RESUMO
La diarrea infecciosa es un importante problema de salud mundial; sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre su etiología en la ciudad de Shushufindi, Ecuador. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la etiología de la diarrea infecciosa en niños. Se recolectaron 154 muestras fecales provenientes de niños de ambos sexos que acudieron al laboratorio de un centro de salud durante el periodo enero-marzo 2018. Se realizó coprocultivo, examen parasitológico directo e inmunoensayo cromatográfico. En 124 muestras (80,52%) se detectó la presencia de organismos enteropatógenos, de las cuales 74 (59,68%) fueron positivas para bacterias; 36 (29,03%) para parásitos y 14 (11,29%) para rotavirus. Los organismos aislados fueron: 35 (28,23%) Salmonella sp.; 26 (20,97%) Shigella sp.; 13 (10,48%) Campylobacter sp.; 15 (12,10%) G. intestinalis; 10 (8,06%) T. trichiura; 5 (4,03%) E. histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii; 3 (2,42%) A. lumbricoides; S. stercoralis y rotavirus14 (11,29%), cada uno. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia de parásitos y la edad y sexo del paciente; así como también entre la presencia de bacterias y la edad de los niños. Este estudio demuestra la participación de un pequeño grupo de patógenos como los principales agentes causales de la diarrea infecciosa en la población infantil estudiada.
Infectious diarrhea is a major global health problem; however, little is known about its etiology in the city of Shushufindi, Ecuador. The objective of this investigation was to determine the etiology of infectious diarrhea in children. 154 fecal samples were collected from children of both sexes who attended the laboratory of a health center during the period January-March 2018. Stool culture, direct parasitological examination and immunochromatographic assay were performed. In 124 samples (80.52%) the presence of enteropathogenic organisms was detected, of which 74 (59.68%) were positive for bacteria; 36 (29.03%) for parasites and 14 (11.29%) for rotavirus. The isolated organisms were: 35 (28.23%) Salmonella spp.; 26 (20.97%) Shigella spp.; 13 (10.48%) Campylobacter spp.; 15 (12.10%) G. intestinalis; 10 (8.06%) T. trichiura; 5 (4.03%) E. histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii; 3 (2.42%) A. lumbricoides; S. stercoralis and rotavirus 14 (11.29%), each one. A statistically significant association was found between the presence of parasites and the age and sex of the patient; as well as between the presence of bacteria and the age of children. This study demonstrates the participation of a small group of pathogens as the main causative agents of infectious diarrhea in the child population studied.
RESUMO
Shigella/Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) pathotype is a major enteropathogen associated with diarrhea and malnutrition in children from developing countries. This study aimed to correlate Shigella/EIEC virulence-related genes (VRGs) with clinical symptoms, nutritional status and coenteropathogens in children from the Brazilian semiarid region. We designed a case-control study of community diarrhea in six cities of the Brazil semiarid region with 1200 children aging 2-36 months. Standardized questionnaire was applied for collecting sociodemographic, nutritional status and clinical information of the children. DNA samples were extracted from stools and diagnosed for Shigella/EIEC using PCR-based approaches. Positive samples were tested for 28 VRGs using four multiplex PCRs. Intestinal inflammation was determined by measuring fecal myeloperoxidase (MPO). Shigella/EIEC pathotype was detected in 5% of the children and was significantly associated with diarrhea. The genes sen (encoding Shigella enterotoxin 2), ipgB2, ipgB1 (both encoding type 3 secretion system-T3SS effectors that modulate actin filament), and ospF (encoding a T3SS effector involved in suppression of host responses) were further associated with diarrhea in Shigella/EIEC positive children. Among children presenting diarrhea, virA gene (encoding a T3SS effector that promotes microtubule destabilization) was associated with fever, while virB (encoding a major transcriptional activator) was associated with low height-for-age z-score. In addition, these VRGs were associated with increased fecal MPO, and coinfection with Salmonella spp. was associated with increased abdominal pain. These data reinforce the impact of Shigella/EIEC on diarrhea in children from Brazilian semiarid region and highlighted the contributions of specific virulence genes for its pathobiology.
Assuntos
Diarreia/patologia , Disenteria Bacilar/patologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/patologia , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Desnutrição/patologia , Shigella/isolamento & purificação , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Pré-Escolar , Cidades/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Clima Desértico , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Disenteria Bacilar/epidemiologia , Disenteria Bacilar/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Feminino , Genes Bacterianos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Shigella/genética , Shigella/patogenicidade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Rotavirus is one of the leading cause of hospitalization and outpatients visits among children under five years. This study evaluated overall and genotype-specific vaccine effectiveness of oral monovalent rotavirus vaccine (G1P[8] strain) in preventing hospital admission of Brazilian children with rotavirus acute diarrhea. A hospital based case-control study was conducted in five Regions of Brazil using the National Rotavirus Acute Diarrhea Surveillance System from July 2008 to August 2011. A total of 215 cases (aged 4-24 months) admitted with confirmed rotavirus diarrhea were recruited and 1961 controls hospitalized without diarrhea were frequency matched by sex and age group to cases. Two-dose adjusted vaccine effectiveness (adjusted by year of birth and the frequency matching variables) was 76% (95%CI: 58-86) lasting for two years. Effectiveness controlled by the available potential confounders was 72% (95%CI: 44-85), suggesting no appreciable confounding by those factors for which adjustment was made. In a half of the cases the rotavirus genotype was G2P[4] and in 15% G1P[8]. Genotype-specific VE (two doses) was 89% (95%CI: 78-95), for G1P[8] and 76% (95%CI: 64-84) for G2P[4]. For all G1, it was 74% (95%CI: 35-90), for all G2, 76% (95%CI: 63-84), and for all non G1/G2 genotypes, 63% (95%CI: -27-99). Effectiveness for one dose was 62% (95%CI: 39-97). Effectiveness of two-dose monovalent rotavirus vaccine in preventing hospital admission with rotavirus diarrhea was high, lasted for two years and it was similar against both G1P[8] and G2P[4]. Based on the findings of the study we recommend the continued use of rotavirus in the Brazilian National Immunization Program and the monitoring of the early emergence of unusual and novel rotavirus genotypes.