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Motile plant-associated bacteria use chemotaxis and dedicated chemoreceptors to navigate gradients in their surroundings and to colonize host plant surfaces. Here, we characterize a chemoreceptor that we named Tlp2 in the soil alphaproteobacterium Azospirillum brasilense. We show that the Tlp2 ligand-binding domain is related to the 4-helix bundle family and is conserved in chemoreceptors found in the genomes of many soil- and sediment-dwelling alphaproteobacteria. The promoter of tlp2 is regulated in an NtrC- and RpoN-dependent manner and is most upregulated under conditions of nitrogen fixation or in the presence of nitrate. Using fluorescently tagged Tlp2 (Tlp2-YFP), we show that this chemoreceptor is present in low abundance in chemotaxis-signaling clusters and is prone to degradation. We also obtained evidence that the presence of ammonium rapidly disrupts Tlp2-YFP localization. Behavioral experiments using a strain lacking Tlp2 and variants of Tlp2 lacking conserved arginine residues suggest that Tlp2 mediates chemotaxis in gradients of nitrate and nitrite, with the R159 residue being essential for Tlp2 function. We also provide evidence that Tlp2 is essential for root surface colonization of some plants (teff, red clover, and cowpea) but not others (wheat, sorghum, alfalfa, and pea). These results highlight the selective role of nitrate sensing and chemotaxis in plant root surface colonization and illustrate the relative contribution of chemoreceptors to chemotaxis and root surface colonization.IMPORTANCEBacterial chemotaxis mediates host-microbe associations, including the association of beneficial bacteria with the roots of host plants. Dedicated chemoreceptors specify sensory preferences during chemotaxis. Here, we show that a chemoreceptor mediating chemotaxis to nitrate is important in the beneficial soil bacterium colonization of some but not all plant hosts tested. Nitrate is the preferred nitrogen source for plant nutrition, and plants sense and tightly control nitrate transport, resulting in varying nitrate uptake rates depending on the plant and its physiological state. Nitrate is thus a limiting nutrient in the rhizosphere. Chemotaxis and dedicated chemoreceptors for nitrate likely provide motile bacteria with a competitive advantage to access this nutrient in the rhizosphere.
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Azospirillum brasilense , Proteínas de Bactérias , Quimiotaxia , Nitratos , Raízes de Plantas , Azospirillum brasilense/genética , Azospirillum brasilense/metabolismo , Azospirillum brasilense/fisiologia , Nitratos/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismoAssuntos
Dióxido de Carbono , Corpo Carotídeo , Humanos , Células Quimiorreceptoras , Hipercapnia , RespiraçãoRESUMO
Acid Sensing Ion Channels (ASIC) are proton sensors involved in several physiological and pathophysiological functions including synaptic plasticity, sensory systems and nociception. ASIC channels have been ubiquitously localized in neurons and play a role in their excitability. Information about ASIC channels in cardiomyocyte function is limited. Evidence indicates that ASIC subunits are expressed in both, plasma membrane and intracellular compartments of mammalian cardiomyocytes, suggesting unrevealing functions in the cardiomyocyte physiology. ASIC channels are expressed in neurons of the peripheral nervous system including the nodose and dorsal root ganglia (DRG), both innervating the heart, where they play a dual role as mechanosensors and chemosensors. In baroreceptor neurons from nodose ganglia, mechanosensation is directly associated with ASIC2a channels for detection of changes in arterial pressure. ASIC channels expressed in DRG neurons have several roles in the cardiovascular function. First, ASIC2a/3 channel has been proposed as the molecular sensor of cardiac ischemic pain for its pH range activation, kinetics and the sustained current. Second, ASIC1a seems to have a critical role in ischemia-induced injury. And third, ASIC1a, 2 and 3 are part of the metabolic component of the exercise pressure reflex (EPR). This review consists of a summary of several reports about the role of ASIC channels in the cardiovascular system and its innervation.
