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Introducción: La ventilación no invasiva es un tratamiento efectivo en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar agudizada. Objetivo: Describir las características demográficas, clínicas, ventilatorias y hemogasométricas en pacientes tratados con ventilación no invasiva. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo de 234 pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica agudizada, ventilados de forma no invasiva en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Provincial Clínico-Quirúrgico Docente Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba de enero de 2011 a septiembre de 2021. Resultados: En la serie predominaron el sexo masculino, la neumonía extrahospitalaria y la insuficiencia cardíaca crónica; mientras que la edad media fue de 71 años y la ventilación no invasiva fracasó en 53,8 % de los afectados. Asimismo, la frecuencia respiratoria disminuyó de 34,3 a 23,5 respiraciones por minuto en la segunda hora y se observó, además, un incremento del pH, así como de la relación presión arterial de O2/fracción inspirada de O2 y saturación de oxígeno a la pulsioximetría/fracción inspiratoria de O2. La presión arterial de CO2 tuvo valores promedio de 61,8 mmHg al inicio y de 60,7 mmHg en la segunda hora. Conclusiones: Los valores basales de las variables clínicas, hemogasométricas y ventilatorias mejoraron luego del tratamiento con ventilación no invasiva. Entre los parámetros asociados al fracaso del tratamiento figuraron: frecuencia cardiaca, frecuencia respiratoria, presión arterial de CO2, escala de coma de Glasgow, pH y presencia de fugas; igualmente, la estadía prolongada, la ventilación por más de 48 horas y la mortalidad estuvieron relacionadas con dicho fracaso.

Introduction: The non invasive ventilation is an effective treatment in patients with acute lung disease. Objective: To describe the demographic, clinical, ventilatory and hemogasometric characteristics in patients treated with non invasive ventilation. Methods: An observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study of 234 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, non-invasive ventilated in the Intensive Cares Unit of Saturnino Lora Teaching Clinical-Surgical Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out, from January, 2011 to September, 2021. Results: In the series there was a prevalence of male sex, non hospital acquired pneumonia and chronic heart failure; while the mean age was 71 years and non invasive ventilation failed in 53.8 % of those affected. Also, the respiratory rate decreased from 34.3 to 23.5 breaths per minute in the second hour and an increase in pH was also observed, as well as in the relationship arterial pressure of O2/inspired fraction of O2 and oxygen saturation to the pulsioximetry/inspiratory fraction of O2. The arterial pressure of CO2 had average values of 61.8 mmHg to the beginning and of 60.7 mmHg in the second hour. Conclusions: The basal values of clinical, hemogasometric and ventilatory variables improved after treatment with non invasive ventilation. Among the parameters associated with the treatment failure there were heart frequency, respiratory frequency, arterial pressure of CO2, coma Glasgow scale, pH and leaks; equally, the long stay, the ventilation for more than 48 hours and mortality were related to this failure.

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Introducción: La monitorización del dióxido de carbono espirado se utiliza con frecuencia en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, pero su empleo en ventilación no invasiva es escaso. Objetivo: Identificar la asociación entre la presión arterial de dióxido de carbono y el dióxido de carbono espirado, durante la ventilación no invasiva, en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica agudizada. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo de 126 pacientes ingresados con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica agudizada, tratados con ventilación no invasiva en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Provincial Clínico-Quirúrgico Docente Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2019 hasta igual mes de 2022, seleccionados por muestreo intencional no probabilístico. Se analizaron variables clínicas, ventilatorias y hemogasométricas, de las cuales se identificaron los valores mínimo y máximo, así como la media, la desviación estándar y la mediana. Se aplicó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: Los valores promedio de dióxido de carbono espirado fueron 57,83+8,9 y los de presión arterial de dióxido de carbono, de 59,85+9,3. Al analizar la correlación entre las variables se observó correlación positiva entre ambas, para un coeficiente de correlación de Pearson de 0,920. Conclusiones: La monitorización del dióxido de carbono espirado se erige como una variable a considerar en la monitorización de los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica agudizada, tratados con ventilación no invasiva, siempre que se utilice la máscara facial adecuada y se controlen las fugas, con fuerte correlación con la presión arterial del dióxido de carbono.

