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Poultry waste has been used as fertilizer to avoid soil degradation caused by the long-term application of chemical fertilizer. However, few studies have evaluated field conditions where livestock wastes have been used for extended periods of time. In this study, physicochemical parameters, metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA gene, and ecotoxicity indexes were used for the characterization of chicken manure and poultry litter to examine the effect of their application to agricultural soils for 10 years. Poultry wastes showed high concentrations of nutrients and increased electrical conductivity leading to phytotoxic effects on seeds. The bacterial communities were dominated by typical members of the gastrointestinal tract, noting the presence of pathogenic bacteria. Soils subjected to poultry manure applications showed statistically higher values of total and extractable phosphorous, increasing the risk of eutrophication. Moreover, while the soil bacterial community remained dominated by the ones related to the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and plant growth promotion, losses of alpha diversity were observed on treated soils. Altogether, our work would contribute to understand the effects of common local agricultural practices and support the adoption of the waste treatment process in compliance with environmental sustainability guidelines.

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ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the physical and physiological qualities and productivity of corn seeds, a variety UFVM 100 Native, produced in plots fertilized in top dressing with different levels of poultry waste. The experiment was organized in a randomized block design, with six treatments and four repetitions, totaling 24 plots. The treatments consisted of the application of 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 t/ha of tanned poultry waste. The seeds were subjected to the following evaluations: uniformity test, thousand seed weight, germination, vigor (first germination count, accelerated aging, soilless cold test, percentage, and emergence rate in sand), and productivity. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the effects of different dosages of poultry waste on the variables considered. The quality of seeds was not influenced by the effects of different levels of fertilization. Among the dosages used, 7.5 t/ha is recommended because it provides a greater increase in productivity, which may result in a greater financial return to the producer.

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as qualidades física e fisiológica, bem como a produtividade das sementes de milho, variedade UFVM 100 Nativo, produzidas em lavouras adubadas com diferentes níveis de resíduo avícola, em cobertura. O experimento foi instalado no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, totalizando 24 parcelas. Os tratamentos consistiram da aplicação de 0,0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0 e 7,5 t/ha de resíduo avícola curtido. As sementes foram submetidas às seguintes avaliações: Teste de uniformidade, peso de mil sementes, germinação, vigor (primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, teste de frio sem solo, porcentagem e velocidade de emergência em areia) e produtividade. Para avaliar o efeito das diferentes dosagens de resíduo avícola sobre as variáveis consideradas foram utilizados modelos de regressão linear. A qualidade das sementes não foi influenciada pelo efeito dos diferentes níveis de adubação. Dentre as dosagens utilizadas, recomenda-se a de 7,5 t/ha por proporcionar maior aumento da produtividade, o que poderá resultar em maior retorno financeiro ao produtor.

RESUMO

This study evaluated the physical and physiological qualities and productivity of corn seeds, a variety UFVM 100 Native, produced in plots fertilized in top dressing with different levels of poultry waste. The experiment was organized in a randomized block design, with six treatments and four repetitions, totaling 24 plots. The treatments consisted of the application of 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 t/ha of tanned poultry waste. The seeds were subjected to the following evaluations: uniformity test, thousand seed weight, germination, vigor (first germination count, accelerated aging, soilless cold test, percentage, and emergence rate in sand), and productivity. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the effects of different dosages of poultry waste on the variables considered. The quality of seeds was not influenced by the effects of different levels of fertilization. Among the dosages used, 7.5 t/ha is recommended because it provides a greater increase in productivity, which may result in a greater financial return to the producer.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as qualidades física e fisiológica, bem como a produtividade das sementes de milho, variedade UFVM 100 Nativo, produzidas em lavouras adubadas com diferentes níveis de resíduo avícola, em cobertura. O experimento foi instalado no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, totalizando 24 parcelas. Os tratamentos consistiram da aplicação de 0,0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0 e 7,5 t/ha de resíduo avícola curtido. As sementes foram submetidas às seguintes avaliações: Teste de uniformidade, peso de mil sementes, germinação, vigor (primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, teste de frio sem solo, porcentagem e velocidade de emergência em areia) e produtividade. Para avaliar o efeito das diferentes dosagens de resíduo avícola sobre as variáveis consideradas foram utilizados modelos de regressão linear. A qualidade das sementes não foi influenciada pelo efeito dos diferentes níveis de adubação. Dentre as dosagens utilizadas, recomenda-se a de 7,5 t/ha por proporcionar maior aumento da produtividade, o que poderá resultar em maior retorno financeiro ao produtor.