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Chemotaxis in Bacteria and Archaea depends on the presence of hexagonal polar arrays composed of membrane-bound chemoreceptors that interact with rings of baseplate signaling proteins. In the alphaproteobacterium Azospirillum brasilense, chemotaxis is controlled by two chemotaxis signaling systems (Che1 and Che4) that mix at the baseplates of two spatially distinct membrane-bound chemoreceptor arrays. The subcellular localization and organization of transmembrane chemoreceptors in chemotaxis signaling clusters have been well characterized but those of soluble chemoreceptors remain relatively underexplored. By combining mutagenesis, microscopy, and biochemical assays, we show that the cytoplasmic chemoreceptors AerC and Tlp4b function in chemotaxis and localize to and interact with membrane-bound chemoreceptors and chemotaxis signaling proteins from both polar arrays, indicating that soluble chemoreceptors are promiscuous. The interactions of AerC and Tlp4b with polar chemotaxis signaling clusters are not equivalent and suggest distinct functions. Tlp4b, but not AerC, modulates the abundance of chemoreceptors within the signaling clusters through an unknown mechanism. The AerC chemoreceptor, but not Tlp4b, is able to traffic in and out of chemotaxis signaling clusters depending on its level of expression. We also identify a role of the chemoreceptor composition of chemotaxis signaling clusters in regulating their polar subcellular organization. The organization of chemotaxis signaling proteins as large membrane-bound arrays underlies chemotaxis sensitivity. Our findings suggest that the composition of chemoreceptors may fine-tune chemotaxis signaling not only through their chemosensory specificity but also through their role in the organization of polar chemotaxis signaling clusters. IMPORTANCE Cytoplasmic chemoreceptors represent about 14% of all chemoreceptors encoded in bacterial and archaeal genomes, but little is known about how they interact with and function in large polar assemblies of membrane-bound chemotaxis signaling clusters. Here, we show that two soluble chemoreceptors with a role in chemotaxis are promiscuous and interact with two distinct membrane-bound chemotaxis signaling clusters that control all chemotaxis responses in Azospirillum brasilense. We also found that any change in the chemoreceptor composition of chemotaxis signaling clusters alters their polar organization, suggesting a dynamic interplay between the sensory specificity of chemotaxis signaling clusters and their polar membrane organization.
Assuntos
Azospirillum brasilense , Quimiotaxia , Quimiotaxia/fisiologia , Azospirillum brasilense/genética , Azospirillum brasilense/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Células Quimiorreceptoras , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Proteínas Quimiotáticas Aceptoras de Metil/genéticaRESUMO
Bacterial chemoreceptors control the activity of the associated CheA kinase in response to chemical gradients and, consequently, regulate the swimming behavior of the cell. However, such control is not direct but requires the participation of the essential coupling protein CheW, which is structurally homologous to the carboxy-terminal domain of the kinase. The actual role of this small coupling protein is somehow intriguing. It has been demonstrated that it is absolutely essential for chemoreceptor control of the kinase, in spite of the occurrence of direct contacts between chemoreceptors and CheA. In addition, CheW plays an essential role in the assembly of the large macromolecular arrays that combine chemoreceptors of different specificities, and it is therefore responsible for molecular interactions that provide such arrays with remarkable signaling properties. In this work, we analyze truncated CheW derivatives that are still able to control the kinase but have lost the ability to connect signaling units. We demonstrate that these two activities can work separately and speculate about the significance of the roles of these two different activities in the context of the chemoreceptor cluster.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/ultraestrutura , Quimiotaxia , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/ultraestrutura , Escherichia coli/ultraestrutura , Histidina Quinase/ultraestrutura , Proteínas Quimiotáticas Aceptoras de Metil/ultraestrutura , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Sítios de Ligação , Quimiotaxia/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Histidina Quinase/genética , Proteínas Quimiotáticas Aceptoras de Metil/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Homologia Estrutural de ProteínaRESUMO