Introduction: The monitoring of the carbon dioxide exhaled is frequently used in the intensive cares units, but its use in non invasive ventilation is scarce. Objective: To identify the association between the blood pressure of carbon dioxide and the carbon dioxide exhaled, during non invasive ventilation, in patients with acute chronic obstructive lung disease. Methods: An observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study of 126 patients admitted with acute chronic obstructive lung disease was carried out, they were treated with non invasive ventilation, in the Intensive Cares Unit of Saturnino Lora Torres Teaching Provincial Clinical-Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2019 to the same month in 2022, selected by intentional non probabilistic sampling. Clinical, ventilatory and hemogasometric variables were analyzed, of which the minimum and maximum values were identified, as well as the mean, standard and medium deviation. The Pearson correlation coefficient was applied. Results: The average values of carbon dioxide exhaled were 57.83 ± 8.9 and those of arterial pressure of carbon dioxide, 59.85± 9.3. When analyzing the correlation among the variables, positive correlation was observed among both, for a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.920. Conclusions: The monitoring of carbon dioxide exhaled acts as a variable to consider in the monitoring of patients with acute chronic obstructive lung disease, treated with non invasive ventilation, whenever the appropriate face mask is used and the leaks are controlled, with strong correlation with the arterial pressure of the carbon dioxide.

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RESUMEN Introducción: En Cuba la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es sexta causa de mortalidad general. Existe insuficiente conocimiento sobre su magnitud. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y características de la enfermedad en La Habana (2017-2018). Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico transversal, coordinado por Iniciative Burden of Lung Disease, incluyó 349 personas no institucionalizadas de 40 años y más de cuatro consultorios médicos (selección aleatoria). Se aplicó cuestionario con variables sociodemográficas relacionadas con diagnóstico médico previo y tabaquismo. Se realizó estudio de espirometría, pre-pos aplicación de salbutamol para determinar limitación del flujo aéreo y clasificó severidad de la enfermedad en leve, moderada, severa y muy severa. Resultados: Prevalencia global 20,9 % (IC 95 %:16,6-25,2); en hombres 25,3 %, en mujeres 17,7 %. Se incrementó con la edad. Formas leves 60 %, más frecuentes en mujeres 67 % vs. severas en hombres, 22 %. Espirometría previa 15 % de encuestados. Catorce encuestados (19,1 %) tenían el diagnóstico médico previo de enfisema pulmonar, bronquitis crónica o enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Prevalencia de tabaquismo 36,0 %, mayor porcentaje en formas severas. La tercera parte (31,7 %), expuestos al humo de tabaco ajeno, en hogar o trabajo; media de exposición diaria 5 h. Conclusiones: La alta prevalencia y subdiagnóstico de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica la convierten en un importante problema de salud en La Habana. Se pronostica incremento de la prevalencia relacionado con la dinámica poblacional en el país y el alto consumo de tabaco en la población. Se requiere un manejo más integral de esta enfermedad prevenible.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Cuba, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the sixth leading cause of death. There is insufficient knowledge concerning its scope. Objective: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of the disease in Havana (2017-2018). Methods: A multicenter, cross-sectional study coordinated by Iniciative Burden of Lung Disease. It included 349 non-hospitalized people aged 40 and over from four family doctor´s offices (random selection). A questionnaire with sociodemographic variables on previous medical diagnosis and smoking was applied. A spirometric study was conducted before and after salbutamol administration to determine airflow limitations, and the disease was classified as mild, moderate, severe, and very severe. Results: Overall prevalence was 20.9% (95 % CI: 16.6-25.2); with males accounting for 25.3%; and females for 17.7%. It increased with age. Mild forms of the disease affected 60% of the population; they were more common in females (67%) than in males (severe forms, 22%). Previous spirometry was performed in 15% of respondents. Fourteen people (19.1%) had previously been diagnosed with pulmonary emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Smoking prevalence was 36%, with a higher percentage in the severe forms of the disease. One-third (31.7%) were exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke at home or at work, with a daily average exposure of 5 hours. Conclusions: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a major health problem in Havana due to its high prevalence and underdiagnosis. An increase in prevalence is predicted given the demographic dynamics in the country and the high level of tobacco consumption among the population. Therefore, more comprehensive management of this preventable disease is required.

