentos são importantes para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de conservação e multiplicação em cativeiro, e desenvolvimento de técnicas de reprodução assistida. Neste sentido, a presente revisão apresenta uma compilação de estudos a respeito das principais peculiaridades da fisiologia reprodutiva de tatus-peba, ressaltando os desafios quanto ao desenvolvimento de técnicas de reprodução assistida para a espécie.(AU)
In spite of the interest and large distribution, the knowledge on the reproductive physiology of sixbanded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus) remains scarce. Such knowledge would be important for the development of strategies for its conservation and multiplication under captivity, and for the development of reproductive assisted techniques. Therefore, this review presents a compilation of studies on the main peculiarities of the reproductive physiology of six-banded armadillos, thus emphasizing the challenges related to the development of assisted techniques for its reproduction.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Tatus/fisiologia , Reprodução , SêmenRESUMO
Apesar do interesse, e mesmo diante da sua ampla distribuição, é escasso o conhecimento sobre a fisiologia reprodutiva dos tatus-peba (Euphractus sexcinctus). Esses conhecimentos são importantes para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de conservação e multiplicação em cativeiro, e desenvolvimento de técnicas de reprodução assistida. Neste sentido, a presente revisão apresenta uma compilação de estudos a respeito das principais peculiaridades da fisiologia reprodutiva de tatus-peba, ressaltando os desafios quanto ao desenvolvimento de técnicas de reprodução assistida para a espécie.
In spite of the interest and large distribution, the knowledge on the reproductive physiology of sixbanded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus) remains scarce. Such knowledge would be important for the development of strategies for its conservation and multiplication under captivity, and for the development of reproductive assisted techniques. Therefore, this review presents a compilation of studies on the main peculiarities of the reproductive physiology of six-banded armadillos, thus emphasizing the challenges related to the development of assisted techniques for its reproduction.
Assuntos
Masculino , Animais , Reprodução , Sêmen , Tatus/fisiologiaRESUMO
In order to investigate phenological patterns and seasonal and geographic variations in the preference for fragrances of Euglossini males, monthly sampling was carried out from August 2007 to July 2009 in two coastal areas of Atlantic Forest in Ubatuba, northern coast of the state of São Paulo. Fourteen aromatic baits were used, 3 of them in the first year (August 2007 to July 2008) and the other 11 in the second year (August 2008 to July 2009). A total of 1,475 individuals from 22 species were collected. The highest frequency of the individuals of the majority of the sampled species occurred in the hot/super-humid season. However, Eulaema cingulata (Fabricius) showed peaks of abundance in the cold/less-humid season on Anchieta Island. Seasonal variation in fragrance choice by males was not registered. Males of El. cingulata showed preference for ß-ionone on Anchieta Island and for benzyl acetate in the Picinguaba region, characterizing the single example of geographic variation in preference for scent baits we recorded.
Assuntos
Abelhas/química , Feromônios , Animais , Brasil , Ecossistema , Florestas , Himenópteros , Masculino , Estações do Ano , OlfatoRESUMO
Se estudiaron las características morfológicas de la mandíbula de adultos de Chaetophractus vellerosus (Gray, 1865) y Zaedyus pichiy (Desmarest, 1804), a fin de establecer su diseño generalizado y de identificar diferencias inter e intraespecíficas. Las descripciones morfológicas se complementaron con técnicas univariadas y multivariadas (análisis de matrices de correlación, ACP, análisis discriminante). La mandíbula es similar en ambas especies, y se caracteriza por cóndilo elevado, proceso angular bien desarrollado, proceso coronoides pronunciado, hilera dentaria que se extiende hasta el ángulo mandibular, y sínfisis no fusionada pero firme. La mandíbula de Z. pichiy es más esbelta y delicada que la de C. vellerosus, lo que podría indicar mayor adaptación del primero a hábitos insectívoros, a pesar de la omnivoría general en la que incursionan ambas especies. El ACP permitió observar una segregación casi total de las dos especies sobre CP1 (47,7% de la varianza total), con C. vellerosus asociado a mayores valores de ancho de rama ascendente, ancho de rama horizontal y altura mandibular. Zaedyus pichiy se asoció a valores elevados de longitud mandibular sobre CP2 (22,6% de la varianza). El dimorfismo sexual es leve en ambas especies; en C. vellerosus quedó definido por un factor tamaño, con mandíbulas mayores en las hembras, mientras que en Z. pichiy se verificaron diferencias de forma, con mandíbulas más altas en los machos y más largas en las hembras. Las correlaciones entre variables fueron más elevadas en los machos que en las hembras de ambas especies, indicando una mayor estabilidad en la forma mandibular de los primeros. Los parámetros seleccionados para la discriminación sexual fueron la longitud del cuerpo mandibular en C. vellerosus (aproximadamente 86% de clasificación correcta en machos, 81% en hembras), y la altura a nivel del último molariforme en Z. pichiy (cerca de 85% de clasificación correcta en ambos sexos)...