Leptospira is a genus of spirochete bacteria highly motile that includes pathogenic species responsible to cause leptospirosis disease. Chemotaxis and motility are required for Leptospira infectivity, pathogenesis, and invasion of bacteria into the host. In prokaryotes, the most common chemoreceptors are methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins that have a role play to detect the chemical signals and move to a favorable environment for its survival. Here, we report the first crystal structure of CACHE domain of the methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (McpA) of L. interrogans. The structural analysis showed that McpA adopts similar α/β architecture of several other bacteria chemoreceptors. We also found a typical dimerization interface that appears to be functionally crucial for signal transmission and chemotaxis. In addition to McpA structural analyses, we have identified homologous proteins and conservative functional regions using bioinformatics techniques. These results improve our understanding the relationship between chemoreceptor structures and functions of Leptospira species.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) influence the breathing pattern of reptiles, especially when CO2 is in excess or O2 at low concentrations and the effects of these gases on the respiratory response varies according to the species. In addition to respiratory gases, seasonal changes can also modulate breathing pattern and ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercarbia. Therefore, the present study investigated the breathing pattern and ventilatory responses to hypercarbia (5% CO2) and hypoxia (5% O2) of the Neotropical lizard Tropidurus torquatus over a period of one year, covering all seasons (summer, autumn, winter and spring). Our data suggest that like other ectothermic sauropsids, Tropidurus torquatus possesses distinct ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercarbia, being more sensitive to changes in CO2 than in O2. Additionally, the ventilatory responses to hypoxia were more pronounced during summer and hypercanic and pos-hypercapnic ventilatory response was reduced during spring, suggesting that seasonality modulates the control of ventilation in this species.
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Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Lagartos/fisiologia , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Respiração , Animais , Células Quimiorreceptoras/fisiologia , Clima , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Hipóxia/metabolismo , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Exposure to chronic sustained hypoxia (SH), as experienced in high altitudes, elicits an increase in ventilation, named ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH). We previously showed that rats exposed to short-term (24 h) SH exhibit enhanced abdominal expiratory motor activity at rest, accompanied by augmented baseline sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity. In the present study, we investigated whether the respiratory and sympathetic changes elicited by short-term SH are accompanied by carotid body chemoreceptor sensitization. Juvenile male Holtzman rats (60-80 g) were exposed to SH (10% O2 for 24 h) or normoxia (control) to examine basal and hypoxic-induced ventilatory parameters in unanesthetized conditions, as well as the sensory response of carotid body chemoreceptors in artificially perfused in situ preparations. Under resting conditions (normoxia/normocapnia), SH rats (n = 12) exhibited higher baseline respiratory frequency, tidal volume, and minute ventilation compared to controls (n = 11, P < 0.05). SH group also showed greater hypoxia ventilatory response than control group (P < 0.05). The in situ preparations of SH rats (n = 8) exhibited augmented baseline expiratory and sympathetic activities under normocapnia, with additional bursts in abdominal and thoracic sympathetic nerves during late expiratory phase that were not seen in controls (n = 8, P < 0.05). Interestingly, basal and potassium cyanide-induced afferent activity of carotid sinus nerve (CSN) was similar between SH and control rats. Our findings indicate that the maintenance of elevated resting ventilation, baseline sympathetic overactivity, and enhanced ventilatory responses to hypoxia in rats exposed to 24 h of SH are not dependent on increased basal and sensorial activity of carotid body chemoreceptors.