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Non-obstructed ever-smokers, with or without symptoms, have generated a great deal of information recently, but few reviews. Even individuals with normal spirometry can present changes in sputum with inflammatory biomarkers (cellular and molecular) and airways and parenchyma with remodeling; when symptomatic (cough, sputum, wheezing, and dyspnea) exacerbations are frequent affecting the individuals' quality of life, there is an increased use of health resources: more medication, emergency visits, and hospital admissions. Non-obstructed smokers may have exercise limitations, increased lung volumes, low diffusion capacity, air entrapment, peripheral airways obstruction, elevated airways resistance, and abnormal multiple breath nitrogen washout, as well as abnormalities in computed tomography studies, such as airway wall thickening, emphysema, or interstitial lung abnormalities. Quitting smoking comprises a first, inexpensive, and often abandoned intervention to arrest respiratory impairment. It is controversial whether or not this population should be treated with other medications. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the consequences of follow-up and prognosis in this clinical entity.

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Abstract Non-obstructed ever-smokers, with or without symptoms, have generated a great deal of information recently, but few reviews. Even individuals with normal spirometry can present changes in sputum with inflammatory biomarkers (cellular and molecular) and airways and parenchyma with remodeling; when symptomatic (cough, sputum, wheezing, and dyspnea) exacerbations are frequent affecting the individuals’ quality of life, there is an increased use of health resources: more medication, emergency visits, and hospital admissions. Non-obstructed smokers may have exercise limitations, increased lung volumes, low diffusion capacity, air entrapment, peripheral airways obstruction, elevated airways resistance, and abnormal multiple breath nitrogen washout, as well as abnormalities in computed tomography studies, such as airway wall thickening, emphysema, or interstitial lung abnormalities. Quitting smoking comprises a first, inexpensive, and often abandoned intervention to arrest respiratory impairment. It is controversial whether or not this population should be treated with other medications. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the consequences of follow-up and prognosis in this clinical entity.

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Introdução: A qualidade de vida (QV) é um instrumento relevante para o contexto funcional na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), a escala London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL) avalia a atividade de vida diária (AVD) em pacientes com DPOC. Objetivo: avaliar a capacidade em realizar AVD e a QV dos pacientes com DPOC que buscam serviço público de reabilitação pulmonar (RP). Métodos: Pesquisa transversal, realizada de 2014 até 2017, 27 pacientes diagnósticados DPOC leve a grave de acordo os critérios GOLD, de ambos os sexos, estáveis, sem exacerbações recentes. Foi utilizado ANOVA para analisar diferença entre as médias de LCADL e Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) em seguida o teste pos- HOC de Turkey para delimitar o impacto de cada preditor separadamente. Utilizou-se o teste de Spearmann para correlacionar LCADL e SGRQ. Resultados: Encontrada limitação leve para todos os domínios da escala LCADL 22,7 ± 8,4 pontos com 30,2% de limitação. A QV é impactada em todos os domínios (31,2 ± 11,6 pontos) de forma moderada a grave com 41,6% de redução. A dispnéia e a fadiga interferem de forma correlata na AVD, r = 0,78 (p < 0,05). O escore LCADL correlaciona-se diretamente com a QV, r =0,59 (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Os pacientes apresentam limitação na atividade de vidade diária e impacto na qualidade de vida, além de forte correlação entre o índice de dispneia da escala LCADL e seus domínios. [AU]