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A cama de aviário é utilizada para absorver umidade e se tornar uma barreira do contato direto da ave com o chão em sistemas intensivos de criação. Desse modo, contribui para o bem-estar e melhor desempenho produtivo das aves por reduzir as mudanças bruscas de temperatura nos galpões. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características fisico-químicas de quatro tipos de material de cama aviária sob duas densidades de alojamento e o desempenho de frangos de corte alojados nos diferentes tratamentos no período de 42 dias. Foi adotado o delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, em um esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (quatro tipos de material de cama e duas taxas de lotação) e cinco repetições. Os quatro tipos de material de cama foram areia lavada, maravalha, casca de arroz e feno de Tifton 85 e as duas taxas de lotação foram 10 e 14 aves/m2. Os parâmetros de desempenho dos animais avaliados foram: ganho de peso, consumo, conversão alimentar, peso vivo e viabilidade, enquanto que as características analisadas da cama foram: pH, temperatura e umidade. Os materiais de cama aviária utilizados não afetaram negativamente o desempenho das aves, entretanto as aves alojadas na densidade de 10 aves/m² apresentam melhor desempenho. Não houve diferença entre os valores de pH e temperatura dos diferentes tratamentos, entretanto a umidade da cama de areia na densidade de 10 aves/m² foi significativamente maior que a dos demais materiais. Portanto, os materiais de cama aviária utilizados nesse estudo apresentaram características físico-químicas semelhantes, sendo que a areia lavada tem maior poder de absorção de água, mas, mesmo assim, não afetou negativamente o desempenho das aves. As aves alojadas na densidade de 10 aves/m² apresentaram melhor desempenho.

Aviary litter is used to absorb moisture and become barrier to the bird's direct contact with the ground in intensive rearing systems. In this way, it contributes to the welfare and better productive performance of birds by reducing sudden temperature changes in the sheds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of four types of litter material under two housing densities and the performance of broilers housed in different treatments over a period of 42 days. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme (four types of litter material and two stocking rates) and five replications. The four types of litter material were washed sand, wood shavings, rice husk and Tifton 85 hay and the two stocking rates were 10 and 14 birds/m². The performance parameters of the evaluated animals were: weight gain, consumption, feed conversion, live weight and viability, while the analyzed characteristics of the litter were: pH, temperature and humidity. The used poultry litter materials did not negatively affect the performance of the birds, however the birds housed at a density of 10 birds/m² had better performance. There was no difference between the pH and temperature values of the different treatments, however the humidity of the sand bed at a density of 10 birds/m² was significantly higher than that of the other materials. Therefore, the avian litter materials used in this study had similar physicochemical characteristics, with washed sand having greater water absorption power, but even so, it did not negatively affect the performance of the birds. Poultry housed at a density of 10 birds/m2 showed better performance.

La arena para aviarios se utiliza para absorber la humedad y convertirse en una barrera para el contacto directo del ave con el suelo en los sistemas de cría intensiva. De esta forma, contribuye al bienestar y mejor desempeño productivo de las aves al reducir los cambios bruscos de temperatura en los galpones. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las características físicas y químicas de cuatro tipos de material de cama bajo dos densidades de alojamiento y el comportamiento de pollos de engorde alojados en diferentes tratamientos durante un período de 42 días. Se adoptó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, en un esquema factorial 4 x 2 (cuatro tipos de material de cama y dos tasas de carga) y cinco repeticiones. Los cuatro tipos de material de cama fueron arena lavada, virutas de madera, cáscara de arroz y heno Tifton 85 y las dos tasas de carga fueron de 10 y 14 aves/m². Los parámetros de desempeño de los animales evaluados fueron: aumento de peso, consumo, conversión alimenticia, peso vivo y viabilidad, mientras que las características analizadas de la camada fueron: pH, temperatura y humedad. Los materiales utilizados para la cama de aves de corral no afectaron negativamente el rendimiento de las aves, sin embargo, las aves alojadas a una densidad de 10 aves/m² tuvieron un mejor rendimiento. No hubo diferencia entre los valores de pH y temperatura de los diferentes tratamientos, sin embargo la humedad del lecho de arena a una densidad de 10 aves/m² fue significativamente mayor que la de los otros materiales. Por lo tanto, los materiales de cama de aves utilizados en este estudio tenían características fisicoquímicas similares, teniendo la arena lavada un mayor poder de absorción de agua, pero aun así, no afectó negativamente el desempeño de las aves. Las aves de corral alojadas a una densidad de 10 aves/m² mostraron un mejor rendimiento.