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Chemoreceptors are dimeric proteins that contain a periplasmic or extracellular domain for ligand binding and an extremely well-conserved cytoplasmic domain for output response control. This latter domain consists in a long α-helical hairpin that forms a four-helix coiled-coil bundle in the dimer. Dimers associate into trimers of dimers in the crystal structure obtained for the cytoplasmic domain of the Escherichia coli serine chemoreceptor, Tsr. Further studies confirmed that this crystal structure reflects the basic unit within the in vivo organization of chemoreceptors. The trimers of dimers form large and stable chemoreceptor clusters in all the prokaryotes that have been studied. Here, we describe the use of TMEA, a trifunctional cross-linker that reacts with sulfhydryl groups, as a tool to study the geometry and dynamics of the interaction between receptors of the same or different types in living cells.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Maleimidas/metabolismo , Proteínas Quimiotáticas Aceptoras de Metil/química , Proteínas Quimiotáticas Aceptoras de Metil/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas , Cristalografia por Raios X , Escherichia coli/química , Modelos Moleculares , Domínios Proteicos , Multimerização Proteica , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
The carotid body (CB) is considered the main O2 chemoreceptor, which contributes to cardiorespiratory homeostasis and ventilatory acclimatization. In clinical medicine, the most common pathologies associated with the CB are tumours. However, a growing body of evidence supports the novel idea that an enhanced CB chemosensory discharge contributes to the autonomic dysfunction and pathological consequences in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), hypertension, systolic heart failure (HF) and cardiometabolic diseases. Heightened CB chemosensory reactivity elicited by oxidative stress has been involved in sympathetic hyperactivity, cardiorespiratory instability, hypertension and insulin resistance. CB ablation, which reduces sympathetic hyperactivity, decreases hypertension in animal models of OSA and hypertension, eliminates breathing instability and improves animal survival in HF, and restores insulin tolerance in cardiometabolic models. Thus, data obtained from preclinical studies highlight the importance of the CB in the progression of sympathetic-related diseases, supporting the idea that appeasing the enhanced CB chemosensory drive may be useful in improving cardiovascular, respiratory and endocrine alterations. Accordingly, CB ablation has been proposed and used as a treatment for moderating resistant hypertension and HF-induced sympathetic hyperactivity in humans. First-in-human studies have shown that CB ablation reduces sympathetic overactivity, transiently reduces severe hypertension and improves quality of life in HF patients. Thus, CB ablation would be a useful therapy to reverse sympathetic overactivation in HF and severe hypertension, but caution is required before it is widely used due to the crucial physiological function played by the CB. Further studies in preclinical models are required to assess side-effects of CB ablation.
Assuntos
Corpo Carotídeo/fisiologia , Animais , Corpo Carotídeo/cirurgia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Hipóxia/fisiopatologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/fisiopatologia , Pesquisa Translacional BiomédicaRESUMO
Evidence indicates that CO2/H+-evoked ATP released from retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) astrocytes modulates the activity of CO2-sensitive neurons. RTN astrocytes also sense H+ by inhibition of Kir4.1 channels; however, the relevance of this pH-sensitive current remains unclear since ATP release appears to involve CO2-dependent gating of connexin 26 hemichannels. Considering that depolarization mediated by H+ inhibition of Kir4.1 channels is expected to increase sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC) conductance and favor Ca2+ influx via the sodium calcium exchanger (NCX), we hypothesize that depolarization in the presence of CO2 is sufficient to facilitate ATP release and enhance respiratory output. Here, we confirmed that acute exposure to fluorocitrate (FCt) reversibly depolarizes RTN astrocytes and increased activity of RTN neurons by a purinergic-dependent mechanism. We then made unilateral injections of FCt into the RTN or two other putative chemoreceptor regions (NTS and medullary raphe) to depolarize astrocytes under control conditions and during P2-recepetor blockade while measuring cardiorespiratory activities in urethane-anesthetized, vagotomized, artificially ventilated male Wistar rats. Unilateral injection of FCt into the RTN increased phrenic (PNA) amplitude and frequency without changes in arterial pressure. Unilateral injection of pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonate (PPADS, a P2-receptor antagonist) into the RTN dampened both PNA amplitude and frequency responses to FCt. Injection of MRS2179 (P2Y1-receptor antagonist) into the RTN did not affect the FCt-induced respiratory responses. Fluorocitrate had no effect on breathing when injected into the NTS or raphe. These results suggest that depolarization can facilitate purinergic enhancement of respiratory drive from the RTN.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Astrocytes in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) are known to function as respiratory chemoreceptors; however, it is not clear whether changes in voltage contribute to astrocyte chemoreception. We showed that depolarization of RTN astrocytes at constant CO2 levels is sufficient to modulate RTN chemoreception by a purinergic-dependent mechanism. These results support the possibility that astrocyte depolarization can facilitate purinergic enhancement of respiratory drive from the RTN.