Introduction: Quality of life (QoL) is an important tool for the functional context in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the scale London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL) evaluates the activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with COPD. Objective: to evaluate the ability to perform ADL and QoL of patients with COPD seeking public pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) service. Methods: Cross-sectional study, carried out from 2014 to 2017, 27 patients diagnosed COPD mild to severe according to the GOLD criteria, of both sexes, stable, without recent exacerbations. ANOVA was used to analyze difference between the means of LCADL and Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) followed by Turkey's post-HOC test to delimit the impact of each predictor separately. The Spearmann test was used to correlate LCADL and SGRQ. Results: Light limitation was found for all domains of the LCADL scale, 22.7 ± 8.4 points with a 30.2% limitation. QoL is affected in all domains (31.2 ± 11.6 points) in a moderate to severe manner, with a 41.6% reduction. Dyspnea and fatigue correlate with ADL, r = 0.78 (p <0.05). The LCADL score correlated directly with the QoL, r = 0.59 (p <0.05). Conclusion: Patients present a limitation in daily activity and impact on quality of life, as well as a strong correlation between the dyspnea index of the LCADL scale and its domains. [AU]

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BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) phenotypic characterization helps in understanding the clinical diversity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, but its clinical relevance and its relationship with functional features are not clarified. Volumetric capnography (VC) uses the principle of gas washout and analyzes the pattern of CO2 elimination as a function of expired volume. The main variables analyzed were end-tidal concentration of carbon dioxide (ETCO2), Slope of phase 2 (Slp2), and Slope of phase 3 (Slp3) of capnogram, the curve which represents the total amount of CO2 eliminated by the lungs during each breath. OBJECTIVE: To investigate, in a group of patients with severe COPD, if the phenotypic analysis by CT could identify different subsets of patients, and if there was an association of CT findings and functional variables. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixty-five patients with COPD Gold III-IV were admitted for clinical evaluation, high-resolution CT, and functional evaluation (spirometry, 6-minute walk test [6MWT], and VC). The presence and profusion of tomography findings were evaluated, and later, the patients were identified as having emphysema (EMP) or airway disease (AWD) phenotype. EMP and AWD groups were compared; tomography findings scores were evaluated versus spirometric, 6MWT, and VC variables. RESULTS: Bronchiectasis was found in 33.8% and peribronchial thickening in 69.2% of the 65 patients. Structural findings of airways had no significant correlation with spirometric variables. Air trapping and EMP were strongly correlated with VC variables, but in opposite directions. There was some overlap between the EMP and AWD groups, but EMP patients had signicantly lower body mass index, worse obstruction, and shorter walked distance on 6MWT. Concerning VC, EMP patients had signicantly lower ETCO2, Slp2 and Slp3. Increases in Slp3 characterize heterogeneous involvement of the distal air spaces, as in AWD. CONCLUSION: Visual assessment and phenotyping of CT in COPD patients is feasible and may help identify functional and clinically different subsets of patients. VC may provide useful information about the heterogeneous involvement of lung structures in COPD.

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Nocardia cerradoensis was first isolated in 2003 in the El Cerrado region of Brazil; since then, only 2 human infections, in France and Spain, have been reported. We describe 3 autochthonous cases in residents of Spain during 2011 and 2014. Together these cases support the idea of an emerging global pathogenic microorganism.

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Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 556 pacientes con infecciones respiratorias bajas, ingresados en el Servicio de Neumología del Hospital General Docente "Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, durante el 2012, con vistas a evaluar el empleo de los antimicrobianos en ellos. Se empleó la Guía para el uso de antimicrobianos (OPS 2007-2008) y se revisaron las historias clínicas correspondientes. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 11. Entre los medicamentos empleados figuraron: cefalosporinas, macrólidos, aminoglucósidos y penicilinas; pero la combinación de cefalosporinas y macrólidos fue la más usada. En la serie predominaron los hombres mayores de 60 años, la neumonía y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica exacerbada por infección respiratoria (procedentes de la comunidad) como las principales entidades clínicas que requirieron antibióticos. El tratamiento indicado permitió la evolución favorable de los pacientes.