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The Brazilian poultry industry is undergoing a process of increasing rigor regarding production practices related to breeding and pre-slaughter operations since animal welfare is an extremely important subject that has received great attention in the developed countries. Brazil is one of the greatest producers of chicken meat, concerns have existed in the sense of adequacy to continue attending to the demand of export and maintenance of the position of leadership, in front of the other market players. One of the key points is the necessity to improve the intensive farming, which currently has many obstacles that prejudice the basic principles of animal welfare assurance. Relatively simple problems in handling animals, litter and equipment, as well as the lack of preventive maintenance in the facilities are the main ones responsible for the thermal discomfort and quality of life of these animals. Despite all the considerations raised, a large part of the Brazilian consumers is still unaware of intensive farming and the way animals are raising on the farm until their plates, being surrounded by myths and false beliefs. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to address the main critical issues affecting the welfare of broiler chickens in intensive commercial production.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The Brazilian poultry industry is undergoing a process of increasing rigor regarding production practices related to breeding and pre-slaughter operations since animal welfare is an extremely important subject that has received great attention in the developed countries. Brazil is one of the greatest producers of chicken meat, concerns have existed in the sense of adequacy to continue attending to the demand of export and maintenance of the position of leadership, in front of the other market players. One of the key points is the necessity to improve the intensive farming, which currently has many obstacles that prejudice the basic principles of animal welfare assurance. Relatively simple problems in handling animals, litter and equipment, as well as the lack of preventive maintenance in the facilities are the main ones responsible for the thermal discomfort and quality of life of these animals. Despite all the considerations raised, a large part of the Brazilian consumers is still unaware of intensive farming and the way animals are raising on the farm until their plates, being surrounded by myths and false beliefs. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to address the main critical issues affecting the welfare of broiler chickens in intensive commercial production.(AU)

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A etapa de aclimatização é uma fase crítica da micropropagação vegetal, podendo ser responsável por altos índices de mortalidade, baixas taxas de crescimento e desuniformidade das plantas. Um fator fundamental na aclimatização é tipo de substrato a ser utilizado. Nesse trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes substratos na aclimatização de mudas micropropagadas de helicônia (Heliconia lingulata Ruiz & Pav.). A pesquisa foi conduzida em um túnel alto de cultivo forçado pertencente à Embrapa Agroindústria Tropica,l situada no município de Fortaleza - CE, Brasil (3º44'S e 38º33'W). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os substratos testados foram: T1 -pó-de-coco seco + húmus de minhoca + solo (PCS+H+S); T2 -pó-de-coco verde + vermiculita + composto de cama de frango (PCV+V+CCF); T3 -pó-de-coco verde + húmus de minhoca + solo (PCV+H+S); T4 -pó-de-coco seco + vermiculita + composto de cama de frango (PCS+V+CCF); e T5 - substrato comercial Hortimix® (HORT). As variáveis agronômicas, avaliadas no experimento foram: altura da planta, número de folhas e diâmetro do pseudocaule. Os resultados do experimento evidenciaram o maior desenvolvimento das mudas micropropagadas de helicônia, quando o substrato utilizado foi a combinação pó de coco verde + húmus de minhoca + solo (PCV + H + S).

Acclimatization is the most important and critical plant micropropagation phase. It can be responsible for high mortality rate, low growth rate, and plant heterogeneity. One of the limiting factors in plant acclimatization is the substrate. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different substrates on the acclimatization of micropropagated heliconia plants (Heliconia lingulata Ruiz & Pav.). The research was carried out in a greenhouse at the Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry located in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil (3º44' S and 38º33' W). The experimental design was a randomized block with five treatments and five repetitions. The substrates tested were: T1 - dry 'coir' dust + earthworm humus + soil (DCD+EH+S); T2 - green 'coir' dust + vermiculite + poultry litter (GCD+V+PL); T3 - green 'coir' dust + earthworm humus + soil (GCD+EH+S); T4 - dry 'coir' dust + vermiculite + poultry litter (DCD+V+PL) and T5 -Hortimix® (HORT). The variables evaluated in the experiments were plant height, number of leaves, and diameter of the pseudostem. The results revealed that the best development of micropropagated heliconia plants was with a combination of green 'coir' dust + earthworm humus + soil (GCD+EH+S).