Assuntos
Astrócitos/fisiologia , Citratos/farmacologia , Potenciais da Membrana , Respiração , Complexo Olivar Superior/fisiologia , Animais , Astrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Células Quimiorreceptoras/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Quimiorreceptoras/metabolismo , Células Quimiorreceptoras/fisiologia , Masculino , Nervo Frênico/efeitos dos fármacos , Nervo Frênico/fisiologia , Antagonistas do Receptor Purinérgico P2/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores Purinérgicos P2/metabolismo , Complexo Olivar Superior/citologiaRESUMO
Resumen:Este trabajo describe la presencia del cuerpo carotídeo y su relación con el seno carotídeo. Además, se presenta una revisión bibliográfica de la historia, anatomía y fisiologia del órgano y su importancia como quimioreceptor del cuerpo humano.
Abstract:This work describes the presence of carotid body and its relationship to the carotid sinus. In addition, a literature review of the history, anatomy and physiology of the body and its importance as chemoreceptory the human body is presented.
Assuntos
Humanos , Corpo Carotídeo/anatomia & histologia , Corpo Carotídeo/fisiologia , Seio CarotídeoRESUMO
KEY POINTS: It is recognized that seizures commonly cause apnoea and oxygen desaturation, but there is still a lack in the literature about the respiratory impairments observed ictally and in the post-ictal period. Respiratory disorders may involve changes in serotonergic transmission at the level of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN). In this study, we evaluated breathing activity and the role of serotonergic transmission in the RTN with a rat model of tonic-clonic seizures, the Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR). We conclude that the respiratory impairment in the WAR could be correlated to an overall decrease in the number of neurons located in the respiratory column. ABSTRACT: Respiratory disorders may involve changes in serotonergic neurotransmission at the level of the chemosensitive neurons located in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN). Here, we investigated the central respiratory chemoreflex and the role of serotonergic neurotransmission in the RTN with a rat model of tonic-clonic seizures, the Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR). We found that naive or kindled WARs have reduced resting ventilation and ventilatory response to hypercapnia (7% CO2 ). The number of chemically coded (Phox2b+ /TH- ) RTN neurons, as well as the serotonergic innervation to the RTN, was reduced in WARs. We detected that the ventilatory response to serotonin (1 mm, 50 nl) within the RTN region was significantly reduced in WARs. Our results uniquely demonstrated a respiratory impairment in a genetic model of tonic-clonic seizures, the WAR strain. More importantly, we demonstrated an overall decrease in the number of neurons located in the ventral respiratory column (VRC), as well as a reduction in serotonergic neurons in the midline medulla. This is an important step forward to demonstrate marked changes in neuronal activity and breathing impairment in the WAR strain, a genetic model of epilepsy.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiologia , Epilepsia/fisiopatologia , Respiração , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Hipercapnia/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Neurônios/fisiologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Reflexo/fisiologia , Serotonina/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