An observational, descriptive and cross sectional study of 556 patients with lower respiratory infections, admitted to the Pneumology Service of "Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out during the 2012, with the aim evaluating the use of antimicrobials on them. The Guide for the antimicrobials was used (OPS 2007-2008), and the corresponding medical records were reviewed. For the analysis of the data the statistical package SPSS version 11 was used. Among the antimicrobials used there were: cephalosporins, macrolides, aminoglycosides and penicillins; but the combination of cephalosporins and macrolides was the most used. Men older than 60 years, pneumonia and lung obstructive chronic disease, exacerbated by respiratory infection (coming from the community),prevailed in the series as the main clinical entities requiring antibiotics. The prescribed treatment allowed the favorable clinical course of the patients.

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Aims: To describe two case reports with significant black carbon deposition in sputum macrophages in healthy young adults from an urban city, showing mild airway obstruction in lung function tests. The role of black carbon deposition by air pollution in the airways and the development of indolent chronic lung disease in populations living in larger cities is not clear and may be a potential world health problem.Cases description: We report two cases of voluntary adults living in a South American large city who have undergone clinical examination, lung function and analysis of inflammation and black carbon deposition in macrophages from induced sputum. Two Caucasian, previously healthy, nonsmokers, male adults, living in the same city of southern Brazil, with no respiratory symptoms presented with normal physical exams, but with lung function demonstrating mild obstructive lung disorder, with no bronchodilator response. In particular, one of the subjects works daily in delivery services as a motorcycle driver. Induced sputum of both patients showed no signs of cellular inflammation. However, a large number of black carbon content was detected inside macrophages of the sputum sample in both patients.Conclusions: In summary, significant daily air pollution exposure may play a role in long-term silent disease in adults, potentially leading to clinically relevant chronic lung diseases later in life, particularly in populations of urbanized large cities from developing countries. The development of better, more directly and less invasive, methods for air pollution exposure are required, along with longitudinal studies, in order to measure the real impact of air pollution in chronic lung diseases of susceptible populations.

Objetivos: descrever dois casos com importante deposição de carbono preto em macrófagos de escarro induzido em adultos jovens saudáveis de uma cidade urbana, mostrando obstrução leve no teste de função pulmonar. A deposição de carbono preto pela poluição do ar nas vias aéreas e no desenvolvimento de doença pulmonar crônica ?silenciosa? em populações que vivem em grandes cidades não é clara e pode ser um potencial problema de saúde mundial.Descrição dos casos: relatamos dois casos de adultos voluntários que vivem em uma grande cidade sul-americana, que se submeteram a exame clínico, função pulmonar e análise de inflamação e deposição de carbono preto em macrófagos de escarro induzido. Os indivíduos eram caucasianos, previamente saudáveis, não-fumantes, adultos, do sexo masculino, moradores da mesma cidade do sul do Brasil, e sem sintomas respiratórios. Apresentaram exames físicos normais, mas com função pulmonar demonstrando doença pulmonar obstrutiva leve, sem resposta ao broncodilatador. Em particular, um dos sujeitos trabalha diariamente em serviços de entrega como motoboy. No exame de escarro ambos não apresentaram sinais de inflamação celular, mas foi detectado um elevado número de carbono preto no interior dos macrófagos.Conclusões: a exposição contínua à poluição do ar pode desempenhar um papel no desenvolvimento de doenças pulmonares crônicas em longo prazo. O desenvolvimento de um exame melhor, mais direto e menos invasivo para análise da exposição à poluição do ar, juntamente com estudos longitudinais, permitirá medir o real impacto da poluição na etiopatogenia das doenças pulmonares crônicas em populações suscetíveis.