The morphological characteristics of the mandible of adult Chaetophractus vellerosus (Gray, 1865) and Zaedyus pichiy (Desmarest, 1804) were studied to establish its generalized design and to identify inter- and intra- (sexual) specific differences. Morphological descriptions were complemented with the application of univariate and multivariate (analysis of correlation matrices, PCA, discriminant analysis) techniques. The mandible of both species is very similar, and is characterized by elevated condyle, well developed angular process, distinct coronoid process, tooth row which extends to the rear end of the angle between body and ramus, and unfused but firm symphysis. Although both armadillos are omnivorous, a more slender configuration of the jaw in Z. pichiy could be indicative of a better adaptation of its masticatory apparatus to insectivory. The PCA showed an almost total segregation of both species on PC1 (47.7% of the total variance), with C. vellerosus being associated to mandibles taller and with wider body and ramus. Zaedyus pichiy was characterized by heavy loadings of length parameters on PC2 (22.6% of the variance). A small degree of sexual dimorphism was found, with size-based differences in C. vellerosus (larger mandibles in females) and shape-based differences in Z. pichiy (taller mandibles in males, longer ones in females). Correlations between variables were higher in males of both species, indicating a more stable shape of the mandible than in females. The selected parameters to discriminate sexes were the body length of the mandible in C. vellerosus (correct classification: ca. 86% in males, 81% in females), and the height of the mandible at the level of the last tooth in Z. pichiy (near 85% of right assignment in both sexes). The inclusion of a new variable (body length) in the latter species improved the classification of the females to 100%...
Assuntos
Animais , Caracteres Sexuais , Dietética , Músculos da Mastigação , Xenarthra/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Se estudiaron las características morfológicas de la mandíbula de adultos de Chaetophractus vellerosus (Gray, 1865) y Zaedyus pichiy (Desmarest, 1804), a fin de establecer su diseño generalizado y de identificar diferencias inter e intraespecíficas. Las descripciones morfológicas se complementaron con técnicas univariadas y multivariadas (análisis de matrices de correlación, ACP, análisis discriminante). La mandíbula es similar en ambas especies, y se caracteriza por cóndilo elevado, proceso angular bien desarrollado, proceso coronoides pronunciado, hilera dentaria que se extiende hasta el ángulo mandibular, y sínfisis no fusionada pero firme. La mandíbula de Z. pichiy es más esbelta y delicada que la de C. vellerosus, lo que podría indicar mayor adaptación del primero a hábitos insectívoros, a pesar de la omnivoría general en la que incursionan ambas especies. El ACP permitió observar una segregación casi total de las dos especies sobre CP1 (47,7% de la varianza total), con C. vellerosus asociado a mayores valores de ancho de rama ascendente, ancho de rama horizontal y altura mandibular. Zaedyus pichiy se asoció a valores elevados de longitud mandibular sobre CP2 (22,6% de la varianza). El dimorfismo sexual es leve en ambas especies; en C. vellerosus quedó definido por un factor tamaño, con mandíbulas mayores en las hembras, mientras que en Z. pichiy se verificaron diferencias de forma, con mandíbulas más altas en los machos y más largas en las hembras. Las correlaciones entre variables fueron más elevadas en los machos que en las hembras de ambas especies, indicando una mayor estabilidad en la forma mandibular de los primeros. Los parámetros seleccionados para la discriminación sexual fueron la longitud del cuerpo mandibular en C. vellerosus (aproximadamente 86% de clasificación correcta en machos, 81% en hembras), y la altura a nivel del último molariforme en Z. pichiy (cerca de 85% de clasificación correcta en ambos sexos)...(AU)
The morphological characteristics of the mandible of adult Chaetophractus vellerosus (Gray, 1865) and Zaedyus pichiy (Desmarest, 1804) were studied to establish its generalized design and to identify inter- and intra- (sexual) specific differences. Morphological descriptions were complemented with the application of univariate and multivariate (analysis of correlation matrices, PCA, discriminant analysis) techniques. The mandible of both species is very similar, and is characterized by elevated condyle, well developed angular process, distinct coronoid process, tooth row which extends to the rear end of the angle between body and ramus, and unfused but firm symphysis. Although both armadillos are omnivorous, a more slender configuration of the jaw in Z. pichiy could be indicative of a better adaptation of its masticatory apparatus to insectivory. The PCA showed an almost total segregation of both species on PC1 (47.7% of the total variance), with C. vellerosus being associated to mandibles taller and with wider body and ramus. Zaedyus pichiy was characterized by heavy loadings of length parameters on PC2 (22.6% of the variance). A small degree of sexual dimorphism was found, with size-based differences in C. vellerosus (larger mandibles in females) and shape-based differences in Z. pichiy (taller mandibles in males, longer ones in females). Correlations between variables were higher in males of both species, indicating a more stable shape of the mandible than in females. The selected parameters to discriminate sexes were the body length of the mandible in C. vellerosus (correct classification: ca. 86% in males, 81% in females), and the height of the mandible at the level of the last tooth in Z. pichiy (near 85% of right assignment in both sexes). The inclusion of a new variable (body length) in the latter species improved the classification of the females to 100%...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Xenarthra/anatomia & histologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Dietética , Músculos da MastigaçãoRESUMO
The presence of Aedes aegypti is reported beyond its current limit of distribution in Argentina, in the city of Neuquén, Neuquén Province. Ovitraps were placed to collect Ae. aegypti eggs between December 2009 and April 2010. The geographical distribution of Culex eduardoi, Psorophora ciliata and Ps. cingulata is extended with new records from two provinces.
Relata-se a presença de Aedes aegypti ao sul de seu limite atual de distribuição na Argentina, na cidade de Neuquén, província de Neuquén. Ovitrampas foram instaladas de dezembro/2009 a abril/2010. A distribuição geográfica de Culex eduardoi, Psorophora ciliata e Ps. cingulata aumenta, incluindo novos registros para duas províncias.
Se reporta la presencia de Aedes aegypti al sur de su límite actual de distribución en Argentina, en la ciudad de Neuquén, provincia de Neuquén. Huevos de esta especie fueron colectados mediante el uso de ovitrampas que fueron colocadas de diciembre/2009 a abril/2010. La distribución geográfica de Culex eduardoi, Psorophora ciliata y Ps. cingulata se amplía, incluyendo nuevos registros para dos provincias.