The effects of exercise training (ExT) on the pressor response elicited by potassium cyanide (KCN) in the rat model of ischemia-induced heart failure (HF) are unknown. We evaluated the effects of ExT on chemoreflex sensitivity and its interaction with baroreflex in rats with HF. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: trained HF (Tr-HF), sedentary HF (Sed-HF), trained sham (Tr-Sham), and sedentary sham (Sed-Sham). Trained animals underwent to a treadmill running protocol for 8 weeks (60 m/day, 5 days/week, 16 m/min). After ExT, arterial pressure (AP), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), peripheral chemoreflex (KCN: 100 µg/kg body mass), and cardiac function were evaluated. The results demonstrate that ExT induces an improvement in BRS and attenuates the pressor response to KCN relative to the Sed-HF group (P < 0.05). The improvement in BRS was associated with a reduction in the pressor response following ExT in HF rats (P < 0.05). Moreover, ExT induced a reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and pulmonary congestion compared with the Sed-HF group (P < 0.05). The pressor response to KCN in the hypotensive state is decreased in sedentary HF rats. These results suggest that ExT improves cardiac function and BRS and attenuates the pressor response evoked by KCN in HF rats.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Terapia por Exercício , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Cianeto de Potássio/farmacologia , Animais , Barorreflexo/fisiologia , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Hiperemia/fisiopatologia , Hiperemia/terapia , Hipotensão/induzido quimicamente , Hipotensão/fisiopatologia , Fígado/irrigação sanguínea , Pulmão/irrigação sanguínea , Masculino , Nitroprussiato/farmacologia , Ratos , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/terapiaRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to compare the peripheral expression of natural killers and CCR5 in a session of low-intensity strength training with vascular occlusion and in high-intensity training. Young males were randomized into session groups of a high-intensity strength training (HI) and a session group of low-intensity strength training with vascular occlusion (LI-BFR). The exercise session consisted in knee extension and bicep curl in 80% 1RM (HI) and 30% 1RM (LI-BFR) with equalized volumes. Blood collection was made before, immediately after and 24 h after each training session. Immunophenotyping was carried out through CD195+ (CCR5) e CD3-CD16+CD56+ (NK) in peripheral blood and analysed by flow cytometry and presented in frequency (%). Peripheral frequency of NK cells showed no significant difference in LI-BFR group in time effect, while a gradual reduction of NK cells was identified in HI group in before-24 h postexercise and after-24 h postexercise comparison. However, significant differences have been found in relative change of NK cells immediately after exercise between sessions. In addition, HI and LI-BFR groups showed a significant reduction in the cells expressed CCR5 during 24 h postsession compared to the postsession, but CCR5 also differed when comparing before-24 h after session in the HI group. No differences were observed amongst the groups. LIO induced CCR5 response similar to the HI session, while the NK cells remained in similar frequency during the studied moments in LI-BFR, but not in HI group, suggesting that local hypoxia created by the blood flow restriction was able to prevent a change in the frequency of peripheral cells and a possible immunosuppression.
Assuntos
Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Contração Muscular , Força Muscular , Músculo Esquelético/irrigação sanguínea , Receptores CCR5/sangue , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Regulação para Baixo , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Hipóxia/sangue , Hipóxia/imunologia , Hipóxia/fisiopatologia , Imunofenotipagem/métodos , Contagem de Leucócitos , Masculino , Fenótipo , Distribuição Aleatória , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional , Fatores de Tempo , Torniquetes , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The rat posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) links emotionally charged sensory stimuli to social behavior, and is part of the supramedullary control of the cardiovascular system. We studied the effects of microinjections of neuroactive peptides markedly found in the MePD, namely oxytocin (OT, 10 ng and 25 pg; n=6/group), somatostatin (SST, 1 and 0.05 μM; n=8 and 5, respectively), and angiotensin II (Ang II, 50 pmol and 50 fmol; n=7/group), on basal cardiovascular activity and on baroreflex- and chemoreflex-mediated