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Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 54 pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, atendidos en la Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos e Intermedios del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Docente "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba desde enero hasta agosto del 2011, a fin de valorar la eficacia de la ventilación artificial mecánica no invasiva en estos afectados que además presentaron otras afecciones clínicas (para postergar o evitar la ventilación mecánica invasiva). Los integrantes de la serie fueron seleccionados de forma no probabilística por criterios de expertos, teniendo en cuenta además los criterios de inclusión del Grupo Iberolatinoamericano de Ventilación Mecánica No Invasiva. Se demostró la efectividad de la técnica en la mejoría clínica y hemogasométrica de estos pacientes especialmente en los que se agudizó la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 54 patients with acute respiratory failure, assisted in the Intensive and Intermediate Care Unit from "Saturnino Lora Torres" Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January to August, 2011, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the artificial mechanical noninvasive ventilation in these affected patients, who also presented other clinical disorders (to delay or to avoid the invasive mechanical ventilation). The members of the series were selected in a non probabilistical way based on the experts' criteria, also keeping in mind the inclusion criteria from the Iberolatinoamerican Group of Non Invasive Mechanical Ventilation. The effectiveness of the technique was demonstrated in the clinical and hemogasometric improvement of these patients especially those in whom the chronic, obstructive lung disease worsened.

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Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y longitudinal de 27 pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en estado de agudización, atendidos en el Centro de Diagnóstico Integral Presbítero Fabián Chelala, del Estado Falcón en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, desde noviembre de 2010 hasta igual mes de 2011, a los cuales se les aplicó ventilación mecánica no invasiva, utilizada por primera vez en esta institución. Se determinó que a las 48 horas del tratamiento con la mencionada ventilación disminuyeron los parámetros clínicos siguientes: frecuencias respiratoria y cardíaca y pulsioximetría; asimismo, los valores hemogasométricos obtenidos evidenciaron cambios favorables significativos. Se utilizó el protocolo establecido a los efectos y las complicaciones fueron escasas, de manera que la estrategia terapéutica aplicada resultó favorable

A descriptive and longitudinal study was carried out in 27 patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease, assisted in Presbítero Fabián Chelala Comprehensive Diagnosis Center, of the State Falcon in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela from November, 2010 to the same month of 2011, to whom the noninvasive mechanical ventilation was applied, used for the first time in this institution. It was determined that after 48 hours of the treatment with the aforementioned ventilation the following clinical parameters decreased: breathing and heart rates and pulse oximetry; likewise, the obtained hemogasometric parameters evidenced significant favorable changes. The established protocol was used accordingly and the complications were scarce, so that the applied therapeutic strategy was favorable

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Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 52 pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, admitidos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente "Orlando Pantoja Tamayo" del municipio de Contramaestre en Santiago de Cuba, de enero del 2010 a diciembre del 2011, quienes requirieron de ventilación mecánica no invasiva (con la postergación o evitación de la ventilación mecánica invasiva), a fin de demostrar la eficacia de esta modalidad terapéutica. En la serie se observó un predominio de los afectados mayores de 70 años de edad y del sexo femenino, así como una frecuencia superior de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, la insuficiencia cardiaca y las infecciones respiratorias. La aplicación de dicha técnica disminuyó la estadía en este servicio hospitalario y aumentó la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in 52 patients with acute respiratory failure admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of "Orlando Pantoja Tamayo" General Teaching Hospital of Contramaestre municipality in Santiago de Cuba, from January 2010 to December 2011, who required noninvasive mechanical ventilation (with the delay or avoidance of invasive mechanical ventilation) in order to demonstrate the efficacy of this therapeutic modality. In the series a prevalence of people affected over 70 years and the female sex was observed, as well as a high frequency of chronic obstructive lung disease, heart failure and respiratory infections. The application of this technique decreased hospital stay in this service and increased the quality of patients' life.

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Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) are associated with decline of FEV1 and health related quality of life. Our aim was to evaluate the short-term effects of AECOPD on several functional and clinical indices in a cohort of 60 ex-smokers patients with COPD. During a 6-month follow up, 40 patients experienced one exacerbation (Group 1), mainly moderate, evaluated 30 days after by measuring BMI, dyspnea, FVC, FEV1, inspiratory capacity (IC), Sp02, six-min walking distance (6MWD), BODE index and quality of life (SGRQ). Values were compared with those measured at recruitment in stable conditions and with those obtained in the 20 patients without AECOPD during a similar period (Group 2). Baseline values were similar in both groups. Group 1 showed a significant worsening in FVC, FEV1, Sp02, BMI, 6MWD, and BODE index. Improvement in SGRQ and BODE was found in group 2. Significant differences in changes between groups were found for all variables, except IC and Sp02. The most noteworthy differences were found for BODE index (p = 0.001) and SGRQ (p = 0.004). Results demonstrate that moderate AECOPD produces significant short term functional and clinical impairment in ex-smokers COPD.