responses in awake adult male rats. Power spectral and symbolic analyses were applied to pulse interval and systolic arterial pressure series to identify centrally mediated sympathetic/parasympathetic components in the heart rate variability (HRV) and arterial pressure variability (APV). No microinjected substance affected basal parameters. On the other hand, compared with the control data (saline, 0.3 µL; n=7), OT (10 ng) decreased mean AP (MAP50) after baroreflex stimulation and increased both the mean AP response after chemoreflex activation and the high-frequency component of the HRV. OT (25 pg) increased overall HRV but did not affect any parameter of the symbolic analysis. SST (1 μM) decreased MAP50, and SST (0.05 μM) enhanced the sympathovagal cardiac index. Both doses of SST increased HRV and its low-frequency component. Ang II (50 pmol) increased HRV and reduced the two unlike variations pattern of the symbolic analysis (P<0.05 in all cases). These results demonstrate neuropeptidergic actions in the MePD for both the increase in the range of the cardiovascular reflex responses and the involvement of the central sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on HRV and APV.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Pressão Arterial/efeitos dos fármacos , Barorreflexo/efeitos dos fármacos , Complexo Nuclear Corticomedial/efeitos dos fármacos , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Neuropeptídeos/farmacologia , Vigília , Análise de Variância , Angiotensina II/administração & dosagem , Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Sistema Cardiovascular/inervação , Complexo Nuclear Corticomedial/metabolismo , Hemodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Microinjeções , Neuropeptídeos/administração & dosagem , Ocitocina/administração & dosagem , Sistema Nervoso Parassimpático/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Wistar , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Somatostatina/administração & dosagem , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/efeitos dos fármacos , Dispositivos de Acesso VascularRESUMO
A intolerância ao exercício físico na insuficiência cardíaca (IC) está relacionada a alterações hemodinâmicas e neurohumorais pela complexa interação dos reflexos cardiovasculares. Os quimiorreflexos central e periférico e o ergorreflexo estão envolvidos na hiperventilação de repouso e durante o exercício, contribuindo para intolerância ao esforço. Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar o efeito da terapêutica com beta-bloqueador (betab) na resposta dos quimiorreflexos central e periférico e do ergorreflexo por meio das alterações da resposta ventilatória durante o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (T6M); e avaliar o efeito da sua otimização também sobre as catecolaminas plasmáticas e peptídeo natriurético do tipo B (BNP). Foram estudados 15 pacientes masculinos, 49.5 ± 2.5 anos, com diagnóstico de IC há mais de 3 meses, sem histórico de tratamento com betab, com fração de ejeção (FEVE) 25.9 ± 2.5%, classe funcional I-III (NYHA). Estes pacientes poderiam estar em uso de inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina, bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II e antagonista do receptor da aldosterona. Todos os indivíduos realizaram testes: ergoespirométrico em esteira segundo o protocolo de Naughton, três T6M em esteira com controle de velocidade pelo paciente randomizados (um com sensibilização dos quimiorreceptores centrais, um com sensibilização dos quimiorreceptores periféricos e um controle em ar ambiente - AA). Também realizaram T6M com e sem oclusão circulatória regional em membro inferior. Em relação aos exames laboratoriais, foram feitas análises de catecolaminas plasmáticas em repouso e BNP. Os pacientes foram então submetidos a tratamento medicamentoso padrão da Instituição, com introdução e otimização da terapêutica com ßb e, após seis meses, foram reavaliados. Após otimização do betab, houve melhora significativa na FEVE, de 26 ± 2,5 para 33 ± 2,6 (p < 0,05); diminuição de níveis de BNP (775 ± 163 para 257 ± 75; p < 0,01) e...
In heart failure (HF), exercise intolerance is related to hemodynamic and neurohumoral alterations by the complex interaction of cardiovascular reflexes. The central and peripheral chemoreflex and the ergoreflex are involved in hyperventilation at rest and during exercise, contributing to exercise intolerance. The aims of the study were to assess the effect of beta-blocker (betab) therapy on the central and peripheral chemoreflexes and ergoreflex responses through ventilatory changes during the six-minute walk test (6MWT), and to assess the effect of betab optimized therapy on plasma catecholamines and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). We studied 15 male patients, 49.5 ± 2.5 years, diagnosed with HF for more than three months, never-treated with ßb, ejection fraction (LVEF) 25.9 ± 2.5%, functional class I-III (NYHA). These patients could be in use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and aldosterone antagonists. All subjects underwent the following tests: cardiopulmonary exercise treadmill test according to the Naughton protocol, three randomized treadmill 6MWT with speed controlled by the patient (one with sensitization of central chemoreceptors, one with an awareness of peripheral chemoreceptors and another control in ambiental air - AA). Also all subjects underwent 6MWT with and without regional circulatory occlusion on the lower limb. Regarding laboratory tests, plasma catecholamines concentration at rest and BNP were also analyzed. Patients were then submitted to the institution standard drug therapy, with introduction and optimization of betab and were reassessed six months later. After optimization, there was a significant improvement in LVEF from 26 ± 2.5 to 33 ± 2.6 (p < 0.05); and a decrease in BNP levels (775 ± 163 to 257 ± 75, p < 0.01) and plasma catecholamines (598 ± 104 to 343 ± 40, p < 0.05). There was also a significant decrease in resting heart rate from 95.6 ± 4.5 to 69.0 ± 1.6...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta , Células Quimiorreceptoras , Teste de Esforço , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Hipercapnia , Hipóxia , Pressorreceptores , Reflexo/fisiologia , VentilaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Chemoreceptors play an important role in the autonomic modulation of circulatory and ventilatory responses to changes in arterial O2 and/or CO2. However, studies evaluating hemodynamic responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in rats have shown inconsistent results. Our aim was to evaluate hemodynamic and respiratory responses to different levels of hypoxia and hypercapnia in conscious intact or carotid body-denervated rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were submitted to bilateral ligature of carotid body arteries (or sham-operation) and received catheters into the left femoral artery and vein. After two days, each animal was placed into a plethysmographic chamber and, after baseline measurements of respiratory parameters and arterial pressure, each animal was subjected to three levels of hypoxia (15, 10 and 6% O2) and hypercapnia (10% CO2). RESULTS: The results indicated that 15% O2 decreased the mean arterial pressure and increased the heart rate (HR) in both intact (n = 8) and carotid body-denervated (n = 7) rats. In contrast, 10% O2did not change the mean arterial pressure but still increased the HR in intact rats, and it decreased the mean arterial pressure and increased the heart rate in carotid body-denervated rats. Furthermore, 6% O2 increased the mean arterial pressure and decreased the HR in intact rats, but it decreased the mean arterial pressure and did not change the HR in carotid body-denervated rats. The 3 levels of hypoxia increased pulmonary ventilation in both groups, with attenuated responses in carotid body-denervated rats. Hypercapnia with 10% CO2 increased the mean arterial pressure and decreased HR similarly in both groups. Hypercapnia also increased pulmonary ventilation in both groups to the same extent. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the hemodynamic and ventilatory responses varied according to the level of hypoxia. Nevertheless, the hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to hypercapnia did not depend on the activation of the peripheral carotid chemoreceptors.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Hipóxia/fisiopatologia , Corpo Carotídeo/cirurgia , Hemodinâmica/fisiologia , Hipercapnia/fisiopatologia , Ventilação Pulmonar/fisiologia , Pressão Arterial/fisiologia , Células Quimiorreceptoras/fisiologia , Denervação , Frequência Cardíaca , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Antennal sensilla of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) were examined using scanning electron microscopy. In the flagellum, there are trichoid, basiconic, clavate type I and II, and styloconic sensilla and microtrichia. Only microtrichiae and chaetica sensilla were observed in the scape and pedicel. The number of sensilla in the flagellum was similar between sexes. At the apex there was a higher density of trichoid and an absence of clavate sensilla, while basiconic sensilla were more abundant in the proximal region.