Las exacerbaciones de la EPOC deterioran el FEV1y la calidad de vida. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el efecto a corto plazo de las exacerbaciones sobre otros índices funcionales y clínicos. Sesenta pacientes ex fumadores con EPOC fueron seguidos durante 6 meses. Cuarenta presentaron una exacerbación (Grupo 1), generalmente moderada, estudiada 30 días después. los 20 pacientes no exacerbados constituyeron el grupo control (Grupo 2). Se midió IMC, disnea, CVF, FEV1h capacidad inspiratoria (CI), SpO2, caminata en 6 min (C6M), índice BODE y calidad de vida (SGRQ). En condiciones basales no hubo diferencias entre grupos. El grupo 1 empeoró CVF, VEF1, SpO2, IMC, C6M e índice BODE, sin cambios de CI ni SGRQ. El grupo 2 no presentó deterioro, mejorando SGRQ y BODE. Al comparar ambos grupos, hubo diferencias significativas en los cambios de todas las variables, excepto Cly SpO2, siendo estas diferencias más notorias en el índice BODE (p = 0,001) y SGRQ (p = 0,004). En suma, las exacerbaciones de la EPOC producen deterioro clínico y funcional significativo en el corto plazo.

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RESUMO

Objetivo. Analizar el concepto del usuario con EPOC y de los médicos en un hospital público de Bogotá respecto a educación, tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico, de acuerdo con la GOLD. Método. Estudio descriptivo cualitativo, exploratorio, desarrollado mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a 8 médicos y 61 pacientes de consulta externa. Resultados. El 72% de los pacientes no ha recibido explicación acerca del tratamiento, recomendaciones de manejo, ni ha sido interrogado sobre aspectos personales, sociales, o nutricionales. El 70% manifiesta dificultades para acceder a citas médicas y obtener medicamentos. El 90% de los médicos conoce la GOLD; refieren que el tiempo, el volumen de consulta, la disponibilidad de recursos institucionales, el bajo nivel sociocultural, económico y de compromiso de los pacientes dificulta su aplicación. Conclusiones. Existen desventajas en la atención del paciente, ya sea por escasez de recursos, infraestructura, ausencia de programas de prevención, promoción y educación, características del Sistema de Seguridad Social, personales y del entorno.

Purpose. To analyze the concept of the outpatients with COPD and theirs physicians in a public hospital of Bogota, in relation to educational, pharmacological and non pharmacological treatment, according to GOLD. Method. Qualitative descriptive study, exploratory type, developed through semi structured interviews for eight (8) physicians and sixty one (61) outpatients with COPD. Results. Patients agree with the short explanation of the physician or health profesionals about the treatment they are receiving, the recommendations for the handling of their disease and the absence of questions about their personal, social, mental or nutritional life. The patients refer that medical treatment focuses in the present symptoms. On the other hand, 90% of the doctors manifest to know the standards of the GOLD, but the time, volume of consultation and availability of institutional resources, as well as the low social, cultural and economic level of the affected population and its commitment, makes difficult its application. Conclusions. The study shows disadvantages in the patient's attention either by the shortage of resources, the small infrastructure, lack of prevention and promotion actions, or the characteristics of the Public Health System, as well as diminished accessibility to pulmonary rehabilitation programs. The development of educative activities is very limited in the provided plan of attention, there is no control of factors that influence in the health state of these people, and there are no actions that treat favorably the participation of social, productive and governmental actors that benefit the attention of these patients.

Assuntos